Sports Complex Research Articles

Predicting Athlete Intentions for Using Sports Complexes in the Post-Pandemic Era.

In recent years, the concept of health has gradually fit into people's lives through the government's promotion. The indoor sports complex is becoming more and more popular, offering people the opportunity to engage in physical and recreational activities regardless of weather conditions. Psychological and social abundance is the key to improving happiness, and the most important thing is to treat and care for yourself. Many fitness venues have emerged to provide athletes with a wide range of choices. However, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is caused by a virus mainly transmitted through direct contact or air droplets, has had a severe impact on indoor gym users. Therefore, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health-Promoting Lifestyle (HPL), this research investigated athletes' behavioral intentions regarding sports halls and perceived risks as interfering variables. For data collection, we collected data samples from sports complexes athletes in Taiwan. A total of 263 responses were analyzed via SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corporation, New York, NY, USA) and AMOS 20.0 (IBM Corporation, New York, NY, USA) seis tests. The study's results indicate that health-promoting lifestyle cognition has a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention; athletes' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly affects the behavioral intention of using the facilities in a sports complex. Athletes' risk perceptions have an interference effect between HPL, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intentions of using the facilities in a sports complex. Sports venue managers can refer to the results of this project to develop marketing strategies and promoting.

Structural Systems in Enveloping a Sport Complex

Purpose: Sport is a necessity for the development of sound mind and body which are needed for adequate and balanced education. Besides, it is an international phenomenon with socio-political and economic implication. This has facilitated the need for the development of sport facilities alongside other educational and social facilities in universities to enhance the participation of students in sport activities either as a full time programme as in physical education or as a social and recreational activity. The study involves analysing various structural systems use in enveloping sport facilities. It investigates sporting facilities where light weight structure roofing systems have been achieved at minimal cost or expenditures.
 Methodology: The case study method of research has been adopted. Secondary sources of information shall be from studies by other researchers through books, journals, published and unpublished literature, as well as online sources.
 Findings: Though the sport complex is not a new building type, but the information was sort, so as to gain knowledge. It is hoped that the sport facility will enhance the development of sport in its environs and also make it possible for people to participate actively in sporting activities.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This research work has identified critical dimensions from which sports participation can be improved, with the ultimate aim is to provide a permanent solution to the infrastructure related concerns of sports and thus to highlight the effects of modern materials and methods in enveloping modern-day design and construction of sport infrastructure, and improving participants well-being in this facilities

Structural Systems in Enveloping a Sport Complex

Purpose: Sport is a necessity for the development of sound mind and body which are needed for adequate and balanced education. Besides, it is an international phenomenon with socio-political and economic implication. This has facilitated the need for the development of sport facilities alongside other educational and social facilities in universities to enhance the participation of students in sport activities either as a full time programme as in physical education or as a social and recreational activity. The study involves analysing various structural systems use in enveloping sport facilities. It investigates sporting facilities where light weight structure roofing systems have been achieved at minimal cost or expenditures.
 Methodology: The case study method of research has been adopted. Secondary sources of information shall be from studies by other researchers through books, journals, published and unpublished literature, as well as online sources.
 Findings: Though the sport complex is not a new building type, but the information was sort, so as to gain knowledge. It is hoped that the sport facility will enhance the development of sport in its environs and also make it possible for people to participate actively in sporting activities.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This research work has identified critical dimensions from which sports participation can be improved, with the ultimate aim is to provide a permanent solution to the infrastructure related concerns of sports and thus to highlight the effects of modern materials and methods in enveloping modern-day design and construction of sport infrastructure, and improving participants well-being in this facilities.

Architecture and planning of indoor winter sports complexes

Purpose: The aim of this work is to identify the possibility of mass winter sports, architecture of winter sports complexes. It should be noted that not only the quantity, but also the quality of these complexes is important.Methodology: Description of the architecture and planning of indoor winter sports complexes. The introduction of such complexes in Russia are considered. Based on statistical data, the most popular winter sports are identified, for which the appearance of complexes is more significant. The general plan and main functional units of complexes are identified.Practical implications: The quality development and improvement of sports, allowing athletes to train in any season. This will give rise to the architecture of these structures.Originality/value: The impossibility of holding classes in winter sports all year round, development of the architecture of winter sports complexes, determination of promising options for the development of such complexes.

