Spots Of Crime Research Articles

다가구 주택의 범죄 예방을 위한 위험 요인 분석에 관한 연구

The increase in single-person households is one of the phenomena that is attracting attention in modern society. This study analyzes the risk factors of living in multi-family houses and studies and analyzes how safety facilities are installed and managed to propose improvement measures. The survey was conducted by deriving 7 detailed factors, including the experience of crime damage, fear of crime, and installation of safety facilities, etc. In addition, the installation status of image information processing devices, which are physical safety facilities, was investigated and analyzed. As a result of the survey, the improvement of the risk exposure to crime and the installation and maintenance of safety facilities were investigated as very important factors. The fear of crime did not show significant differences by age or household size, and it was found that the fear of all types of crime has increased. Although crime prevention standards have been established as related laws, multi-family houses are classified as recommended applications, and the blind spots of crime have been identified. Therefore, it is proposed that the crime prevention standards are mandatory for multi-family houses. In addition, it proposes the necessity of enacting laws that can enforce management because the maintenance standards of image information processing devices, which are physical safety facilities, do not have legal regulations. This study emphasizes the importance of residential safety and living environment, and believes that it can be used as an important study that can greatly affect the safety and welfare of society.

Internal and External Crime Hot Spots: From Neural to Micro-Geographical Networks

AbstractAntisocial behaviour arises from a complex interplay of innate and environmental factors, with the brain’s adaptability to shifting environmental demands playing a pivotal role. An important but scantly studied environmental factor – micro-geographic hot spots of crime – covers a broad array of problems that produce frequent triggers for antisocial behaviour. Despite the established influence of neural substrates and various environmental factors on antisocial behaviour, the impact of residing in high-risk, violent crime hot spots in Israel, as well as other global locales, remains understudied. This paper aims to elucidate the intricate interplay between neurobiological mechanisms and crime hot spots in the context of antisocial behaviour. Its objectives are twofold: first, to acquaint researchers with the existing literature on the subject; and second, to catalyse further research and robust discourse in this domain. The article commences by reviewing the behavioural manifestations of antisocial tendencies within the framework of crime hot spots. Subsequently, it delves into the influence of crime hot spots on neurocognitive substrates, particularly emphasizing their impact on developmental trajectories associated with antisocial tendencies and the expression of antisocial behaviours. In closing, the paper offers implications and conclusions pertinent to crime hot spots in Israel.

Unveiling Dynamics of Contemporary Cities: The Influences of Urban Form on the Potential for the Socio-Spatial Vitality of Streets

Starting from the assertion that vitality can be promoted by morphological elements, the article focuses on the significance of understanding these relationships for the urban security. The research aims to develop an original methodological essay in different scalar approaches of the Cidade Industrial de Curitiba (CIC) neighborhood in the state capital of Paraná, Brazil. The study began with spatial syntax on a macroscale (CIC) associating road axes integration with crime spots, resulting in the selection of four analysis points on the microscale (street). The integration of these two scales as a unique feature of the study. Considering the lot frontage as a unit of evaluation for interpreting characteristics of public spaces, private areas, temporary conditions, and nighttime scenarios, the answers to the investigative question indicate similar behavior for the parameters of the two latter themes. At the same time, significant connections with criminal activities are found only for the second subject. This result is primarily conditioned by the existence of elements that do not generate vitalized places and are not attractive to the attention of offenders. In conclusion, the guiding hypothesis that certain variables for vitality have more relevant relationships between landscape and security is confirmed. The practical implications of this confirmation have real-world applications in structuring integrated policies for urban planning and security measures in contemporary cities.

Overlapped Bayesian spatio-temporal models to detect crime spots and their possible risk factors based on the Opole Province, Poland, in the years 2015–2019

Geostatistical methods currently used in modern epidemiology were adopted in crime science using the example of the Opole province, Poland, in the years 2015–2019. In our research, we applied the Bayesian spatio-temporal random effects models to detect ‘cold-spots’ and ‘hot-spots’ of the recorded crime numbers (all categories), and to ascertain possible risk factors based on the available statistical population (demographic), socio-economic and infrastructure area characteristics. Overlapping two popular geostatistical models in the analysis, ‘cold-spot’ and ‘hot-spot’ administrative units were detected which displayed extreme differences in crime and growth rates over time. Additionally, using Bayesian modeling four categories of possible risk factors were identified in Opole. The established risk factors were the presence of doctors/medical personnel, road infrastructure, numbers of vehicles, and local migration. The analysis is directed toward both academic and police personnel as a proposal for an additional geostatistical control instrument supporting the management and deployment of local police based on easily available police crime records and public statistics.

