Sports Vision Research Articles

Role of Sport Vision in Performance: Systematic Review.

Sport Vision is a speciality of multidisciplinary interest aimed at improving the performance of the visual system to achieve benefits in practiced sports, as well as in daily life and in preventive care. The type of training practiced by the athlete, his or her physical condition, cognitive level, and level of fatigue condition affects the speed of the reaction time and, consequently, the speed of motor response. Specific orthoptic exercises, the use of technological devices, the recovery of static and dynamic postural stability by using unstable platforms and the dual-task paradigm can help to achieve the expected results. The aim of this systematic review of Sport Vision was to assess the overall existing literature on Sport Vision, paying particular attention to the effects of visual training and its application in different sports and in rehabilitation and preventive settings. We analysed published English language studies about the role of sport vision in athletic performance from 1950 to 2023. We searched through the Medline database. The PRISMA 2020 checklist was used to assess the transparency and reproducibility of this review. The enrolled papers were evaluated with the Jadad Scale, Amstar 2 Scale and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. 25 (16 studies, 5 reviews, 2 comments, 1 editorial, 1 descriptive paper) out of 476 studies met the inclusion criteria. Due to the variability in the age of the samples, the different techniques, the treatments among the participants in the studies and the finding of non-evaluable articles, a meta-analysis was not conducted. The limitations of this review are the single database research, the studies analyzed contain a non-statistically representative sample size and the lack of a control group. There is no standardized test to measure performance. It was shown that the development of visual skills can benefit athletes in injury prevention, and can lead to improved sports performance and motor function at any age, acquiring adaptive motor behaviour even when the visual system is impaired, due to task repetition and familiarity of the gesture. We intended to identify a multidisciplinary approach and a manual treatment scheme to optimize the circuitry involved in sport vision in order to increase the results that are achieved, but further studies will be needed to this end.

A Survey of Sports Vision Practitioners

The purpose of this study was to survey sports vision practitioners to inform the sports vision community as to the most common practice patterns in this clinical area.

Global sport in the post-COVID era

The Covid-19 pandemic upended the global sport landscape, leaving the sports world at a crossroads. In many ways, the sport industry has recovered and embraced new approaches to commercialism, diversification, and growth. On the other hand, critics and activists have called for a new vision of sport, one that requires a renewed commitment to fighting corruption, profiteering, sportwashing, and injustice. In this issue, we explore these contentious and competing interests from various perspectives. Will the enormous growth in women’s elite sport lead to changes that finally unlock barriers for girls and women around the world? Now that we know a world without mega-events in sport, can we reshape sport with a genuine commitment to reducing the damaging social, economic, and environmental impacts of such events? Social justice movements, led by indigenous people and anti-racism activists, seek to seize this moment to reimagine sport in the public sphere. Yet the unyielding march of gigantism continues, picking up where it paused as the pandemic began. In this article and SportsWorld special issue, we focus on the challenges and immense possibilities emerging in the post-COVID era of sport.

Einsatz von Shutter-Brillen im Tennis – Einfluss von (Bild-)Frequenz und Dunkelphasenanteil auf die Zielschlagpräzision

Purpose. The use of shutter glasses for perception training in sports requires knowledge of adequate load dosage. The study analyses the influence of (image-)frequency or “duty ratio” (dark phase percentage) on target stroke accuracy in tennis. Material and Methods. With a total number of 22 tennis players (18m, 4f, mean age = 23.6, SD = ± 2.7 years) the target hit precision was conducted. The tennis players had to return the balls played to them by a ball machine using the forehand volley and to make direct hits to a bull’s eye (high scores = high target hit precision). The results with different (randomised) conditions (strobe rates level II = 5.3 Hz, level V = 2.3 Hz, lev- el VIII = 1.0 Hz; dark phase level II = 88 ms, level V = 341 ms, level VIII = 909 ms) of currently used shutter glasses (Nike Vapor Strobe) and without occlusion have been compared. Keywords intermittent vision, stroboscopic visual training, shutter lens glasses, sports vision training, tennis

Capoeira as a critical pedagogy tool in physical education: from a continuing professional development program to the classroom