Study on the eye movement characteristics of the badminton practitioners of different levels regarding visual attention.

Badminton is a highly sophisticated, fierce, and competitive tactical game. It requires the same action of hitting a ball with different landing points. Therefore, the complexity of badminton practitioner's sports decision-making is relatively high. Accordingly, it is extremely important to study the difference between the eye movement characteristics of different levels of badminton athletes and the difference between the eye movement characteristics of different sports levels of amateur athletes. Overall, 15 students from the badminton professional training team of the Physical Education College of the Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University and 15 students from the common public sports and badminton course were included as experimental participants in the present study. The laboratory experimental test on the virtual sports situation in badminton was conducted using an eye tracker. The eye movement index of both the badminton professionals and the experimental participants was recorded for statistical analysis, and the following results were obtained: (1) In the cognitive decision-masking task, the reaction time of the professional badminton practitioners was faster than that of the amateur practitioners. Similarly, in the intuitive decision-masking task, the reaction time and accuracy of the former were better than those of the latter. (2) The professional badminton practitioners' group was able to process and integrate the searched information in the process of sports attention selection information; although the amateur group was able to search and filter information, they were passive and could not actively process and assimilate the searched information. (3) The professional badminton practitioners could allocate their attention reasonably and process information in the process of attention transfer, while their amateur counterparts were affected easily by external interference factors. The level of motor intelligence of badminton practitioners in the professional group was higher than that of the amateur practitioners. Thus, these two groups of different levels showed attention transfer. (4) The mental skills of the professional group were higher than those of the amateur group.

Shaking table test on suspend-dome structure with the center-hung scoreboard under three-dimensional seismic

In order to meet the demand of watching games, the LED display, i.e., the center-hung scoreboard, has been widely used in large stadiums. To investigate the mechanical properties of the suspend-dome structure with the center-hung scoreboard under the action of earthquake, a dynamic scaled model with a geometric similarity ratio of 1:20 was designed. And the shaking table test was performed to study the seismic performance under the actions of 8 degree frequent, seismic precautionary and rare earthquakes. The acceleration, displacement and internal force responses under three-dimensional seismic were analyzed. The results show that the Z-directional acceleration amplification factors of the reticulated shell vertex region are significant and decrease fastest under actions of rare earthquakes, which is the weak point of the model. The influence of the center-hung scoreboard on the structure cannot be ignored in the study of seismic performance. The vertical displacement is the largest in the center and gradually decreases from inside to outside. The maximum displacement under actions of frequent earthquakes is 2.061 mm. The maximum displacement under actions of seismic precautionary earthquakes is 1/556, the maximum displacement under actions of rare earthquakes is 1/242, both of which satisfy the requirement of seismic specifications. The maximum internal force of the ring rod first decreases and then increases from the center to the surroundings. The internal force of the radial rod gradually increases from the edge to the center. Under actions of rare earthquakes, the center-hung scoreboard has more influence on the internal force of the rod. The accuracy of the finite element modeling method is verified by comparing the simulation results and test results of the scaled model, and the reliability of the scaled model is verified by comparing the simulation results of the scaled model and the prototype structure. The structure does not collapse under actions of 8 degree rare earthquakes and does not show apparent failure. The seismic principle that “the structure hasn’t damaged under frequent earthquake, repairable under precautionary earthquake, and doesn’t collapse under rare earthquake” is reached, thus the structural design of the Lanzhou Olympic Sports Complex is reasonable.

The practice of using the ergonomics of the environment in the educational process of the university in the implementation of the discipline "Elective courses (modules) in physical culture and sports"

