Amount Of Spray Research Articles

Fog seal with polymer composite modified emulsified asphalt: Road performance and environmental adaptability

Three types of fog seals with polymer modified-emulsified asphalt were prepared to improve the durability of the fog seal and the maintenance quality of asphalt. Based on the skid resistance, water seepage, and wet wheel abrasion, the spraying scheme of the fog seal was determined. The variation of surface drying time under different temperatures and humidity was clarified. The road performance evolution law of fog seal under composite conditions and long-term abrasion was revealed, respectively. The results show that the optimal spraying amount of modified emulsified asphalt for three types of fog seals was 0.6 kg/m2. The optimal dosage of fine sand for fog seals with waterborne epoxy/polyurethane modified-emulsified asphalt (WER-WPU-JFC-EA) and waterborne epoxy/polyurethane/styrene-butadiene rubber-modified emulsified asphalt (WER-WPU-SBR-EA) was 0.6 kg/m2 and 0.4 kg/m2, respectively. Under average temperature and humidity, the traffic open time of the fog seal was 1.0–1.5 h. After the long-term action of thermal-oxygen/freeze-thaw and climate/freeze-thaw, the bonding strength of WER-WPU-JFC-EA and WER-WPU-SBR-EA fog seal was still greater than 0.34 MPa. After 50,000 times of wear, the mass loss of WER-WPU-JFC-EA and WER-WPU-SBR-EA fog seal was below 5.2 %, maintaining good skid resistance and waterproof performance.

Modeling the contribution of leads to sea spray aerosol in the high Arctic

Abstract. Elongated open-water areas in sea ice (leads) release sea spray particles to the atmosphere. However, there is limited knowledge on the amount, properties and drivers of sea spray emitted from leads, and no existing parameterization of this process is available for use in models. In this work, we use measurements of aerosol fluxes from Nilsson et al. (2001) to produce an estimate of the location, timing and amount of sea spray emissions from leads at the scale of the Arctic Ocean for 1 year. Lead fractions are derived using sea ice data sets from numerical models and satellite detection. The proposed parameterization estimates that leads account for 0.3 %–9.8 % of the annual sea salt aerosol number emissions in the Arctic Ocean regions where sea ice concentration is greater than 80 %. Assuming similar size distributions to those from emissions from the open ocean, leads account for 30 %–85 % of mass emissions in sea ice regions. The total annual mass of sea salt emitted from leads, 0.1–2.1 Tg yr−1, is comparable to the mass of sea salt aerosol transported above sea ice from the open ocean, according to the MERRA-2 reanalysis. In addition to providing the first estimates of possible upper and lower bounds of sea spray emissions from leads, the conceptual model developed in this work is implemented and tested in the regional atmospheric chemistry model WRF-Chem. Given the estimates obtained in this work, the impact of sea spray from leads on Arctic clouds and radiative budget needs to be further explored.

基于PTO协议的变量喷雾系统设计与试验

The aim of this research is to address the issues of low precision in variable spraying within the existing farmland application system, whereby nozzles cannot be controlled independently and low pesticide utilisation is observed. A variable spraying system based on PTO protocol has been designed. The system comprises an STM32 microcontroller as the control core, including the host computer, multi-channel controller, electronic switch, and electromagnetic spray nozzle. The master control unit receives the spray amount set by the user and calculates the duty cycle of the corresponding nozzle, which is then sent to the multiplex controller in real time through CAN communication. The multiplex controller adjusts the on-off frequency and duty cycle of each electromagnetic nozzle in real time according to the duty cycle of the corresponding nozzle it receives, thus enabling the nozzles to be controlled independently. This study offers theoretical and technical support for the independent control of spray nozzles and the optimisation of pesticide utilisation for variable spray systems based on PTO protocols.

