Sport Competence Research Articles

중학교 스포츠클럽 참가자의 신체적 자기개념과 회복탄력성 및 학교행복감의 관계

This study is aimed at identifying the differences in the physical self-concept, resilience, and happiness in school of middle school sports club participants. The purpose of this study is to verify the correlation among their physical self-concept, resilience, and happiness in school. To accomplish the objective, students of middle schools located in South Chung-cheong province were established as the population in 2014. Among them, 450 students were selected with the convenience sampling method, taking into account their gender, school type, and academic performance. After a survey, 417 responses were selected for final analysis, excluding 33 based on the suitability. The findings are as follows. First, in terms of appreciation of resilience, physical self-concept influenced the sports competence. As for life satisfaction, it influenced their looks, physical activities, and self-esteem. Their cause analysis influenced their sports competence and flexibility. As for emotion regulation skills, it influenced their sports competence, looks, self-esteem, and flexibility. Second, in terms of peer and teacher relationship of happiness in school, physical self-concept influenced the looks and self-esteem. As for self-efficacy, it influenced their sports competence, looks, and self-esteem. As for emotional stability, it influenced their self-esteem. Third, in terms of peer relationship of happiness in school, their resilience influenced the emotion regulation skills and life satisfaction. As for their teacher relationship, it influenced their emotion regulation skills, cause analysis, and life satisfaction. As for self-efficacy, it influenced their emotion regulation skills, cause analysis, life satisfaction, and appreciation. Meanwhile, their emotional stability influenced their life satisfaction and appreciation.

Perceived physical competence towards physical activity, and motivation and enjoyment in physical education as longitudinal predictors of adolescents' self-reported physical activity.

The aim of the study was to investigate if adolescents' perceived physical competence towards physical activity (PA), and autonomous motivation and enjoyment in physical education (PE) during early adolescence can predict amount and intensity of self-reported physical activity six years later. This study utilized a 6-year longitudinal data set collected within Finnish school settings. Students responded to questionnaires measuring their perceived physical competence towards physical activity, and autonomous motivation and enjoyment in PE during their first year at middle school (Grade 7), and their PA engagement during their last year in high school (Grade 12). A sample of 333 students (200 girls, 133 boys; M age=12.41, years, SD=.27) participated in the study. Perceived physical competence in physical activity was assessed by the sport competence dimension of the Physical Self-Perception Profile, autonomous motivation in PE was assessed by the Sport Motivation Scale and enjoyment in PE by the Sport Enjoyment Scale. Students' self-reported metabolic equivalent (MET) and PA intensity (light [LPA], moderate [MPA], vigorous [VPA]) was calculated from the short form of International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Perceived physical competence towards physical activity significantly predicted total METs (β=.28), MPA (β=.18) and VPA (β=.29) six years later. Autonomous motivation and enjoyment in PE at Grade 7, however, were not significant predictors of later PA. The results of this study support the proposition that self-perception of an individual's abilities arising from interactions with the environment related to PA during early puberty has an influential effect on later PA behaviour.

무용전공대학생들의 신체적 자기지각을 통한 공연자신감 및 자기효능감이 무용몰입과 무용수행만족에 미치는 영향

This research paper looks into the interrelationships between physical self-perception, performance confidence, physical self-efficacy, dance flow and dance performance satisfaction with dance major students as the central figure. It also looks into the needs of dance majors, and in order to understand the accomplishment in dance and performance satisfaction, studies were carried out on 313 dance major students. According to this research, firstly, in the difference from physical self-perception according to general characteristics, specialists that major in dance have perception about ones body when specialists have a longer dancing time and experience. In the relationship between dancing experience and self-efficacy it could be seen that self-efficacy is postirely comelated with dancing experience. Also, in dance performance satisfaction, the more experience or time one encounters dance the higher the satisfaction. Secondly, when looking at the effect physical self-perception has on performance, confidence and self-efficacy, among the lower factors of physical self-perception, sports competence, condition and fitness have notable amount of effect on performance confidence. Thirdly, when looking at the effect on physical self-perception and self-efficacy, sports competence and condition have a certain amount of influence on body competence. Also sports competence, condition and fitness have some influence on physical confidence. Fourth, when looking at the influence of performance confidence and self-efficacy on dance flow, performance confidence, body competence and physical attraction have some effect on behavioral devotion. Lastry looking at the influence dance flow has on dance performance satisfaction, only behavioral devotion has much influence on dance performance satisfaction.