Can Training Make Policing Fairer and More Effective?

Following a series of high-profile cases of police harassment and violence, police reform has become a growing national concern in the U.S. We evaluate one reform effort, training police to treat people more fairly in hot spots of crime. We find training significantly improves officer behavior and citizen perceptions of police misbehavior while reducing arrests and crime.

Sustainable urban form: socio-demographic and permeability factors as determinants of crime spots in cities, case of Akure, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Urbanization comes with the price of the negative complexity of crime. It is a reflection of the socio-demographic and permeability factors. This paper aims to integrate socio-demographic crime factors with street permeability to find the association with residential burglary spots. We first find the residential burglary hotspots area related to socio-demographic factors of the study area, then identify potential residential burglary risk areas based on the factors of street permeability and find the association of residential burglary with socio-demographics and street permeability factors in Akure. The methodology employed includes the Inverse Distance Weight factor analysis, space syntax, and the Poisson regression analysis. The findings showed hotspots of burglary within neighbourhoods, confirming the relationship between the factors. Issues identified herein denote some logical starting points for criminological engagement with the Sustainable Development Goals. In the conclusion, we discussed the implications for the statistical output.

Strategies used for Crime Prevention in Urban District, Zanzibar

The study sought to establish strategies used for crime prevention in Urban District, Zanzibar using the descriptive study design. Data was collected from 83 respondents using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics. The study concludes that the Urban District utilized improvement of information literacy level to community members, placement of central camera televisions at frequently visited areas, supporting community patrol officers with amounts of money to buy patrol equipment, private security guards for crime prevention and provision of certificates to recognize community members’ participation as crime prevention strategies. However, the study area did not use cleaning, festivals and sports, volunteering to patrol at crime spot area and mobile telephones for members to guard each other as crime prevention strategies. It is therefore recommended that the study area should make use of such strategies as conducting cleaning, festivals and sports, volunteering to patrol at crime spot area and mobile telephones for guarding each other to supplement the currently used strategies so as to strengthen the security in the study area.

The Lawn and; Chickens and; Remembering the World

The Lawn and; Chickens and; Remembering the World Wong May (bio) The Lawn 1 This is the lawn I looked out on in AugustNot knowing you were dead.All of July you were about to die,This is the lawn.July, certainly the best part of,You were in mortal danger. In September came the news.This is the lawn. The grass is norm.The grass too looks photographed.Each blade dips, is dipped Overnight in August, in acid.These the deer that appearedAll July & most of August.& the geese honking like a house in flight,This is the lawn. 2 A woman wrote Far into the night, woke.This is the house broken into in JulyMid-July toward August By a burglar or a nosy neighbourThe woman woke [End Page 96] In the darkOne lurid green lightA fire-fly let in by the burglarScribbling leftRight, close/No closer Over & overKnocking about O Inadmissible,AdmittedYou didn't say It's Over?Doubling back, half frantic delete deleteHow you tried. 3 This is the house.She has checked with the lawn.The lawn chairs in pajama stripes. 30 days hath September.This is the woman.It is still only July.In all the house there isn't a sound. What burnt so bright Inside or out [End Page 97] Left onOr held battering the night You burn to say Over To her now This side It's you all right,Over. [End Page 98] Chickens WhatWith each dayReturningDis-remembering Coming on streetsYou shall never Thank GodFind again With fewer wordsYou speak & writeYou travel more Your Muse fretsDis-believing In a market placeMan squatsBites off throats of chickens"Bite & spit"Back & forth Spits out miseryIn the dustBirdfeed grits on concrete Spit & bite & spitSo it goes [End Page 99] Man making a livingGood at itLike a desk clerk Is discreet;Now then the chickens Well out of miseryToo are nodding off en masseNo flesh woundsLittle that meets the eyeA bloodbathIt ain't & if a heapOf bodies, some square dozen Not all stamped outThighs thigh-highShall spell "massacre"On your retina Move on"Nothing to see"Move along Disperse!The mess of wingsIn the body-warmth darkA reconfigurationOf many as oneA mandalaOf syringesSome half-hearted flutterTwitches confined to the fringe [End Page 100] Die Die downWilling the drug to work The man nodsGives you a nodLifting one eyebrow like a chicken Drawing youTo the matter at handDesk jobOn whose lapWhat must be the most secret bookYou will never ever read again In the penumbraAll the gilt-edged pages rippledFell open, shimmeringAliveThe man wears a chicken's expressionA chicken's stupefaction YouIf you are not saved by what you seeIn the market todayWith just the clothes you are seen inC'mon darkness my old friend Where in the worldWould you also golive& write & live? [End Page 101] Remembering the World What does China remember of Japan?On Lugou Bridge you ask.What does Japan remember of China?On Lugou Bridge you want to know. This is where it all started. They say don't count the stone lionsAt the pier—You will become one of them.Stop countingStop! Your eyeballs are turning stony, inward. I bared my teeth in the mirrorWhen I got back to the hotel.They still chatter.Prolonged exposure to the NortherliesOn the bridge prises one's palate.But I did not roar. A clever man in the last centuryWrote a fairly readable bookFrom Lugou Bridge to Pearl Harbor(1937 to 1941). He reckonsA World War may begin many timesBefore it begins.We never tire. [End Page 102] You are not far offOne of the world's true crime spots. Are there secrets best kept in the War Museum At Lugou?Born after the WarI might turn in my parents,In...