Printable MXene Ink Hybridized with ZSM-5 for Gas Sensing and CO2 Capturing

In this work we present preparation, characterization and microprinting of Ti3C2/ZSM-5 ink. Printable inks with a viscosity of 5-6 cP were prepared by ultrasonic dispersion of Ti3C2/ZSM-5 nanopowders in DMSO solvent using 1% Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as dispersant. Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) results indicate a type IV adsorption isothermal curve for N2 gas with a type H4 retention ring. The data show that the average pore size of the composite material is 23nm, indicating that the material has a micro-mesoporous structure and exhibits excellent adsorption properties for gas sensing applications. However, the adsorption and desorption curves of CO2 shows hysteresis indicating strong interaction between functional groups on the material and CO2 molecules. This material has high CO2 adsorption performance and desorption hysteresis effect, indicating that it can be directly used for CO2 capture. Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis showed the thermal stability of the composite, with a mass loss of only 5% at 800℃. Ti3C2/ZSM-5 composite ink has excellent anti-oxidation and dispersion properties. When the pure MXene interlayer void is exposed to air, the Ti element in MXene is easily oxidized to TiO2. The introduction of ZSM-5 not only limits the interaction between the functional groups on the surface of MXene, but also fills the layer gap of MXene, effectively reduces the contact with oxygen, and thus shows good oxidation resistance. No characteristic valence signal of TiO2 was observed in XPS results, which confirmed the effectiveness of the method. In addition, imidazole acid molecular sieve frame strengthened MXene adsorption, will have broad prospect of application in gas sensing field. In traditional printing methods, such as drop casting and spin coating, it is difficult to control the uniformity and roughness of coating thickness, which affects the service life and sensing properties of gas sensors. The use of spray atomization technology can maximize the uniform dispersion of ink, and can control the amount of spray, concentration, height and other parameters to control the thickness and roughness of the coating.

Research on the synergy effect of water mist containing additives and flame-retardant system on the syngas explosion inhibition

This paper aimed to study on the synergy of flame-retardant system and mist containing different additives on syngas explosion. By changing the additive condition (its type and mass fraction) and spray condition, the inhibition regular and mechanism of synergy on explosion parameter were revealed. Result indicates that the inhibition effect of mist could be greatly improved after adding additive and the explosion parameter was also visibly reduced. Especially for the impact on the upper end of flame-retardant system. And the intensity order was CTAC>SDS>Tween-20 > Pure miss. As tsp = 400 ms and ω = 0.2 %, the mist containing TWEEN-20 and SDS could greatly reduce (dP/dt)max of upper end, resulting in the decrease extents of 27.6 % and 46.3 %, respectively. After adding CTAC additive, the mist could successfully prevent the propagation of flame. Meanwhile, (dP/dt)max of upper end was decreased by 87.22 % compared with the pure water mist. The inhibition effect was related to additive type and was obviously affected by its mass fraction. Within the range of 0.1 %≤ω ≤ 0.5 % mass fraction, the inhibition effects of three additives all presented a change regular of first reducing then tending to flatten out as the mass fraction increased. Differently, the mass fractions of Tween-20 and SDS additives reaching the optimal inhibition effect were 0.3 % and 0.4 %. But the optimal inhibition effect was 0.2 % for CTAC additive. The explosion parameter was gradually reduced as spray amount increased. And the complete inhibition of explosion could be achieved after adding additive. And the synergy was mainly attributed to the combination of physical and chemical effects and was affect by additive condition.

THE EFFECT OF VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF SPRAYS AND DISCHARGE ON THE TECHNOLOGY SPRAY FOR EVAPORATION

Spray technology is an innovative salt production process technology that is able to increase seawater salinity and accelerate the salt production process. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the amount of spray and discharge in spray technology on increasing seawater salinity. The experimental method was carried out by varying the spray and water discharge amount in spray technology according to the variables. This research has been successfully carried out to increase the salinity of synthetic seawater where to increase from the initial seawater salinity of 2.5 °Be to 24 °Be. It takes 16 hours taken in 3 days using the number of sprays as much as 5 sprays with a seawater flow rate of 0.2424 m³/hour in an evaporation pond of 15í—7 m. The use of the spray method proved effective in accelerating the rate of increase in salinity of synthetic seawater, which was tested to increase the salinity of synthetic seawater from 2.5 °Be to 12 °Be with an evaporation time in traditional methods of 15 days to only 11 hours. This can also happen because the temperature, humidity and wind speed were relatively stable when the research took place.