The subject of the study is the process of physical education at the university. The object of the study is the educational and training work on physical culture and sports at the university.The purpose of the study is to study the ergonomics of the environment and its impact on the biomechanics of motor actions implemented in the educational process of university students in the discipline "Elective courses (modules) in physical culture and sports". In this work, the authors presented in the form of a set of research methods, which included such as theoretical (system analysis, generalization), empirical methods (observation, included observation, pedagogical experiment) and statistical methods. The obtained data recorded during the study, after analysis and statistical processing, allowed us to state the importance of taking into account the influence of the ergonomics of the environment and formulate a conclusion about the need for its use, recognizing the effectiveness of its application in the practice of the educational process in the implementation of the program material of the discipline "Elective courses (modules) in physical culture and sports" in the walls of higher school. The scope of the results. At the training sessions on the discipline "Elective courses (modules) in physical culture and sports" in high school.The main conclusions of the study are the use of regional features of the ergonomics of the environment in the educational process. Such a format of research contributes to the development of the relationship between the theory and practice of physical culture and sports in the organization of the educational process of students at the university, giving it not only a practice-oriented character, but also a potentially developing science in competitive market circumstances. The novelty of this study lies in the use of various sports complexes, recreational walking and training grounds above different sea levels, it is possible to achieve an increase in the level of acclimatization changes in the body of students, from which it can be concluded that the ergonomics of the environment is used in the educational process of the university.

MONITORING STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF THE UNIQUE TRANSFORMED LONG-SPAN SHELL OF THE GAZPROM ARENA STADIUM AS A BASE FOR ITS SAFE OPERATION

Introduction. The main provisions for the development of a system for monitoring the stress-strain state (SSS) of the shell covering the Gazprom Arena stadium are described. This shell characterized by an elevated consequence level under Federal Law 384-FZ belongs to a CS-3 class as per GOST 27752 «Safety of structures in buildings and civil engineering works». According to these documents, a stress-strain state monitoring system should be installed in such a building, functioning for the entire life of the structure.Aim. In this work, an SSS monitoring system was developed and installed in order to determine the parameters of the stress-strain state under continuous control of the unique shell operated at the Gazprom Arena stadium.Materials and methods. The method of determining the parameters of the stress state, including the snow load over the stadium surface, as well as the strain state, was described. The parameters of the strain state were defined using an automated system installed for the first time in construction practice on a unique long-span shell. The process of installing and configuring an automated system of monitoring the strain state was described.Results. A stress-strain state monitoring system was developed that allows continuous monitoring of the unique long-span transformable shell operated at the Gazprom Arena stadium in St. Petersburg. Examples of a graphical deformation scheme were obtained as a result of processing the parameters of the strain state.Conclusions. The development of the most sophisticated stadium in the world having a transformable unique large-span shell and a football field resulted in a sports complex that meets FIFA’s strict requirements for arenas of the World Cup. The system of monitoring the stress-strain state allowed the semi-final and several group matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, as well as eight matches of the European Championship in 2021, to be successfully and safely held. The stadium was ready to host the Champions League Final. Scientific and technical support, including SSS monitoring, ensured the following: monitoring the stress level in the metal elements of a unique long-span shell; determining the movements of its elements; plotting a deformation scheme of the structure; preventing possible emergency situations that occurred and may further occur during the operation of the unique structure.

Soft Power as “Beauty, Brilliance, Benignity”: The Case of the Aspire Zone Elite Sports Complex in Qatar

This paper examines the soft power capabilities of Qatar’s Aspire Zone elite sports complex by using Alexander Vuving’s categories of “beauty”, “brilliance”, and “benignity”. The study demonstrates how the Aspire Zone produces soft power for Qatar in a number of ways. First, the knowledge and world-class expertise on hand at the Aspire Zone have helped situate the Aspire Zone as the “go-to” place for sports training, science, and medicine. Through the Aspire Zone, Qatar has garnered prestige, leadership, and influence. As others regularly turn to the state for solutions to shared problems, Qatar extends its network of allies through those it helps. Second, the Aspire Academy’s Football Dreams project reminds others of Qatar’s desire to help those beyond its borders. This not only situates Qatar as a “good global citizen”, but positions the state as a welcoming destination which others can easily seek best practice knowledge and advice. Finally, the production of elite athletes adds to the expertise power of both the Aspie Zone and Qatar. With every success of Qatari athletes, the state shows its capacity to overcome a typical small state problem –– to produce a high-quality stock of athletic talent despite significant limitations linked to its small population.