Development and visualization of level II, III features of latent fingerprints using some new 4-(4-substitutedphenyl)-6-(4-substitutedphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, optoelectronic and DFT studies

Organic dye compounds with luminescent properties are in demand to use in visualizing the latent fingerprints (LFPs) at crime spot investigation. Here, we synthesized some new 4-(4-substitutedphenyl)-6-(4-substitutedphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile 4(a-d) and were confirmed using spectroscopic approaches. Optical properties were recorded in solvent media, where peaks were absorbed in ⁓300–400 nm of longer wavelength and emitted at ⁓467–574 nm in the blue region. Dual redox peak current was observed in Cyclic voltammetry at different scan rate and estimated redox onset potential, and energy molecules have been experimentally calculated. DFT studies have been carried out using Gaussian 09 software at the gaseous phase. From the results of theoretical investigations, compounds 4(a-d) showed higher photostability, chemical reactivity and good reactive sites. Also, synthesized compounds were used to determine the latent fingerprints with the help of powder dusting method. Level II and III features of LFPs are observed on porous/non-porous surfaces without optical hindrance and images were taken in normal and 365 nm UV light. From the above results, the synthesized compounds are efficient materials for forensic science applications.

Does a Large Crime Decline Mean That Hot Spots of Crime Are No Longer ‘Hot’?: Evidence from a Study of New York City Street Segments

Abstract The law of crime concentration at places predicts that hot spot streets in a city will maintain very high crime levels even when there are strong crime drops in a city overall. We use New York City as a case study focusing on crime at street segments to illustrate this outcome. New York City experienced very large crime declines over the last quarter-century. Nonetheless, looking at the hot spot street segments that produce 25% and 50% of crime in 2010, 2015, and 2020, we find that many New York City streets continue to have very high levels of crime. In 2020, for example, over 1,100 street segments in the city evidenced more than 39 crime reports. These data suggest that the argument that a city can disengage from policing when overall crime rates are low, belies the reality that hot spots of crime are likely to continue to be ‘hot’ during such periods.

Lip print patterns: Similarities among the parents and their children.

Background:The wrinkles and grooves visible on the lips form the characteristic pattern of an individual and imprints produced is termed as “lip print.” The study of these prints is known as “cheiloscopy.” Variations in patterns among males and females could help in sex determination. Lip prints, therefore, can constitute material evidence left at a crime spot, equivalent to fingerprints. These patterns are heritable and are believed to be unique and permanent. The lip prints of parents and children and those of siblings have been shown to have some similarities. The influence of inherited lip print patterns among family members is still a new concept and studies are scanty in literature.Objectives:The objectives are to determine the most common patterns and gender-wise distribution among the study population and to analyze the inherited lip print patterns from parents to their offspring.Materials and Methods:Lip prints of 30 families were obtained using lipstick and cellophane tape. Based on criteria given by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi, patterns were recorded and analyzed from four quadrants of the lips using a magnifying lens.Results:The positive resemblance of lip print patterns from parents to their offsprings showed statistically significant resemblance in one quadrant and rest of the three quadrants showed no significant association between parents and offspring.Conclusion:Positive resemblance among the family members can be attributed to the genetics and inheritance. Lip print can be considered as an auxiliary method of identification.