Effect of Air Parameters on LiCl-H2O Film Flow Behavior in Liquid Desiccant Systems

The wettability and stability of a solution’s film on the filler surface are the key factors determining heat and mass transfer efficiency in liquid desiccant air conditioning systems. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different air parameters on the flow behavior of a lithium chloride solution’s film. The effects of air velocity, air flow pattern, and pressure on the wettability and critical amount of spray are discussed. The results show that the main mechanism by which the air velocity affects the wettability is that the shear stress generated by the direction of the air velocity disperses the direction of the surface tension and weakens its effect on the liquid film distribution. In addition, in the counter flow pattern, the air flow blocks the liquid film from spreading longitudinally and destroys the stability of the liquid film at the liquid outlet, which increases the critical amount of spray. The pressure distribution is similar under different operating pressures when the flow is stable; thus, pressure has little effect on wettability. The simulation results under 8 atm are compared with the experimental results. It is found that the sudden increase in the amount of moisture removal when the amount of spray changes from 0.05 to 0.1 m3/(m·h) in the experiment is caused by the change in the liquid film flow state. In addition, the results show that within the range of air flow parameters for the liquid desiccant air conditioning system, air flow shear force is not the main factor affecting the stability of the solution’s film, and there is no secondary breakage of the solution’s film during the falling-film flow process.

Air Assistance and Electrostatic Spraying in Soybean Crops

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of air assistance associated with electrostatic spraying in terms of spray deposition and yield (Experiment 1), and the coverage and droplet density on soybean crops at different working speeds (Experiment 2). The treatments in Experiment 1 corresponded to combinations of electrostatic systems associated with air assistance at three airspeeds (21, 25, and 30 m·s−1) plus a conventional treatment without electrostatic or air assistance. The treatments in Experiment 2 corresponded to three working speeds (3.3, 4.2, and 5.0 m·s−1) with or without the use of an electrostatic system. All applications were performed with a self-propelled sprayer, delivering 75 L·ha−1 with ATR 2.0 nozzles. A blue tracer, detectable as absorbance with a spectrophotometer, was added to the spray solution to evaluate deposition. The results indicate that an air assistance at 21 m·s−1 plus electrostatic system increased the amount of spray deposited on the middle and top leaves of the plants in relation to the conventional system, with yield increments of up to 621 kg·ha−1. The slowest working speed (3.3 m·s−1) combined with air assistance and an electrostatic system provided the greatest spray deposition, droplet coverage, and density on the bottom leaves of soybean crops.

Al2O3 Thin Layer Formed inside Porous Membrane Using Spray Synthesis Method and Its Application

Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) films have been investigated for use in various applications, and numerous deposition techniques have been reported. The spray synthesis method has the advantage of forming a thin layer of crystal at low temperatures using the appropriate precursors. A precursor prepared by diluting Methylaluminoxane with N-methyl pyrrolidone was sprayed onto a porous membrane while varying conditions such as the substrate temperature, feeding speed, and spray amount. The solution penetrated the film during spray application, and the ultra-thin layers deposited on the side wall of the internal pores were observed using a cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (XTEM). The lattice image obtained using the TEM and the composition analysis conducted using a scanning TEM and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope suggest that this thin layer is a layer of Al2O3. The formation of Al2O3 occurred at lower temperatures than in previous reports. This is a major advantage for applications with low-melting-point materials. The most suitable spraying conditions were determined based on the state of deposition on the surface and inside the membrane. These conditions were applied to a three-layer separator for lithium-ion batteries and their effect on thermal stability was investigated. Through heating experiments and XRD analysis, it was confirmed that the shrinkage and melting of the separator are suppressed by spraying. This process can be expected to have wide applications in low-melting-point materials such as polyolefin.