Entre o ethos aristocrático e o associativismo: futebol amador e competência esportiva na cidade de São Paulo (1920-1930)

Several urban and sociocultural shifts took place and marked the period 1920- 1930, changing social places, customs and standards of conduct. Football would not be immune to such changes. Two experiences at first glance antagonistic reveal how this instability marked the establishment of sports in the city. Based on documents from Anhanguera Athletic Association and Paulistano Athletic Club – representatives, respectively, of the popular clubs situated on the floodplains of the city and the elite clubs – this article compares moments of the trajectories of the two associations. It outlines the differences in the way each one of them assimilated football and the similarities regarding the criteria they used to refuse modern organization processes such as sports competence. The criteria for this rejection were, however, based on quite different traditions: family associations and mutual help in the case of popular clubs and the aristocratic ethos in the elite clubs. Nevertheless, both forms contributed to the establishment of the idea of amateurism, which has been substantial for the practices and the image of football in Sao Paulo. Keywords: amateurism, associations, aristocratic ethos, Associacao Atletica Anhanguera , Clube Athletico Paulistano .

Impact of aerobic and resistance exercise combination on physical self-perceptions and self-esteem in women with obesity with one-year follow-up

The effectiveness of an exercise intervention including both aerobics and resistance training components in improving physical self-perceptions and global self-esteem (GSE) in women with obesity was examined. An experimental design with a one-year follow-up was used. Women with obesity (n = 72) participated in a structured exercise programme for 12 weeks after being randomised into a control and an exercise group. Exercise self-efficacy, body attractiveness, physical strength, sport competence, physical condition, physical self-worth, and GSE were measured at pre-intervention, early intervention, mid-intervention, immediately after the intervention, and five times following programme termination at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively. Analyses of covariance revealed exercise effects for all of the dependent variables except for body attractiveness. Generally, exercise effects lasted between 6 and 12 months. A 12-week physical exercise programme including aerobic and resistance training components has the potential to improve physical self-perceptions and self-esteem in women with obesity.

The Level of Participation in and Attitude towards School Physical Education and the Relationship with Physical Self-concept of High School Students

This study was conducted in order to identify the level of participation in and attitude toward school physical education, as well as the relationship with physical self-concept, by targeting 708 high school students. The following results were obtained. First, positive correlations were found among participation and attitude toward school physical education, sports competence, appearance, physical activity, self-esteem, flexibility, endurance, strength and overall body; however, negative correlations were found with body fat (obesity) and health. Second, sports competence, appearance, physical activity, endurance, strength and overall body displayed significant differences according to clusters, with cluster 3 having a high level of participation and positive attitude toward school physical education. Third, there were significant differences in flexibility according to the clusters, with higher scores in cluster 3 and 2 than in cluster 1. Fourth, there were no differences in body fat, health and self-esteem according to the clusters.

Pilot evaluation of physical and psychological effects of a physical trek programme including a dog sledding expedition in children and teenagers with cancer.