ANALYZING THE SPATIAL TEMPORAL OF PROPERTY CRIME HOT SPOTS. A CASE STUDY OF KUCHING, SARAWAK

This study aims to determine the monthly hot spots of property crime in Kuching, Sarawak from January-December, 2015-2017. Hot Spot Analysis (Getis Ord Gi*) was chosen for this study because it can detect the areas that have spatial clustering with similar values around its neighboring boundaries. It can present an output for hot spots and cold spots with different levels of statistical significance. Gita Police Station sector boundaries were identified as a high-value cluster for eight months in 2015 and also have a high-value cluster for seven months in 2016. However, in 2017 Padungan Police Station sector boundary was identified as a high-value cluster for four months. The hot spots of property crime in Kuching, Sarawak change over time and places. This study found that holidays and festivals are exogenous factors that can influence the increases of property crime rate in Kuching, Sarawak. The findings of this study can help police to predict temporal crime trends accurately which would be beneficial for management planning.

Too Fine to be Good? Issues of Granularity, Uniformity and Error in Spatial Crime Analysis

Crime counts are sensitive to granularity choice. There is an increasing interest in analyzing crime at very fine granularities, such as street segments, with one of the reasons being that coarse granularities mask hot spots of crime. However, if granularities are too fine, counts may become unstable and unrepresentative. In this paper, we develop a method for determining a granularity that provides a compromise between these two criteria. Our method starts by estimating internal uniformity and robustness to error for different granularities, then deciding on the granularity offering the best balance between the two. Internal uniformity is measured as the proportion of areal units that pass a test of complete spatial randomness for their internal crime distribution. Robustness to error is measured based on the average of the estimated coefficient of variation for each crime count. Our method was tested for burglaries, robberies and homicides in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Estimated “optimal” granularities were coarser than street segments but finer than neighborhoods. The proportion of units concentrating 50% of all crime was between 11% and 23%. By balancing internal uniformity and robustness to error, our method is capable of producing more reliable crime maps. Our methodology shows that finer is not necessarily better in the micro-analysis of crime, and that units coarser than street segments might be better for this type of study. Finally, the observed crime clustering in our study was less intense than the expected from the law of crime concentration.

Redrawing Hot Spots of Crime in Dallas, Texas

In this work we evaluate the predictive capability of identifying long term, micro place hot spots in Dallas, Texas. We create hot spots using a clustering algorithm, using law enforcement cost of responding to crime estimates as weights. Relative to the much larger current hot spot areas defined by the Dallas Police Department, our identified hot spots are much smaller (under 3 square miles), and capture crime cost at a higher density. We also show that the clustering algorithm captures a wide array of hot spot types; some one or two addresses, some street segments, and others an agglomeration of larger areas. This suggests identifying hot spots based on a specific unit of aggregation (e.g. addresses, street segments), may be less efficient than using a clustering technique in practice.

Advanced Android Crime Tracker

We have proposed an advanced android crime tracker mobile application which will track the status of the investigation as well as it also tracks complaints reported by the public. The main purpose of the application is to help higher authorities like CBI and police to speed up their investigation process and track status of multiple cases at a time. In this application, public will help them to get the crime details quickly and then they can take action immediately. It will help the police to know the crime ratio in the society. This application will show all the updated crime post and once case is solved then admin can delete the post and can also update the status of investigation. Public can upload photos of crime spot and location of crime spot and photos of items found on scene. User can also post their missing person details by doing same procedure. User can also check the status updated by the admin and incase of any query or emergency; the user can chat with the police with the help of chat box. For women safety, we have provided a SOS button which will call police by clicking on that button. This application is designed in such a way that all the post which is uploaded by peoples can be seen by police also. After that they can take action immediately on it and they can write the status of the crime. This system will speed up the crime investigation process.

Redrawing Hot Spots of Crime in Dallas, Texas

In this work we evaluate the predictive capability of identifying long term, micro place hot spots in Dallas, Texas. We create hot spots using a clustering algorithm, using law enforcement cost of ...