Study on the synergy inhibition of ultrafine water mist and metal wire mesh on the syngas explosion

Synergy inhibition of wire mesh and spray mist on syngas explosion was researched. The correspondence between the explosion parameters under success and failure conditions were analyzed, and its influence regular and inhibition mechanism were revealed. An evident difference appeared in the correspondence at different synergy results. Compared with the failure, the pressure of lower end only experienced an acceleration rise under the success condition although the propagation velocity of flame was slightly increased as it approached wire mesh. Corresponding pressure was also reduced. After passing through wire mesh, flame propagation was evidently accelerated due to the turbulence disturbance caused by wire mesh despite the strong endothermic effect of mist. The corresponding explosion reaction rate was also increased. Pressures of two ends did not appear obvious change under the success condition, but the pressure of upper end was evidently reduced compared with the failure. Due to the combined effect of wire mesh disturbance and mist heat absorption, the velocity history showed a change of increasing firstly and then decreasing as the spray time increased after passing through wire mesh. The synergy inhibition was attributed to the combined physical and chemical effects, and was related to the syngas concentration and spray amount.

Effects of header design on thermal characteristics of multi-nozzle steam spraying

The distribution header of small-scale steam systems, commonly employed in household items like steam cleaners, is pivotal for dictating the spray characteristics of the steam generated. For uniform spray performance across multiple outlets, it's imperative to discern the design factors influencing this outcome. We numerically assessed the flow characteristics of steam in a spraying system with three nozzle outlets and scrutinized the impact of header design parameters on uniformity. Through a multiphase numerical model, numerical simulations were conducted. Our analysis revealed that decreasing the diameter of the three outlets promoted a more even mass flow rate of the sprayed steam from each outlet, having a minimal effect on temperature consistency. In contrast, enlarging the tapering angle of the header improved temperature uniformity up to 62.5 % but negatively influenced the uniformity of the steam spray amount when outlet diameters were consistent. Notably, when the combined area of the outlets was increased, there was a decline of up to 85 % in the uniformity of the discharged steam mass among the outlets with an increased tapering. This research offers insights that are anticipated to inform future studies and advancements in steam spraying system optimization, enhancing performance and efficiency for applications such as steam cleaning and sterilization processes.

IMPACT OF DIFFERENT LIQUID MANURE ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WATER SPINACH

The experiment was conducted at Horticultural Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of September to October 2023. The single factor experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to study the growth and yield of water spinach. The experiment was consisted of five treatments namely; T1: Control (only same amount of water spray); T2: Vermi Tea (VT), T3: SAU-MLM, T4: SAU-NLM and T5: SAU-PLM. Treatments were applied to plants four times every 10 days interval from 7 days after seed germination. A significant variation was found among the parameters. The average tallest plant (42.1 cm), maximum SPAD Value (40.9), maximum leaf area (42.1 sq cm), Root length (12.1 cm) maximum root number (35.0), highest yield per plant (57.0 g) and highest yield per ha (11.1 ton) was found in (T5) application while shortest plant (24.3 cm), minimum SPAD Value (32.8), minimum leaf area (12.8 sq cm), lowest yield per plant (12.0 g) and the lowest yield per ha (4.4 tons) was found in (T1). Therefore, it can be concluded that SAU-PLM is easy and effective liquid manure that has the potential to increase the entire growth and yield of water spinach.

Development of Multi-Nozzle Electrospray Device for Fabrication of Cathode Catalyst Layer on Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