Aim of the studyTo evaluate the feasibility and to measure the effects of a six-week-long adapted physical activity programme (APAP), including 5 days of intense dog sledding, on the physical and psychological health of children and adolescents treated for cancer.MethodsEleven children and teenagers (4 girls, 7 boys; mean age 14.3 ± 2.9 years) participated in this monocentric pilot programme of adapted physical activities from February 2013 to March 2013. Seven were still on treatment. The programme lasted 6 weeks. A series of physical tests and psychological questionnaires were carried out before and after the programme.ResultsAll children and teenagers completed the full programme. An improvement in all physical and psychological parameters was observed. Statistically significant differences were observed for global self-esteem (6.2 ± 2.1 to 7.7 ± 1.8; p = 0.02), perceived sport competence (5.3 ± 3.2 to 7.4 ± 2; p = 0.02) and perceived physical strength (5.6 ± 2.5 to 7.1 ± 1.8; p = 0.001). Regarding physical tests, the physical training led to statistically significant improvement for sit-ups (13.8 ± 2.6 to 21.75 ± 5.4; p = 0.01), muscle tone (76 ± 23.7 to 100 ± 22.9; p = 0.01), and resting heart rate (96.1 ± 3.2 to 91.6 ± 4.5; p = 0.03).Conclusion This programme is feasible in children and adolescents even during their oncologic treatment. During the 6-week programme, children and adolescents improved their physical and psychological health, and the putative benefits of the APAP are discussed. A larger randomised trial started in 2014.

Effect of a 12-week Resistance-exercise Training Program on the Physical Self-perceptions of Children

Resistance-exercise training improves self-concept in adolescents and adults, while middle childhood (8-10 year) remains understudied. The purpose was to analyze if physical self-perceptions would change following 12-week of resistance exercise. Boys (n = 11, 9.0 ± 0.9 year) and girls (n = 13, 9.3 ± 0.7 year) were randomly assigned by sex into control (CON, n = 12) or experimental (EXP, n = 12) groups. Week 1 pre-testing consisted of the Physical Self-Perception Profile for Children (C-PSPP), which contains 6 subscales: Global General Self-Worth (GSW), Global Physical Self-Worth (PSW), Perceived Sport Competence (SPORT), Perceived Bodily Attractiveness (BODY), Perceived Physical Strength (STRENGTH), Perceived Level Of Physical Conditioning (CONDITION). After familiarization, the EXP received 12-week of resistance exercise 2 days/week. Each exercise session consisted of: 5-min warm up, 5-min static stretching, 25-min resistance exercise, 5-min cool down, and 5-min static stretching. C-PSPP post-testing occurred after completion of the training program. A 2 x 2 repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance was used. Bonferroni pairwise post hoc analyses examined differences in the C-PSPP subscales. Alpha level was p 0.05). A C-PSPP post-test interaction (p = 0.037) existed between CON and EXP. Post hoc analyses showed gains (p < 0.05) for EXP in all subscales. Only SPORT improved for the CON group (p = 0.02). Regular resistance exercise improved all subscale scores, not just STRENGTH, in the EXP. Children who participate in resistance-exercise training display enhanced physical self-perceptions, and may have an increased awareness of their own levels of physical conditioning and strength.

체육수업에 참여하는 여중생의 신체적 자기개념, 수업만족 그리고 지속적 참여와의 관계

Purpose of this study is to provide base data for enhancing participation in physical education of middle school girls by investigating the cause-and -effect relationship between physical self-description of middle school girls and class satisfaction and continuous participation. For subject of this study, middle school girls who are enrolled in 3 girls’ junior high school located in Seoul and participating in physical education were selected, and conducted actual data analysis on data collected from 400 students from total 414 excluding 14 omitted students using convenient sampling among nonprobability sampling methods.BR For data processing, this study conducted frequency analysis and exploratory factor analysis, analyzed credibility and correlation using PASW Window Version 18.0, and used AMOS Version20.0 after the exploratory factor analysis to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. The following conclusions were obtained based on the analyzed results.BR First, among physical self-descriptions(sports competence, attractive figure, physical condition, and physical strength) of middle school girls who participate in physical education, it was identified that sports competence, attractive figure, and physical condition make significant influence on the class satisfaction.BR Secondly, among physical self-descriptions(sports competence, attractive figure, physical condition, and physical strength) of middle school girls who participate in physical education, it was identified that sports competence make significant effect on the continuous participation.BR Thirdly, it was verified that class satisfaction makes significant influence on the continuous participation.