ABSTRACT Background In this globalized world with a predominantly Eurocentric/androcentric approach to physical education (PE) teaching, there is a need to broaden school curricula from a critical, decolonizing approach. Capoeira is a manifestation of Afro-Brazilian popular culture combining dance, fight, and play that has historical links to slavery. Because it is removed from the hegemonic culture of sport and physical activity, it can be used to develop critical pedagogy through movement and corporeality. Teachers, however, must be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to implement this critical approach in their curricula. A team of researchers at the National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) developed a continuing professional development (CPD) course to introduce PE teachers to the history and potential of capoeira as a socio-critical pedagogical tool. Purpose To explore the opportunities and challenges that capoeira brings as a pedagogical tool for addressing social issues as perceived by PE teachers who took a CPD course on capoeira (Capoeira-CPDC). Methodology This study was divided into two phases: an initial phase analyzing the TTC on capoeira as a pedagogical tool for PE taken by 12 PE teachers and a second phase analyzing the transfer of knowledge by a primary and a secondary school teacher from the same school who participated in the course. Data were collected via participative and non-participative observation with analysis of diary entries made by the lead researcher-teacher educator, the 12 teachers who participated in the Capoeira-CPDC in phase 1, and the two teachers who incorporated capoeira into their PE classes in phase 2; answers to the course feedback form; and transcripts from a semi-structured interview held with the two teachers who taught capoeira. Results The Capoeira-CPDC and subsequent incorporation of capoeira into primary and secondary school PE classes showed a wide array of benefits and limitations that this practice can offer in terms of addressing social justice, interculturality, and coeducation issues. The socio-critical pedagogical model employed in the Capoeira-CPDC, which focused on both the technical aspects of capoeira and the historical and cultural significance of the movements involved, fostered active-reflective thinking among the participating teachers. Certain challenges, however, were observed in the second phase of the study, in particular difficulties dealing directly with the subject of slavery in PE classes, a romantic-assimilation-based vision of physical activity and sport as an intercultural tool, and gender-role stereotyping by teachers. Conclusion This study highlights the potential of capoeira as a pedagogical tool for addressing social justice, interculturality, and coeducation issues from a socio-critical approach. It also highlights potential difficulties in the classroom and the importance of addressing social justice issues in PE teacher CPD courses and facilitating tools to work on cultural diversity and gender belief systems.

Vision and sports: An overview

Background: Visual skills and their components are thought to be responsible for much of the manner whereby athletes obtain information about the sporting environment. The field of sports vision deals with the vision care services that are provided to athletes. If visual skills of athletes are not assumed as natural attributes, they should be assessed and be subjected to training according to need. Studies have shown that the visual abilities of the athletes can be divided into software and hardware visual skills, and it is the software visual skills that separate expert athletes from non-experts.Aim: The study aims to collate (1) studies that show the importance of visual skills in sports performance, (2) studies that show that visual skills are trainable and (3) studies that show the effect of training on the visual skills and performance in sports.Method: An extensive search of literature was performed on studies that supported the importance of vision in sports performance. Also included were studies that supported the transfer of improved visual skills to improved performance on the field of play.Results: There is literature that supports the significance of visual skills in sport. There is also literature that attempts to show evidence that improved visual skills can improve performance on the field of play.Conclusion: Sports vision practitioners need to develop standardised testing and training protocols for visual skills. Standard protocols will harmonise the development of visual skills norms.Contribution: Literature has shown the importance of vision in sports performance. Literature has also shown that improved visual skills can improve performance on the field of play. The current paper is an attempt at calling for the development of standardised protocols and norms for sports vision training.

Research on the reform path of soccer special class for physical education majors in colleges and universities under the vision of intelligent sports

Abstract To promote the reform of soccer special class of physical education majors in colleges and universities, adapt to the needs of the new situation, strengthen the cultivation of students’ teaching practice ability and innovation ability, and meet the needs of social development and students’ employment needs. This paper takes the students, teachers, and teaching situation of the soccer special class as the starting point under the vision of intelligent sports, first, establishes the mathematical model of wheeled robot movement used in the simulation platform, establishes the environmental information model with the lattice method for the possible fields that the robot moves to from the starting point to the endpoint, and introduces the methods of initial population generation and individual coding, discusses the design and The design and implementation of the fitness functions were discussed, and three fitness functions were designed for obstacle avoidance, path minimization, and path smoothing, respectively, and finally, the specific operation process of the five basic operations of the genetic algorithm was introduced. The results of the study show that the ratio of 3:7 hours between theoretical and practical classes is more in line with students’ wishes, and it effectively improves the special skills and comprehensive practical ability of students in soccer special classes.