We have been researching manufacturing methods of catalyst layers to improve the effective utilization rate of Pt in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. In our previous research1-3, we demonstrated experimentally that an electrospray (ES) method was able to make great progress in the interface formation between the electrolyte polymer ionomer and the Pt supported on carbon1,3 or conductive ceramics2, and that the immediate drying of the catalyst layer ink also greatly contributes to the improvement of Pt effectiveness. Since the ink droplets had already dried when these were deposited on the membrane, we proposed that the ink drying process can be reduced and that the cost of producing the catalyst layer is also greatly reduced. However, since the amount of catalyst applied is very small with a single nozzle, we also proposed that a multi-nozzle system is indispensable in order to adapt to the actual catalyst layer formation process.Therefore, we are jointly developing the ES manufacturing system with a multi-nozzle device (Fig. 1a) in a collaboration between the University of Yamanashi and Meiko Co., Ltd. We developed the first prototype machine, MES-Lab.α, for R & D, which features options such as nozzle material, multi-nozzle structure, coating treatment of nozzle tip, nozzle fixing adhesive, suck-back method, and ink energization method, among others. We have completed a new design for a basic 72-nozzle block (Fig. 1b), which incorporates all the above new materials and new structures and is compatible with the production of industry-standard electrodes (5 cm x 5 cm).We have developed a new system to control and maintain the shape of the Taylor cone, which is essential for stable coating. This is a device that precisely controls the internal pressure of the ink tank above the nozzle (Fig. 1b). We are also developing a multi-nozzle to increase the coating rate. With conventional methods, the quantity of spray depends on the nozzle diameter, but with the ES method it does not. To increase the ejected quantity for ES, the number of nozzles must be increased. We developed a 72-pin multi-nozzle, for which the coating rate is enough for research devices but not for mass production. It is estimated that more than 1000 pins are required for a mass-production multi-nozzle device. However, it is very inefficient to develop a nozzle device with 1000 pins by trial and error. It was found that the results of an electric field simulation show similarity to the actual distribution of the catalyst layer after coating (Fig. 2). We have introduced this simulation technique for the optimization of the multi-nozzle design. We believe that the design of the nozzle model using simulation will greatly contribute to the development of efficient, low-cost mass production equipment. Acknowledgement This work was partially supported by funds for the SPer-FC, the ECCEED’30-FC, and the ECCEED_ES projects from NEDO and the FCyFINE project from the Regional Innovation Ecosystems Program of MEXT. References K. Takahashi, K. Kakinuma, and M. Uchida, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, F1182-F1188 (2016).K. Takahashi, R. Koda, K. Kakinuma, and M. Uchida, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, F235-F242 (2017).S. Cho, K. Tamoto, and M. Uchida, Energy Fuels, 34, 14853−14863 (2020). Figure 1

A hydrophobic and sustainable anti-icing sand fog seal for asphalt pavement: Its preparation and characterization

Ice can seriously affect the skid resistance of pavement, potentially leading to traffic accidents. To mitigate this problem, this study developed a hydrophobic and sustainable anti-icing sand fog seal (HSSFS) that combines anti-icing functionality with maintenance technology. The HSSFS was prepared using hydrophobic emulsified asphalt (HEA), a thickening agent, corundum, and a sustained-release deicing agent (SRDA). Its composition was determined by single-factor experiments and the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) method, ensuring both stability, anti-icing effects and skid resistance. Subsequently, its anti-icing effect and mechanism, conventional pavement performance, and environmental impact were investigated. Through optimization using single-factor experiments and the BBD design method, it was determined that the optimal composition of the thickening agent, corundum, and SRDA was 26%, 38%, and 36%, respectively. Freezing time, pullout, shear, immersion and freeze–thaw cycle tests indicated that the HSSFS exhibited good anti-icing effects, which can be attributed to the hydrophobic surface and the slow-release deicing agent's capacity. Additionally, pavement function tests indicated that the HSSFS maintained its original functions, such as sealing cracks and pores in the asphalt pavement, thereby reducing water seepage. When the HSSFS spray quantity was 0.6 kg/m2, both the BPN and TD met the specification requirements, indicating good skid resistance for pavement. Furthermore, environmental impact analysis demonstrated that the HSSFS had minimal effects on metals and plants. In conclusion, applying HSSFS to asphalt pavement can provide effective anti-icing effects and preventive maintenance without environmental harm.