Thioredoxin Reduced Cardiomyocytes Apoptosis Induced By Diabetic Conditions

Thioredoxin (TRX) is a class of redox proteins and functions in various biological processes, including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Although several studies have reported the anti-apoptotic roles of TRX both in vivo and in vitro, the exact role and mechanism of TRX in cardiomyocyte apoptosis under diabetic conditions remains largely unknown. PURPOSE: To investigate the role of TRX in apoptosis regulation after diabetic treatment both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: We fed transgenic TRX C56BL/6 mice and wild type mice controls with normal diet or high-fat diet for 12 weeks, and measured mice body weight, glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. The apoptotic rate in the heart tissue with protein expressions of MAPKs and Bcl-2 family members were also measured. In addition, primary cultured mice cardiomyocytes were incubated in media with either low (5 mM) or high glucose (25 mM), with or without TRX si-RNA transfection. Apoptotic rate, expressions of MAPKs and Bcl-2 family members were measured. Finally, we constructed the luciferase reporter system to investigate the activation of AP-1 by TRX through JNK and c-Jun. RESULTS: Mice fed with high-fat diet showed obvious diabetic symptoms, including increased body weight (43±1.8 vs 35±2.1, p<0.05), impaired glucose tolerance, and occurrence of insulin resistance. High-fat diet also induced apoptosis in the heart tissues. Over-expression of TRX protected cells from apoptosis via regulating the Bcl-2 family through p38 MAPK and c-Jun/JNK pathway. In cell culture, high glucose environment mimicked the diabetic condition, which induced apoptosis in the cells. Silence of TRX exacerbated the phenomenon with altered MAPKs activities. At last, TRX directly regulated the activation of c-Jun and JNK through binding AP-1. CONCLUSION: TRX showed anti-apoptotic effects under diabetic conditions both in vivo and in vitro. The effects were mediated though modulating intrinsic apoptotic pathway via p38 MAPK and c-Jun/JNK signalings. Supported by Shanghai Key Laboratory of Human Sport Competence Development and Maintenance(Shanghai University of sport)(NO. 11DZ2261100)

Improvements in fundamental movement skill competency mediate the effect of the SCORES intervention on physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in children

Numerous studies have identified a positive association between fundamental movement skill (FMS) competency and physical activity in children; however, the causal pathways have not been established. The aim of this study is to determine if changes in FMS competency mediated the effect of the Supporting Children’s Outcomes using Rewards, Exercise and Skills (SCORES) intervention on physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in children. Eight primary schools (25 classes) and 460 children (aged 8.5 ± 0.6, 54% girls) were randomised to the SCORES intervention or control group for the 12-month study. The outcomes were accelerometer-determined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness. The hypothesised mediators were actual FMS competency and perceived sport competence. Mediation analyses were conducted using multilevel linear analysis in MPlus. From the original sample, 138 (30.0%) and 370 (80.4%) children provided useable physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness data at post-test assessments. There were significant treatment effects for locomotor skills and overall FMSs. Changes in MVPA were associated with changes in object-control skills, overall FMSs and perceived competence. The overall FMSs had a significant mediating effect on MVPA (AB = 2.09, CI = 0.01–4.55). Overall FMSs (AB = 1.19, CI = 0.002–2.79) and locomotor skills (AB = 0.74, CI = 0.01–1.69) had a significant mediating effect on cardiorespiratory fitness. The results of this study conclude that actual but not perceived movement skill competency mediated the effect of the SCORES intervention on physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness.

Physical self-concept and participation in physical activity in college students.

