Abstract
Resistance-exercise training improves self-concept in adolescents and adults, while middle childhood (8-10 year) remains understudied. The purpose was to analyze if physical self-perceptions would change following 12-week of resistance exercise. Boys (n = 11, 9.0 ± 0.9 year) and girls (n = 13, 9.3 ± 0.7 year) were randomly assigned by sex into control (CON, n = 12) or experimental (EXP, n = 12) groups. Week 1 pre-testing consisted of the Physical Self-Perception Profile for Children (C-PSPP), which contains 6 subscales: Global General Self-Worth (GSW), Global Physical Self-Worth (PSW), Perceived Sport Competence (SPORT), Perceived Bodily Attractiveness (BODY), Perceived Physical Strength (STRENGTH), Perceived Level Of Physical Conditioning (CONDITION). After familiarization, the EXP received 12-week of resistance exercise 2 days/week. Each exercise session consisted of: 5-min warm up, 5-min static stretching, 25-min resistance exercise, 5-min cool down, and 5-min static stretching. C-PSPP post-testing occurred after completion of the training program. A 2 x 2 repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance was used. Bonferroni pairwise post hoc analyses examined differences in the C-PSPP subscales. Alpha level was p 0.05). A C-PSPP post-test interaction (p = 0.037) existed between CON and EXP. Post hoc analyses showed gains (p < 0.05) for EXP in all subscales. Only SPORT improved for the CON group (p = 0.02). Regular resistance exercise improved all subscale scores, not just STRENGTH, in the EXP. Children who participate in resistance-exercise training display enhanced physical self-perceptions, and may have an increased awareness of their own levels of physical conditioning and strength.
Highlights
There are positive health factors associated with regular exercise, yet the level of physical activity in children has continued to decline, [1,2] and childhood obesity remains a global health concern [3,4]
No group differences existed between C-Physical Self Perception Profile (PSPP) pretest subscale scores for CON and EXP (p > 0.05)
Time (p < 0.05) and group effects were observed as a result of the resistance-exercise training program with the EXP group scoring higher on posttest C-PSPP subscales of STRENGTH
Summary
There are positive health factors associated with regular exercise, yet the level of physical activity in children has continued to decline, [1,2] and childhood obesity remains a global health concern [3,4]. Increasing physical activity in children is recommended because the early development of habitual exercise patterns appears to carry into adulthood [2,6]. Despite continued reluctance by some to implement resistance-exercise training over concerns of potential injury to the developing musculoskeletal system, evidence has demonstrated both the safety and efficacy of youth resistance exercise [6,7,8,9]. Improving muscular strength in youth, who are deficient, can result in raised motor skill competence [15], and a subsequent increase in physical activity [6]
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