Evaluation of Visual Skills Between Cricket Players and Sedentary Individuals

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the visual skills between cricket players and sedentary individuals of the same age group and to determine that visual skills are beneficial for both competitive sports performance and daily task activities. Settings and Design: It was a sports vision-based comparative study conducted in the outpatient department of ophthalmology for preliminary ocular examination as well as in the cricket ground for sports vision-based tests. Methods and materials: This study carries 200 subjects out of which 100 cricket players and 100 sedentary individuals (i.e individuals who are not involved in any sports activities) participated between the age group of 18 to 26. Participants underwent preliminary ocular examinations in which all those ocular diseases and binocular vision anomalies are excluded. All subjects were undergone the following sports vision test: stereopsis was measured by Randot stereo acuity chart, accommodative facility with +/- 2.00 flippers, saccadic eye movement was measured by Lang fixation stick and eye-hand coordination was recorded by Alternate hand wall toss test. Result: The cricket players exhibited better accommodative facility (p=0.05) saccadic eye movements (p=0.03) and better eye-hand coordination (p=0.01) stereopsis was good in sedentary individuals (p=0.06) confirming that basic visual skills were high in sedentary individuals. Conclusion: These findings evidence that cricket players exhibit better performance in more visual skills in comparison with a group of individuals without sporting background, suggesting an improvement in visual skills due to routine systematic activity in sports as well as daily tasks.

Construction of Physical Education Teaching System in Colleges and Universities Based on the Concept of Lifelong Physical Education

Physical education always undertakes the two core contents of physical quality education and comprehensive ability education in colleges and universities, helping students cultivate correct health awareness, promoting the improvement of students' physical functions and health levels, reflecting the importance and particularity of talent cultivation and national quality improvement in the stage of higher education. In the context of the continuous expansion of our national sports vision, the continuous promotion of national sports projects, and the continuous development of physical education in colleges and universities, the physical quality of college students is constantly declining. In response, this article has conducted a research on college physical education based on the concept of lifelong physical education, using changes in students' physique, learning efficiency, and innovation awareness as indicators to identify whether teaching methods are effective. Regular evaluation of the effectiveness of teaching methods can ensure the effectiveness and scientific of method innovation. To continuously enhance students' autonomy and enthusiasm, ensure that each student can receive reasonable physical exercise, and achieve their own healthy growth and development.

Differences in visio-spatial intelligence between non-athletes and netball players.

There is conflicting evidence regarding whether athletes have better visio-spatial skills than non-athletes. This gap may result from athletes' superiority in only some visio-spatial abilities (VSS), rather than all areas of vision. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a significant difference in the visio-spatial intelligence between female netball players (n = 40) and non-athletes (n = 40) when comparing six visual skills (accommodation facility, saccadic eye movement, speed of recognition, peripheral awareness, hand-eye coordination, and visual memory). Following an optometric evaluation, the participants were assessed in six distinct established tests, including the hart near far rock, saccadic eye movement, evasion, accumulator, ball wall toss tests, and flash memory, to evaluate the VSS components of non-athletes and premier league netball players. For five of the six tests, there was a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference between netball players and non-athletes. Conversely, there is no concrete evidence that netball players have better visual memory than non-athletes (p = 0.277). When compared to non-athletes, netball players have significantly improved accommodation facility (p < .001), saccadic eye movements (p < .001), speed of recognition (p < .001), peripheral awareness (p < .001), and hand-eye coordination (p < .001), but not visual memory (p = 0.277). The findings that netball players perform better on a certain VSS have broad ramifications for theories of sport vision, the optimal way to choose tests, and the creation of VSS testing batteries for specific sports.

A just organized youth sport

ABSTRACT Organized youth sport has become a prominent activity in Western societies, one around which myriad families structure their daily lives. Despite its popularity, or rather because of it, youth sport is besotted with complex problems. One distinctive set of problems pertains to children’s opportunities to benefit from engagement in sport. Such problems require a reflection on the conditions of justice. The goal of this paper is to explore ethical guidelines to make youth sport more just. The paper begins by characterizing childhood, youth, and youth sport. Then, it articulates considerations of justice in youth sport. Together, these sections provide a basis to formulate the general features of a just youth sport. What emerges is a vision of youth sport that the adults involved in it should emphasize and implement if their young charges, and youth sport, are to flourish, as well as a novel approach to formulating and justifying normative criteria to make youth sport more just.