The purpose of this study was to test for reciprocal relations between physical self-concept (PSC) and participation in physical activity (PA). We hypothesized specific bidirectional relations between PSC dimensions (i.e., perceived endurance, sport competence, and strength and body attractiveness) and participation in corresponding types of PA (i.e., aerobic exercise, team or individual sports, and strength training). Data were gathered from a questionnaire administered to 386 college students on two occasions (3-month interval) to assess PSC and participation in PA. Structural equation modeling revealed significant paths between each PSC dimension and a corresponding type of PA. Students reported more frequent participation in a specific PA when their PSC concerning the activity was high. However, participation in a given PA did not predict subsequent PSC in the corresponding PA, suggesting unidirectional effects of previous PSC on subsequent participation in PA. These results suggest that strategies that contribute to reinforce PSC are primordial and should be targeted as key components for designing effective PA behavior change interventions among college students.

Participation, self-esteem and self-concept in adolescent equestrian athletes

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between sport participation, global self-esteem and physical self-concept in female adolescent equestrian athletes. 239 participants (239 females aged 12-20 years old, 15.96±2.422 years) completed the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) and a modified version of the Sport Activity Questionnaire through an online survey. Seven of the original 11 PSDQ subscales were chosen to be analysed: physical activity, body fat, sports competence, global physical self-concept, appearance, flexibility and global self-esteem. Global self-esteem and appearance were significantly affected by participant age (H(2) = 7.27, P&lt;0.05 and H(2) = 9.58, P&lt;0.01, respectively). Physical activity was significantly affected by discipline (H(4) = 13.39, P&lt;0.05). Implications of these findings suggest that equestrian sport could act as a contributor to self-esteem in female adolescents and as such more emphasis on psychosocial development within the British Equestrian Federation's Long Term Athlete Development programme (LTAD) and the training of equestrian coaches needs to be implemented by governing bodies.

Physical Self-Concept Differences in Young Male Mexican Athletes and Non-Athletes

The object of this study consists of determining the differences and similarities in the physical self-concept between two groups, male high school Mexican students who practice a sport on a regular basis and those who do not. A total sample of 385 male students, aged 13-19 years participated in this study; 173 of them practice a sport and participate regularly in tournaments and/or competitions. A quantitative approach with a descriptive and transversal survey design was used. All the participants completed the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire. The results of the one-way multivariate analysis of variance, followed by the one-way univariate analyses of variance, show that students who do not participate in a sport regularly are the ones who obtained lower scores in the health, coordination, activity, sports competence, strength, flexibility, endurance, global physical self-concept, and global self-esteem subscales. However, in the appearance subscale, no statistically significant differences were found. Further research should reply these findings in larger samples.

Biochemistry and Psychology of Chess and Classical Physical Exercise: Concurring or Conflicting Evidence?

Chess is a competitive sport in the classical meaning of the word. One of the most important factors for chess and sport competence is the accumulated time of training. In order to obtain a high level of competence, chess players and athletes alike must spend up 10 years of specific training. In chess and classical sport energy needed for brain activity is first derived from glycogen stores in brain, muscles and liver and later from adipose tissue. Both, chess and classical sport rely on shared energy from glycogen and fat. When the brain needs additional energy, muscles and liver share energy with the brain. When muscles need additional energy, brain complies with the request of muscles. Energy expenditure, O2 uptake and CO2 production during chess games are similar to those obtained during a marathon. Mental and physical fatigue begin with similar metabolic states: deprivation of glycogen. During competitive chess, athletes must be in good physical condition. Mental profiles of chess players and other athletes correlate with processes such as attention, conflict control, memory, motivation and recognition. In chess there exists no gender-specific excellence; glycogen availability, however, is less developed in female chess players. In chess and in classical sports, the brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles cooperate in complete harmony. The brain commands everything: in chess the figures, in sport the cellular receptors (baro-, lactate-, gluco-, metabo-, chemo-, thermo-, respiratory-) “send” signals via eyes or metabolic changes to the brain. The brain then decides, what to do: in chess, the player moves a figure; in sports, muscles react according to demand. Physical exercise or chess must be defined by a motor activity completely controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) in combination with a specific competence. In chess as well as in physical exercise, physical stress prepares brain to cognitive stimulation. With respect to biochemical, physiological, neuronal and psychological aspects, chess is equals classical physical exercise and must be recognized as sport.