Building collective action at crime hot spots: Findings from a randomized field experiment

The study examined whether Assets Coming Together (ACT), a policing intervention directed at increasing collective action and collective efficacy at crime hot spots in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota, would have impacts on these outcomes, as well as police legitimacy, crime and fear of crime. We used a block-randomized experimental design in which hot spots of crime were randomly allocated to treatment and control conditions. The treatment condition received the ACT program, and the control condition received normal police response. We analyzed crime data using an ANOVA approach, taking into account treatment and block. We analyzed survey data collected at each hot spot using mixed-effects linear regression models with robust standard errors to account for the nesting of responses within hot spots. We find that the intervention increased citizen reporting of collective actions (including collaboration in problem solving and contacts with the police) at hot spots, but it had little impact on general measures of collective efficacy or police legitimacy. Fear of crime increased at the treatment sites. We found that crime reporting was significantly inflated in the treatment sites. Crime outcomes were non-significant without accounting for this reporting inflation, but the treatment areas had a significant crime decrease when adjusting estimates based on reporting inflation. Our experimental findings show that collective actions at hot spots can be encouraged through programs like ACT and that ordinary policing resources—patrol officers in this case—can be successfully used to carry out such programs. We find preliminary evidence that the program also impacted crime. At the same time, our study points to a bias in using official crime data to assess outcomes in programs that encourage community collaboration.

Murder Mystery Solved with the Help of Forensic Investigation

Crime scene reconstruction is the process of determining or eliminating the events that occurred at the crime scene by analysis of physical evidences. In one case, a lady left the house receiving a call on her cell phone. Since she did not return home till late evening, the husband and her children made search but could not trace out. Subsequently, a missing report was lodged in the local police station. At night, on the same day, the dead body of the missing lady was found lying in a bathroom of a Hotel along with a male dead body. The investigative and forensic team visited the undisturbed crime spot. Scrutiny of forensic evidence, crime scene dynamics, victimology and autopsy study could establish the case to be murder and suicide. At crime scene, on the basis of our observations the two cases were registered under murder and suicide IPC sections. The male murdered the lady in the bathroom and committed suicide near the dead body of the lady. This involved scientific crime scene investigation, interpretation of patterned evidence at the scene, laboratory testing of the physical evidence, systematic study of related case information, and the logical formulation of a theory gives the proper directions to the Investigating officer (IO). In this article, we have reported an interesting case for forensic aspect. The IO, was in this impression, it might murder. Our team, reveals the truth and case was solved at scene of crime.

Rape and Strangulation of a Kid with Creeper Plant

The rape crime-clock is very alarming compared to other crime against women in India. It is seen that different age groups including kids are the victim of such menace. In one case, a 6½-year kid used to visit the neighbouring house to play with her girl friend of same age. One day, the uncle (father of her friend) lured her and took her to a nearby bushy area close to the house. The kid was raped there and strangulated with a flexible wild creeper (rope like plant material) and abandoned naked on the spot. In the mean-time, parents of the victim girl enquired the place where she often used to visit and play. Since several hours passed without any result, an FIR was lodged in the local police station. Subsequently in the late evening, the detection of a dead body (kid) was reported and identified to be the same missing kid. As per secret input, it was ascertained that the deceased (kid) was last seen with the accused moving towards the bushy area in mid hour of the day. The undisturbed crime spot was examined by the police and forensic team to collect physical evidence and establish the crime and criminal. The autopsy findings and criminal psychology along with other details have been discussed in this paper.

Mapping Attitudes Towards the Police at Micro Places

We examine satisfaction with the police at micro places using data from citizen surveys conducted in 2001, 2009 and 2014 in one city. We illustrate the utility of this approach by comparing micro- and meso-level aggregations of policing attitudes, as well as by predicting views about the police from crime data at micro places. In each survey, respondents provided the nearest intersection to their address. Using that geocoded survey data, we use inverse distance weighting to map a smooth surface of satisfaction with police over the entire city and compare the micro-level pattern of policing attitudes to survey data aggregated to the census tract. We also use spatial and multi-level regression models to estimate the effect of local violent crimes on attitudes towards police, controlling for other individual and neighborhood level characteristics. We demonstrate that there are no systematic biases for respondents refusing to answer the nearest intersection question. We show that hot spots of dissatisfaction with police do not conform to census tract boundaries, but rather align closely with hot spots of crime. Models predicting satisfaction with police show that local counts of violent crime are a strong predictor of attitudes towards police, even above individual level predictors of race and age. Asking survey respondents to provide the nearest intersection to where they live is a simple approach to mapping attitudes towards police at micro places. This approach provides advantages beyond those of using traditional neighborhood boundaries. Specifically, it provides more precise locations police may target interventions, as well as illuminates an important predictor (i.e., nearby violent crimes) of policing attitudes.