Effects of a maximal cycling all-out anaerobic test on visual performance

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance All-out exercise may not impair all central nervous system processes, such as those related to visual-motor abilities, and may actually prove stimulatory to such tasks allowing athletes and sports conditioning specialists to develop strategies to take advantage of/mitigate the effects of such exercise on athletic performance. Background Despite research indicating that visual-motor abilities play a critical role in athletic performance, research has primarily focused on the effect of all-out exercise on processes along the motor pathway, such as resultant force production or simple cognitive tasks. Such research has neglected to investigate the effect of all-out exercise on visual tasks. When investigations on visual tasks are forthcoming, they focus on prolonged aerobic exercise, which is not the primary metabolic pathway for all, or even the majority of sports. Methods Sixty untrained males (experimental group; N = 30, control group; N = 30) completed a standardised six-item baseline sports vision test battery and one week later, the experimental participants returned to undertake a 30-second Wingate anaerobic test (30-WAnT) immediately followed by the same test battery. Results Significant (P < 0.05) improvements were found in accommodation facility, saccadic eye movement, speed of recognition, peripheral awareness and hand-eye coordination (P < 0.001 for all), but not visual memory (P = 0.242) following the 30-WAnT. Conclusions Although the mechanisms underlying these improvements in visual task performance have not yet been studied, this study suggests that simple anaerobic all-out exercise does not cause central- or brain-based fatigue impairing the oculomotor system but may rather provide “excitability” of the underlying motor cortex, motoneurons and/or corticofugal connections utilised in visual task response. It appears that the sweeping improvements in visual task performance elucidate the need for an intense anaerobic warm-up when training visual skills and when visual skills form an integral part of athletic performance.

Analysis Model of the Guiding Role of National Sportsmanship on the Consumer Market of Table Tennis and Related IoT Applications

In general, sporting triumphs are likely to be direct reflections of a society’s socioeconomic development. Chinese table tennis achievements have had a huge impact on Chinese society since 1950. The Chinese table tennis team has won every title in a row, which not only humiliates the World Table Tennis Federation (ITBF) but also additionally prompts the present situation of “flourishing Chinese table tennis and debauched global table tennis.” Furthermore, the impacts of achievement on Chinese society are not restricted to sports. It essentially affects society. Regardless of the way that table tennis has a long history, there is little critical familiarity with the physiological necessities of players, particularly during challenge. In this layout, a gander was taken at exploring the ongoing comprehension of the body’s capabilities during table tennis planning and competition, as well as what kind of readiness is involved. The anaerobic alactic system is fundamentally called into play during hard practice and challenge, while the tirelessness structure is depended upon to recover the anaerobic stores depleted during such effort, according to match and practice examination of table tennis coordination. While the anaerobic alactic system is the most overwhelming structure involved during seasons of effort in table tennis, a solid breaking point in steadiness permits a player to recover more quickly for the accompanying match and day of competition. This study surveys explicit examinations connected with cutthroat table tennis and accentuates the requirement for table tennis-explicit preparation and exploration drives. The contribution of the study was to see how sports vision training affected certain visual abilities and table tennis players’ ability to play. The experimental group that followed a 12-week sports vision training regimen demonstrated a significant improvement in selected visual abilities and table tennis playing ability, according to the study’s findings. On all of the examined variables, the control group showed no significant improvement.

An Analysis Of In-game Collegiate Baseball Hitting Performance Following Sports Vision Training

Vision training (VT) programs can be utilized to enhance perception and eye-hand coordination to potentially improve sports performance. There is general support for VT improving athletic performance, but limited research is present for in-game performance improvements, particularly for collegiate baseball. PURPOSE: To evaluate for potential benefits of a VT program on collegiate baseball team hitting performance. If beneficial, VT may be used to supplement standard baseball practice to further improve hitting performance. METHODS: The Northwestern College (NWC) varsity baseball team, a member of the NAIA Greater Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC), performed VT exercises including Brock string, King-Devick test for saccades, long-distance saccades, and near-far training in 18 sessions during the 2019 season. In-game hitting statistics for the 2018 and 2019 seasons were retrospectively collected for all GPAC teams. Two-proportion z-tests were used to compare batting average and slugging percentage between NWC and the GPAC during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. RESULTS: The overall win-loss record of NWC was 30-20 in 2018 (1st place) and 23-25 in 2019 (6th place). Three starting hitters from the 2018 team remained on the team for the 2019 season. The 2018 GPAC batting average was .280 and NWC’s was 6th in the conference at .288 (p = .261). The 2019 GPAC batting average was .281 and NWC led the conference at .304 (p = .034). Batting averages for the GPAC and NWC did not differ between the 2018-19 seasons (p = .417 and p = .171, respectively). The 2018 GPAC slugging percentage was .388 and NWC was 3rd in the conference at .423 (p = .005). The 2019 GPAC slugging percentage was .393 and NWC was 2nd in the conference at .435 (p = .001). The slugging percentages for the GPAC and NWC did not differ between the 2018-19 seasons (p = .233 and p = .261, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The team batting average was significantly better than the conference average during the season with VT despite losing six starting hitters from the prior season. These differences were not observed in the season before VT. Slugging percentage improved only minimally with VT. These outcomes suggest that VT may improve the in-game batting performance of collegiate baseball players and confirm previous research on the effects of VT on collegiate baseball hitting.