Effects of games centered professional learning on physical education outcomes in primary school: RCT of the Professional Learning for Understanding Games Education (PLUNGE) intervention

Background: Cross sectional evidence displays a positive association between Fundamental Movement Skill (FMS) competency and increased physical activity (PA) levels in children and adolescents. It is suggested that motor skill development and PA be targeted at the same time, with interventions focusing on increasing perceived sports competence in the pursuit of longer term PA outcomes. A Game Centered Approach (GCA) offers a way of situating skill and game based learning within active game play, and offers an environment in which to promote mastery motivation.

Participation in organized sport and self-esteem across adolescence: the mediating role of perceived sport competence.

The purpose of the study was to test longitudinal (2 years across three occasions) associations between sport participation (SP) and self-esteem (SE) across adolescence (10-18 years), addressing the mediating role of perceived sport competence (PSC) from a developmental perspective. Three waves of data were collected from three age cohorts (10-12, 13-15, and 16-18 years) of school-aged youth (N = 1358). The results demonstrate that SP and SE are related across time and that PSC has an important mediating role in this relationship, both from a skill development and a self-enhancement perspective. In the skill development model, the mediating role of PSC was significantly stronger in the youngest cohort whereas the effect of PSC on subsequent SP in the self-enhancement model was significantly stronger in the 13-15 age group compared with the youngest age group.

Learning Experiences Contributing to Service-Delivery Competence in Applied Psychologists: Lessons for Sport Psychologists

The purpose of the present study was to compare learning experiences perceived to contribute to service-delivery competence in sport, clinical, and counseling psychologists. Twenty psychologists (11 female, 9 male; 28–70 years of age) participated in semistructured interviews. All participants emphasized the role of client interactions in learning service-delivery processes. In addition, clinical and counseling participants reported personal therapy and supervision as influential experiences. Applied implications for training include (a) regional supervision networks comprising peers and elders, (b) university-based sport psychology clinics, and (c) personal and professional development groups.

Peers, parents, and coaches, oh my! The relation of the motivational climate to boys' intention to continue in sport

ObjectivesMotivational climates (Ames, 1992) and goal orientations (Nicholls, 1989) are essential in understanding children's experiences with sport. We examined the perceived task-involving motivational climates created by parents, peers, and coaches and their task goal orientation in relation to male adolescent athletes' sport competence, self-esteem and enjoyment, and ultimately, their intention to continue participating. DesignWe used a cross-sectional design with a large convenience sample of male adolescent athletes from the U.S. (N = 405, ages 12–15 years). MethodBoys anonymously completed survey questionnaires during their physical education classes at school. ResultsTask goal orientation was explained by task-involving parent, peer, and coach initiated motivational climates, although parent and peer climates were most influential. Boys with higher task goal orientations reported greater sport competence, self-esteem, and more enjoyment in sport. Intention to continue playing sport primarily was predicted by the boys' enjoyment, and secondarily, by their self-esteem. ConclusionsConsistent with past research, task motivational climates from parents, peers, and coaches play a key role in boys' enjoyment of their sport, which is essential for continued participation.

Effect of Occupation-Based Groups on Self-Concept of Children Aged 5–8: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACTThe goal of this pilot study was to ascertain the effectiveness of an occupation-based after-school program for improving self-concept in children, ages five through eight. Fifty-four randomly selected children ages five through eight from two schools (one being the control group) with similar socioeconomic status along the Ohio River were involved in this research study. The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (PCSA; Harter & Pike, 1984) was administered to all participants (N = 54), four subtests were analyzed: cognitive competence, social competence with peers, physical competence in sports, and maternal acceptance. The experimental group (n = 25) attended occupation-based groups two times a week after school. The control group (n = 29) did not participate in an after-school program. Data from pre-test and post-test were analyzed using a t-test. Findings demonstrated that the experimental group improved their self-concept scores when compared to the control group in the areas of peer acceptance and cognitive competence. This would offer tentative evidence that an after-school program directed by occupational therapists that is designed to improve self-concept may be successful.