Water displacement drag decomposition of aircraft elastic tires rolling on contaminated runways

During the taxiing of an aircraft on a water-contaminated runway, the rolling tires impact water film resulting in a considerable water displacement drag and a large amount of spray, which will affect the safety of take-off and landing. The characteristics and flow mechanism of the water displacement drag generated by an elastic tire are numerically studied based on the coupling method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Finite Element Method. The water displacement drag is divided into wave-generated drag and film-generated drag based on flow mechanism for the first time, and the former is much larger than the latter. The water displacement drag satisfies the Gaussian distribution along the rotation axis. The longitudinal grooves cause a significant increase in the wave-generated drag and a reduction in the film-generated drag. A simple potential flow model around a semi-infinite bluff body is proposed to reveal the flow physics of film-generated drag. Two drag formulas are proposed to quickly predict the wave-generated drag and film-generated drag.

Evaluation of the Polymer Modified Tack Coat on Aged Concrete Pavement: An Experimental Study on Adhesion Properties

This study addresses the challenges of overlaying old concrete pavement with asphalt by introducing a new trackless tack coat material containing polymer. The aim is to enhance the durability of asphalt concrete overlay pavement on old cement concrete pavement. It contributes to the development of improved construction techniques for pavement rehabilitation and highlights the need for reliable adhesion performance evaluation based on different spray amounts and surface conditions. Additionally, to evaluate the effect of the adhesion performance based on the spraying amount, a tensile adhesion test was conducted by applying spray amounts of 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 l/m2 on different surface conditions. The basic and adhesion performances of the polymer-modified tack coat material are evaluated through direct tensile and shear bond strength tests. The test outcomes demonstrated that the newly developed polymer-modified tack coat material had considerably greater adhesion strength compared to the traditional rapid-setting products. Its adhesive strength was 1.68 times higher on concrete and 1.78 times higher on asphalt. The new trackless tack coat material exhibited an adhesion performance of 1.05 MPa in direct tensile strength at 0.45 l/m2, which was 1.21 times higher than the rapid-setting tack coat. Results also confirmed that the new tack coat material exhibits values 1.90 times greater than the conventional rapid-setting tack coat material in shear bond strength, respectively. By simulating the process of separation and re-adhesion of pavement layers caused, the new tack coat material shows a tensile adhesion strength of 63% of the original state, which is advantageous for securing the durability of the pavement. Overall, the newly developed polymer-modified trackless tack coat has been shown to effectively enhance the adhesion performance between pavement layers without process delay, highlighting the potential of the new tack coat material to enhance the durability of asphalt concrete overlay pavement on old cement concrete pavement.

Prediction of The Factors Affecting Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) Yield Using Data Mining

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors of affecting watermelon yield in Diyarbakır province. The data was obtained from surveying of 80 watermelon farmers in Diyarbakır province, Turkey by Simple Random Sampling Method using the Chi-square automatic interaction detector (EXHAUSTIVE CHAID) algorithm of the Data Mining Regression Tree methods. In the model created, the dependent variable was WY (watermelon yield), and the independent variables were determined as R (region), AF (age of farmer), EL (education level), CA (cultivation are), FD (fertilization date), FA (amount of fertilization), DS (date of spraying), AS (amount of spraying), NI (number of irrigation), IT (irrigation time), AN (anchor number), HT (harvest time). As a result of the study, the factors that significantly affect the yield of watermelon; AN, NI, HT, CA, R has been determined. An average of 4488.9 kg watermelon yield per decare was obtained and the number of hoes was the variable that most affected the watermelon yield. As a result in order to get a higher yield per unit area, watermelon producers should anchor number more than 4 times, irrigate 5 to 6 times at less than 2 hours, and apply fertilizer in May. In addition, Çermik, Eğil, Yenişehir and Bismil were determined as more suitable regions for watermelon production.