An Exploratory Investigation of the Effect of a Sports Vision Program on Grade 4 and 5 Female Netball Players' Visual Skills.

Vision is one of the most complex and dominant sensory systems necessary for information feedback from the environment. Few studies have already reported a positive effect of a sport vision program on elite sport teams’ visual skills; however, few studies have focused on the effect of sport vision programs on children’s visual skills. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of a sports vision program on Grade 4 and 5 female netball players’ visual skills. Girls (N = 25) with a mean age of 10.08 years (SD = 0.65) formed part of this study. A pre-test–post-test design was followed with a retention test. The eight-week sports vision program was executed twice a week for 60 min on the experimental group (n = 13). The Developmental Test of Visual–Motor Integration (VMI-4), the Wayne Saccadic Fixator (WSF) and the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test were used to evaluate the girls’ visual skills, hand–eye coordination, visual reaction time, peripheral vision and saccadic eye movements. No statistical differences were found between the two groups before starting with the sports vision program. After intervention, significant differences between the two groups were reported, with the experimental group performing better in hand–eye coordination (p = 0.001) and reaction time (p = 0.001). Results further indicated that the experimental group experienced significant improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in motor coordination, hand–eye coordination, reaction speed and visual tracking after intervention with significant lasting effects (p ≤ 0.05). The control group performed significantly worse in reaction time (p = 0.01). A sports vision program can be recommended for Grade 4 and 5 female netball players to improve certain visual skills.

A Comprehensive Review of Computer Vision in Sports: Open Issues, Future Trends and Research Directions

Recent developments in video analysis of sports and computer vision techniques have achieved significant improvements to enable a variety of critical operations. To provide enhanced information, such as detailed complex analysis in sports such as soccer, basketball, cricket, and badminton, studies have focused mainly on computer vision techniques employed to carry out different tasks. This paper presents a comprehensive review of sports video analysis for various applications: high-level analysis such as detection and classification of players, tracking players or balls in sports and predicting the trajectories of players or balls, recognizing the team’s strategies, and classifying various events in sports. The paper further discusses published works in a variety of application-specific tasks related to sports and the present researcher’s views regarding them. Since there is a wide research scope in sports for deploying computer vision techniques in various sports, some of the publicly available datasets related to a particular sport have been discussed. This paper reviews detailed discussion on some of the artificial intelligence (AI) applications, GPU-based work-stations and embedded platforms in sports vision. Finally, this review identifies the research directions, probable challenges, and future trends in the area of visual recognition in sports.

Necessity for Sports Vision Training in Institutions of Higher Learning: A Concise Evaluation

Background: One of the most important senses in the human body is vision, which is used in many daily activities. Sports vision training is a rapidly expanding industry in the field of visual-skill development. Sports vision training had previously only been used on athletes to enhance their visual abilities and athletic performance. Still, given the pandemic’s effects and the rise in ocular ailments among college students, there is an urgent need to address their visual issues. Purpose: To explore the need of sport vision training in higher education institutes. Methods: This article examines the value of sports vision training, its necessity, and how it can be incorporated to meet the increased visual needs of college students. 170 articles were identified in this study, of which 38 were included. The search techniques included “Citation Searching” and “Using Keyword.” Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar and PubMed were used as the search engines. Both AND and OR were used as Boolean operators. Conclusions: This review also sheds a broad light on the visual problems among university students and why there is a high need to tackle them. This research concluded that to overcome the visual problems among university students, sports vision training should be opted for in higher education institutes.