Картографирование антропогенных нарушений на территории природного заказника «Воробьевы горы» (г. Москва)

Specially protected natural areas in urban area are significant elements of green infrastructure, since they not only serve as a buffer zone or biodiversity conservation hotspot but also provide a large number of ecosystem services (mainly regulating, supporting, and cultural). At the same time, natural geosystems of protected areas in urbanized territories experience a complex negative anthropogenic impact: chemical and physical pollution, reduction of unsealed territories, violation of the landscape aesthetic, etc. “Vorobyovy Gory” nature reserve in Moscow on the picturesque slopes of the Moscow River valley has a unique biodiversity for a large city (more than 35 species of herbaceous plants and the same number of bird species living in the specially protected natural area are listed in the Red Book of Moscow), as well as a rich historical and cultural heritage. However, nowadays the nature reserve is under great anthropogenic pressure associated, among other things (such as air pollution, surface runoff, etc.), with changes in the land-use structure (construction of a new sports complex, installation of additional lighting poles, laying of new roads), installation of artificial landscape lighting systems, etc. All this leads to adverse changes in “Vorobyovy Gory” nature reserve ecosystems, which can lead to the loss of its conservation functions. The analysis of land-use dynamics on intensively transformed areas of the nature reserve was presented, endangered species of plants and animals were identified in this work. Maps of anthropogenic objects and detected ecosystem disturbances in the “Vorobyovy Gory” nature reserve (including the area affected by landscape lighting) were made.

Elevated levels of chloramines and chlorine detected near an indoor sports complex.

Chloramines (NH2Cl, NHCl2, and NCl3) are toxic compounds that can be created during the use of bleach-based disinfectants that contain hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the hypochlorite ion (OCl-) as their active ingredients. Chloramines can then readily transfer from the aqueous-phase to the gas-phase. Atmospheric chemical ionization mass spectrometry using iodide adduct chemistry (I-CIMS) made observations across two periods (2014 and 2016) at an urban background site on the University of Leicester campus (Leicester, UK). Both monochloramine (NH2Cl) and molecular chlorine (Cl2) were detected and positively identified from calibrated mass spectra during both sampling periods and to our knowledge, this is the first detection of NH2Cl outdoors. Mixing ratios of NH2Cl reached up to 2.2 and 4.0 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), with median mixing ratios of 30 and 120 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) during the 2014 and 2016 sampling periods, respectively. Levels of Cl2 were observed to reach up to 220 and 320 pptv. Analysis of the NH2Cl and Cl2 data pointed to the same local source, a nearby indoor sports complex with a swimming pool and a cleaning product storage shed. No appreciable levels of NHCl2 and NCl3 were observed outdoors, suggesting the indoor pool was not likely to be the primary source of the observed ambient chloramines, as prior measurements made in indoor pool atmospheres indicate that NCl3 would be expected to dominate. Instead, these observations point to indoor cleaning and/or cleaning product emissions as the probable source of NH2Cl and Cl2 where the measured levels provide indirect evidence for substantial amounts transported from indoors to outdoors. Our upper estimate for total NH2Cl emissions from the University of Leicester indoor sports complexes scaled for similar sports complexes across the UK is 3.4 × 105 ± 1.1 × 105 μg h-1 and 0.0017 ± 0.00034 Gg yr-1, respectively. The Cl-equivalent emissions in HCl are only an order of magnitude less to those from hazardous waste incineration and iron and steel sinter production in the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI).

Особенности рекламы отдельных видов контрагентов на территории спортивного комплекса

The article discusses advertising features of betting services and non-alcoholic beer on the sports complex territory. Special attention is paid to practical aspects. Law enforce-ment activities are analysed.

ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ СИСТЕМЫ ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО ВОСПИТАНИЯ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН

The development of physical culture and sports is one of the priority areas of the state social policy, implemented in the educational, health, cultural, national, youth, and international spheres. The urgency of the problem is also determined by the need to understand the current situation in the development of physical culture and sports in the Republic of Kazakhstan at various levels. Physical culture and sports contribute to the formation of the internal and external image of the state, the patriotic feelings of the people. In this regard, consideration of the main directions of development of physical culture and sports in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the historical and pedagogical aspect seems to be extremely relevant. This article analyzes the current state, trends and prospects of research activities in the country’s physical education, substantiates the need for a comprehensive application of the achievements of related sciences to create a scientific and technical base for innovative technologies in the field of physical culture and sports. Modern vectors and world standards for the formation of a national system of physical culture staffing in accordance with the trends in physical education, as well as the creation of innovative educational institutions for the training of physical education specialists, the formation of a network of children’s sports schools, rural sports complexes, social and cultural centers of physical development are considered. The axiological vectors of the development of physical culture and sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan have been updated in accordance with promising areas in physical education; humanization of national education on the basis of value orientations in a healthy lifestyle of every person. In this regard, the necessity of designing a system for training future specialists, considering the analysis of national experience to create a scientific and technical base for the implementation of innovative technologies in the field of physical culture and sports, is emphasized.

ВАРИАНТНОЕ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ ФУНДАМЕНТОВ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ И ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ЗДАНИЙ ДЛЯ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ГИДРОГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ

The article considers the various foundation design for different regions of the Russian Federation. The calculation of the pile foundation was carried out taking into account the peculiarities of hydrogeological conditions in these regions for the multifunctional sport complex. The spatial frame modeling was performed using SCAD and Autodesk AutoCAD software packages. According the calculation S-5-30 5 m long with a section of 300x300 mm (by series) piles received for the Republic of Bashkortostan. For the Republic of Tatarstan: piles according to the S-3-30 series, 3 m long, with a section of 300x300 mm. According to the S-6-50 series, 6 m long, with a section of 500x500 mm piles are accepted for the Perm Territory. To define the price of building foundations, a local estimate calculation was composed based on bills of quantities. Based on the presented final price, it can be concluded that different categories of engineering and geological conditions complexity, imply additional activities in areas with more complex hydrogeological conditions. The cost of building the foundation for the Republic of Bashkortostan amounted to 93.711 million rubles, and turned out to be the largest in comparison with other regions, which is associated with a significant increase in the volume of work due to the installation of monolithic reinforced concrete belts. The authors noted, that analysis of engineering and geological conditions of the construction site is the determining factor in the choice of foundation structures for the designed building. The presented methodology allows to carry out a similar industrial and public buildings feasibility study in construction not only in the considered regions but throughout the Russian Federation.

USE OF ENERGY-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article examines the requirements for the creation of an autonomous university, considers alternative measures to solve energy saving problems, shows the effectiveness and necessity of conducting an energy audit of the institution, indicates the actions performed by Khmelnytskyi National University in the framework of energy saving. The methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of measures is similar to the calculation of current energy consumption and energy consumption for the previous representative period. The difference is that when evaluating energy-saving measures, it is necessary to predict how the situation will change after their implementation. This entails a change in many coefficients, such as the rate of energy consumption, the power utilization coefficient, the duration of equipment operation during the year. To save energy, Khmelnytskyi National University built its own boiler house with a capacity of 3,900 kW, which made it possible to disconnect several buildings from the city-wide heat supply network. Solar power plants were put into operation, solar panels were placed on the roofs of the buildings of the educational institution, educational and production bases, sports complex The implementation of the latest technologies for the production and consumption of energy resources, as well as technologies involving the use of alternative energy sources, is possible on the basis of a previously conducted comprehensive energy audit. The feasibility of building an autonomous heating system, which made it possible to disconnect the main buildings from the city-wide heat supply network, has been proven. Taking measures to insulate walls, replace the water supply system, and use heating points increases the energy efficiency of resource use. In addition, the introduction of alternative energy systems, the creation of own solar power plants and modern control systems for them allows you to optimize lighting costs per hectare, reduce costs for electricity needs, and even make money from sales using the “green tariff”. In this way, any higher educational institution can organize and conduct its own measures to increase the energy-efficient consumption of energy resources, conduct information campaigns, involving students and teachers. This will not only improve the energy situation at the university, but will also help save energy at home.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ВРАХУВАННЯ КООПЕРОВАНОЇ ФОРМИ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЇ ПРИ ФОРМУВАННІ СПОРТИВНИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ ЗАКЛАДІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