An intelligent control method for the spraying amount of a self-propelled weeder based on a dynamic programming algorithm

When the self-propelled weeder reaches an obstacle, the amount of pesticide spraying does not change according to the actual situation, leading to an application imbalance. Therefore, an intelligent control method of spraying output of a self-propelled weeder based on a dynamic programming algorithm (DPA) was proposed. The dynamic norm algorithm transformed obstacle avoidance path planning into a multi-stage decision-making problem. The obstacle avoidance path was planned, and the pesticide dosage control equation was designed by using the PID control algorithm to realize the obstacle avoidance and variable application of self-walking weed killer. The experimental results show that the designed self-walking weeder can effectively avoid obstacles, and the maximum average dosage error is 1.4%. Therefore, the method can effectively apply the dosage according to the actual situation and guarantee the balance of spraying quantity.

Promoting the synergistic removal of SO3 aerosols and particles during the flue gas condensation by combining alkali spray and turbulent agglomeration

In the condensation process of desulfurized flue gas, not only the flue gas waste heat can be recovered, but also the SO3 aerosols and particles can be removed synergistically. However, the deep purification ability of a single heat exchanger for flue gas is quite poor. In this work, a novel removal technology is proposed for the synergistic removal of SO3 aerosols and particles in the process of flue gas condensation by combining alkali spray and turbulent agglomeration. The agglomeration and capture mechanisms were analyzed by simulating the motion trajectory and calculating the capture efficiency of single alkali droplets. The removal performance of this combined technology was evaluated through experiments. The vertexes generated in the turbulent agglomeration device can promote the agglomeration or coagulation of SO3 aerosols and particles, and finally achieve the enhanced capture effect of these particles by alkali droplets. Compared with the single alkali spray or turbulent agglomeration, the combined technology can achieve better removal performance. The number removal efficiency of the combined technology is up to 78.4% and the mass removal efficiency of SO3 and particles reaches 61.8% and 94.5% respectively under typical conditions. Moreover, the mass removal efficiencies of SO3 aerosols and particles all increase with the increase of initial particle concentration, spray amount of alkaline solution, and flue gas temperature drop.

Effect of disinfectants and manual wiping for processing the cell product changeover in a biosafety cabinet.

The process of cell product changeover poses a high risk of cross-contamination. Hence, it is essential to minimize cross-contamination while processing cell products. Following its use, the surface of a biosafety cabinet is commonly disinfected by ethanol spray and manual wiping methods. However, the effectiveness of this protocol and the optimal disinfectant have not yet been evaluated. Here, we assessed the effect of various disinfectants and manual wiping methods on bacterial removal during cell processing. The hard surface carrier test was performed to evaluate the disinfectant efficacy of benzalkonium chloride with a corrosion inhibitor (BKC+I), ethanol (ETH), peracetic acid (PAA), and wiping against Bacillus subtilis endospores. Distilled water (DW) was used as the control. A pressure sensor was employed to investigate the differences in loading under dry and wet conditions. The pre-spray for wiping was monitored by eight operators using a paper that turns black when wet. Chemical properties, including residual floating proteins, and mechanical properties, such as viscosity and coefficient of friction, were examined. In total, 2.02±0.21-Log and 3.00±0.46-Log reductions from 6-Log CFU of B.subtilis endospores were observed for BKC+I and PAA, respectively, following treatment for 5min. Meanwhile, wiping resulted in a 0.70±0.12-Log reduction under dry conditions. Under wet conditions, DW and BKC+I showed 3.20±0.17-Log and 3.92±0.46-Log reductions, whereas ETH caused a 1.59±0.26-Log reduction. Analysis of the pressure sensor suggested that the force was not transmitted under dry conditions. Evaluation of the amount of spray by eight operators showed differences and bias in the spraying area. While ETH had the lowest ratio in the protein floating and collection assays, it exhibited the highest viscosity. BKC+I had the highest friction coefficient under 4.0-6.3mm/s; however, that of BKC+I decreased and became similar to the friction coefficient of ETH under 39.8-63.1mm/s. DW and BKC+I are effective for inducing a 3-Log reduction in bacterial abundance. Moreover, the combination of optimal wet conditions and disinfectants is essential for effective wiping in specific environments containing high-protein human sera and tissues. Given that some raw materials processed in cell products contain high protein levels, our findings suggest that a complete changeover of biosafety cabinets is necessary in terms of both cleaning and disinfection.