More Than Medals: A History of the Paralympics and Disability Sports in Postwar Japan by Dennis J. Frost

Reviewed by: More Than Medals: A History of the Paralympics and Disability Sports in Postwar Japan by Dennis J. Frost Wolfram Manzenreiter More Than Medals: A History of the Paralympics and Disability Sports in Postwar Japan. By Dennis J. Frost. Cornell University Press, 2021. 336 pages. ISBN: 9781501753084 (hardcover; also available as e-book). Not much has been known about the history of Japanese disability sports until recently, neither among the general public in Japan nor among specialists in the field of disability sports studies. English-language material on this subject matter has been close to nonexistent, and the few scholarly surveys of Japanese sports in general, including my own book Sport and Body Politics in Japan (New York: Routledge, 2014), are tellingly silent on sports in the service of medical rehabilitation or social inclusion of people with physical impairments. The situation is somewhat better in regard to Japanese-language sources, though even there the gap between academic discourse and general knowledge proved large enough to prompt the organizers of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Summer Games to dedicate considerable attention and resources to raising public awareness in the long buildup toward the occasion. For an international audience particularly in the domains of Japanese contemporary history and disability sports studies, Dennis J. Frost has meanwhile produced a fine and accessible historical account that draws on the results of a decade of largely archival work. More Than Medals: A History of the Paralympics and Disability Sports in Postwar Japan covers a period of roughly sixty years between Japan's first international sports event for the disabled, held on the occasion of the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, and the most recent edition of the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Summer Games held in 2021. These events are discussed in depth in the first and last of five chapters, respectively. The three chapters in between retell the history of other seminal sports events that have arguably slipped from memory among the largely Euro-American group of Paralympic historians: the Far East and South Pacific Games for the Disabled (FESPIC), a multisport and multidisability competition held from 1975 to 2006; the Oita International Wheelchair Marathon, staged annually in the city of Ōita (capital of the prefecture of the same name) since 1981; and the 1998 Winter Paralympics in Nagano. Frost's analysis clearly reveals not only the long-standing engagement of Japanese activists in the promotion of [End Page 378] disability sports at both domestic and international levels, but also the social constructedness of disability and its changing perception through the decades. As the first chapter, "Tokyo's Other Games," reminds its readership, disability sports in Japan as elsewhere had their roots in medical therapy and rehabilitation exercises. European experiences with the effectiveness of sports in the treatment of war veterans provided the background for the establishment of the first international competition for disabled athletes, the Stoke Mandeville Games, and inspired medical doctors in Japan to promote their own vision of sports in the service of disability rehabilitation training. In marked contrast to the explicit focus of the Stoke Mandeville Games on athletes suffering from severe spinal injuries, Japanese pioneers and, ultimately, the organizers of the 1964 Tokyo Paralympics pursued a more inclusive approach. These "other games" combined the established tradition of the Stoke Mandeville Games with two additional days of competition by multidisabled athletes gathered from all of Japan as well as invited from Europe. Private-sector sponsorship secured the additional funds needed to carry out the historically unprecedented task of putting together an international multidisciplinary and multidisability sporting event. Frost records major donations from the Lions Club as well as the Japanese Automobile Manufacturing Association and Japanese Bicycle Promotion Institute, though I think it should have been mentioned here or elsewhere in the study that the latter two organizations, which in part oversee government-sponsored gambling, are required by their constitutions to transfer part of their income to the promotion of sports and welfare-related projects. Frost's account particularly honors the manifold contributions of Nakamura Yutaka, a medical doctor based in Ōita Prefecture, to disability sports and the Paralympics. Nakamura was one of a small number of individuals and representatives...

Effect of Sports Vision on Vision Perception and Decision Making in Handball Referees

Effect of Sports Vision on Vision Perception and Decision Making in Handball Referees

Can Sport Exist Without Aggression? On a Certain Thought Experiment by Stanisław Lem

The main objective of the paper is to present and analyse a thought experiment concerning the existence and specifi city of sport in a society completely devoid of aggression. The experiment comes from the novel Return from the Stars by Stanisław Lem, Polish writer and thinker. The article provides an explanation why sports, and boxing in particular, were included in Lem’s refl ections on the problem of evil and attempts to “improve the world”. Lem’s vision of sport in a society subjected to betrization – a procedure that eliminates aggression – is presented and commented on from the perspective of the contemporary philosophy of sport. The presented analysis of Lem’s considerations focuses on their relationships with currently debated issues. An illustration of this thread of considerations is tchoukball – a sport designed to minimise players’s aggression.