This article is devoted to the issue of cooperative operation of sports facilities of educational institutions by residents of nearby residential areas. Our interest in this question is based on the problem of low involvement of the population of Ukraine in physical culture and sports, as well as the lack of capacity of the existing network of sports facilities of the country. Considered several scientific papers in which the question of cooperative operation of sports facilities of educational institutions by residents of nearby areas. It is noted that the sports facilities of educational institutions make up a large part of the network of sports facilities of the country. However, most of the existing educational institutions sporting facilities have been built without taking into account the possibility of use by different groups of people. The article considers several characteristic features of such sports facilities that make their use by residents of nearby areas inconvenient. Both the functional aspect (the location of the object in the back of the site; location of sports halls on the upper or basement floors of educational buildings, etc.), and the semantic (expressiveness and informativeness of the environment) and aesthetic aspects are considered. The question of the motivational capacity of higher education institutions' sports complexes is raised. The modern state of a network of sports facilities at higher educational institutions is considered. The question of the negative influence of their obsolete and in need of repair condition on the motivation of visitors and the effectiveness of the process of physical education on their basis is highlighted. Insufficient attention to the issue of cooperative operation of the sports complex of higher educational institutions by other groups of the population is noted. In particular, the question of taking this form of operation into account when calculating the simultaneous capacity of a higher education institution's sports complex remains unclear. This issue requires further study.

Predicting the winning team in basketball: A novel approach

Predicting the winner of a basketball game is a difficult task, due to the inherent complexity of team sports. All 10 players on the court interact with each other and this intricate web of relationships makes the prediction task difficult, especially if the prediction model aims to account for how different players amplify or inhibit other players. Building our approach on complex systems and prototype heuristics, we identify player types through clustering and use cluster memberships to train prediction models. We achieve a prediction accuracy of ∼76% over a period of five NBA seasons and a prediction accuracy of ∼71% over a season not used for model training. Our best models outperform human experts on prediction accuracy. Our research contributes to the literature by showing that player stereotypes extracted from individual statistics are a valid approach to predict game winners.

What is a Playhouse? England at Play, 1520–1620 by Callan Davies

Reviewed by: What is a Playhouse? England at Play, 1520–1620 by Callan Davies Elizabeth E. Tavares What is a Playhouse? England at Play, 1520–1620. By Callan Davies. New York, NY: Routledge, 2022. Pp. xii + 230. Hardcover $160.00. Paperback $44.95. Ebook $40.45. The final act of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet features a swordfight that must do more than accompany dialogue. Laertes and Hamlet must swap a poisoned blade, and both characters must be struck by it at some point in the choreography. The stage directions for fencing in the quarto and folio versions of Hamlet take the diegetic form “they play” (5.2.258, 266, 283). Hamlet captures one way in which Renaissance theater, according to Callan Davies’s What is a Playhouse? England at Play, 1520–1620, “encompassed and necessitated other forms of expertise and relied on an audience’s ability to ‘read’ other play forms” (83). The central claim of this necessary book is that “play” described a range of interrelated activities affiliated with commercial leisure spaces across England. Davies emphasizes the fluidity of the notion of “playhouse,” the multifunctionality and co-dependence of these venues on other recreational institutions. Playhouses come in a range of types situated within what Davies calls an entertainment complex or district rather than constituting a destination unto themselves, changing the way critics might conceive not only of these spaces, but also of the ways in which playwrights might have written for them. Davies substantially rethinks the early modern playhouse and offers a new critical vocabulary with which to describe its “family” of architectural features (2). He focuses on all the elements that early modern contemporaries could have identified as part of a playhouse rather than on what was not, such as the long-contested “discovery space.” Adeptly toggling between archaeological findings and archival witnesses, Davies builds an impressive family tree of venues which traces their development in the context of wider architectural shifts, arguing that “theatre-ness” became a byword for sumptuousness (29). Untangling the modern scholarly platitude of permanence, Davies demonstrates that these venues were designed to be convertible and impermanent, and their “inherent fluidity and flexibility” is attested by the fact that “forms, seats, and benches could be recast anew as suited the play medium at hand” (35). Establishing the plasticity of this architecture early in the book makes it possible for Davies then to take account of [End Page 575] the many branches on the playhouse family line, showing links between pageant houses, game houses, and alehouses; guild, moot, and leet halls; arenas; bowling; fencing; the use of bears, dogs, and cocks; and little considered spaces such as The Almonry, a London boy company venue. In this landscape, it becomes clear that the circular amphitheater is an outlier, an exception rather than the rule. Most evocative in this new vocabulary is Davies’s phrase “amphitheatrically accented structures” (36). Not necessarily requiring roundness, these venues combined Greek and Roman traditions with “English developments in house-building, interior decorating and existing environmental features” (36). This new terminology establishes a scaffold upon which further terminology sensitive to the modular and the mobile might be constructed. The book often aligns playhouse development with broader cultural trends, making these venues seem more a part of a shared mental furniture than I had previously appreciated. In addition to amphitheatricality’s emphasis on Classical art, math, and forms, playhouses reflected the practice of “upcycling” in early modern England, as deforestation and the new availability of buildings emptied by the Protestant Reformation provided both new spaces and a need to recycle materials already in use. Rather than standing alone or apart, these venues were more often at the intersections of “leisure precincts” across England (125). In identifying multiple kinds of playhouses existing simultaneously as opposed to crafting an evolution of a single thing called “playhouse,” Davies provides a series of regionally specific microhistories that capture something of the phenomenology of these leisure enclaves and anticipate the rise of the flâneur. For example, the early modern council-run sports complex in Congleton, Cheshire, chimes with my personal experiences of more recent urban planning, such as wandering downtown Cleveland, Ohio, on a busy night...

Development of speed and strength qualities of middle school aged boys by elements of special preparatory exercises from boxing, fencing and hopak hand-to-hand combat

The purpose of the work is to contribute to the development of speed and strength qualities of middle school-aged boys using elements of special preparatory exercises in boxing, fencing and hopak hand-to-hand combat. Material and methods. The following research methods are used in the work: theoretical analysis and generalization, chronodynamometry, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. 35 young boys of middle school age (11-12 years old) participated in the research, who used boxing (12 boys), fencing (10 boys), hopak hand-to-hand combat (13 boys) as means of physical education (stage of initial training) on the basis of a sports complex in Lviv State University of Physical Culture named after Ivan Boberskyi, as well as DYUSSh-7 in Lviv. The results. The study obtained data on the positive impact of the use of individual elements of special preparatory exercises in boxing, fencing, and hopak hand-to- hand combat on the overall development of speed and strength qualities of middle school-aged boys. Probable statistical correlations between the performance of young men in general preparatory and special preparatory exercises from the indicated single combats were revealed, which indicates a positive transfer of physical qualities when performing special preparatory exercises to general preparatory exercises. The study identified factors that influence the manifestation of strength and speed qualities of young men.

The Challenges for Implementation of Policies Causing A Delay in Mass Immunization Against Covid-19: A Cross Sectional Qualitative Study

Objective: To investigate the policy barriers leading to hindrance in mass immunization of Covid-19 in Pakistan. Study design: A cross-sectional qualitative study was Duration of study: study was conducted from October 2021 to April 2022 Place of study: was conducted on 106 individuals at 4 vaccination centers of Lahore, including Expo center, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and research center (PKLI), Lahore Developmental Authority (LDA) sports complex, Railway dispensary Model Town. Methodology: It covered interviews, focus group discussions and filling in of semi- structured questionnaires from the general public visiting the vaccination center. Individual interviews of hospital administrators and focused group interviews of general public visiting various hospitals of Lahore, including Jinnah Hospital, Services hospital, Lady Wallington hospital and University of Lahore Teaching Hospital were also included in this study. The data obtained was transcribed and analyzed by using SPSS software version 21. The theme we chose was Politically Informed Views and the subthemes were common hurdles, common myths, different vaccine brands, lack of awareness and conspiracy theories. Results: The results were significant (P<0.05) with the levels of different variables as: Common hurdles 41%; Common myth 25%; Religious Aspects 17%; Different brands 7% ; Lack of awareness 10% respectively. Each variable showed a remarkable difference from considered standard SOPs. Conclusion: To increase the vaccination drive, proper implementation of the already established government policies, with better surveillance and monitoring of the vaccine centers is required. Awareness among the general population should also be increased to debunk myths and motivate them. Keywords: COVID-19, vaccination, immunization, Sino-pharm, Sino-vac.