Sports Category Research Articles

Reported COVID-19 vaccines side effects among Algerian athletes: a comparison between inactivated virus, adenoviral vector, and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines

ABSTRACT Objectives Many types of COVID19 vaccines are administered globally, yet there is not much evidence regarding their side effects among athletes. This study evaluated the selfreported postvaccination side effects of inactivated virus, adenoviral vector, and mRNA COVID19 vaccines among Algerian athletes. Methods A cross-sectional survey-based study was carried out in Algeria between March 01 and 4 April 2022. The study used a validated questionnaire with twenty-five multiple-choice items covering the participants’ anamnestic characteristics, post-vaccination side effects (their onset and duration), post-vaccination medical care, and risk factors. Results A total of 273 athletes completed the survey. Overall, (54.6%) of the athletes reported at least one local side effect, while (46.9%) reported at least one systemic side effect. These side effects were more prevalent among the adenoviral vector group compared to the inactivated virus and mRNA groups. The most common local side effect was injection site pain (29.9%), while Fever (30.8%) was the most prevalent systemic side effect. The age group of 31–40 years, allergy, previous infection with COVID-19, and the first dose of vaccines were associated with an increased risk of side effects for all groups of COVID-19 vaccines. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that compared to males, the incidence of reported side effects was significantly higher in females (odd ratio (OR) = 1.16; P = 0.015*) only for the adenoviral vector vaccine group. In addition, a significantly higher percentage of athletes group of high dynamic/moderate static or high dynamic /high static components suffered from post-vaccination side effects compared to the group of athletes with high dynamic/low static components (OR = 14.68 and 14.71; P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions The adenoviral vector vaccines have the highest rate of side effects, followed by the inactivated virus and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. COVID‑19 vaccines were well-tolerated among Algerian athletes and there were no reports of serious side effects. Nevertheless, further long-term follow-up study with a larger sample size of athletes (from different types and sports categories) is warranted to establish the long-term safety of the COVID-19 vaccine.

Associations between health problems and athlete burnout: a cohort study in 210 adolescent elite athletes

ObjectivesWe studied associations between the burden of health problems and athlete burnout in a population of athletes from Norwegian Sport Academy High Schools.MethodsThis is a mixed prospective/retrospective cohort study. We...

Characteristics of the Menstrual Cycle According to the Sports Groups of the New Generation of Female Athletes

PURPOSE To examine the characteristics of menstrual cycles in female athletes in different sports, comparison of possible deviations and changes associated with new generations of female athletes in training processes.&#x0D; METHODS The research included a total of 143 respondents (average age 17.46 ± 2.61; average training experience 8.67 ± 3.85) who were divided into three groups: sports games (n=59), martial arts (n= 16) and aesthetic sports (n= 68). An anonymous survey specially prepared for the needs of this research was conducted among the respondents. The results were processed in the IBM SPSS program, v.26. Comparisons by sports categories were made using the Chi-square test for categorical variables and Kruskal-Walis analysis of variance for ordinal variables. In the case of significant differences obtained by Kruskal - Wallis analysis, the Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test was performed to determine between which groups there is a difference. A logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the regularity of the menstrual cycle using age, length and duration of training and sport category.&#x0D; RESULTS The groups of sports do not differ from each other with regard to cycle regularity (p=0.088). There are no differences between sports groups (p=0.935) in cycle changes. There is also no difference in duration (p=0.883) and abundance of bleeding (p=0.700). A slightly higher irregularity of menstrual cycles was observed in the martial sports group.&#x0D; CONCLUSION The examined characteristics of the menstrual cycle of the new generation of female athletes according to the sports groups in this research did not show significant changes, but they were noticeable in the martial sports group. Although there is a common difference in the training duration of individual sports groups, future research and monitoring of the menstrual cycle in female athletes should be further reduced according to the possible effects on the reproductive and general health of female athletes.

Биомеханические характеристики ходьбы у представительниц женского футбола в возрасте от 18 до 25 лет

The peculiarities of biomechanical parameters of walking of two groups of women were studied in a comparative analysis. The first group consisted of female soccer players of 18–25 years old, having the first sports category or the category of Candidate Master of Sports; the second group included people engaged in cyclic sports (skating, cross-country skiing). At the first stage we took measurements of the test subjects, which were then entered into a computer program. At the second stage, marker sensors were attached to the head, upper and lower extremities of the subjects so that the parameters could be read by Vicon devices in different planes (XYZ). In the third stage, the markers were tracked during the dynamic tests. Comparative analysis of the results and conclusions of the work were made.

Character Changes Related to Sports Participation and Contextual Factors Among Secondary School Students

Sports participation is hailed as one of the effective ways of nurturing positive character among the youth. However, some studies have also indicated that sports may lead to undesirable behavior when conducted under certain uncontrolled conditions. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of selected contextual factors on character changes related to sports participation among secondary school students. The study focused on level of sports participation, gender, age, type of sport, school category, school status, school type, and class level of students as independent variables with potential to influence character changes related to sports participation. A Quasi-experimental research design was utilized, with the dependent variable of character traits assessed at the pre and post three months competitive games season. Purposive sampling was used to select 336 student-athletes from 24 (9.3%) of secondary schools in Nairobi city county. A close-ended questionnaire on character which was adapted from Individual and Team Character in Sport Questionnaire (ITCSQ) and Arizona Sport Summit Accord (ASSA) was utilized for data collection at the pre-and posttests. Matched Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank test showed significant negative change in honest /integrity character component scores between pre-test and post-test (p=0.006). Multinomial Logistic Regression Analyses showed that boarding status, school category and type of sport can significantly (p&lt;0.05) influence character changes among competitive student-athletes. Therefore it is concluded that boarding status, school category and type of sport can influence outcomes of sports experiences leading to positive or negative character change. It is therefore recommended that curriculum developers and implementers should consider contextual factors to optimize sports experiences and outcomes to promote desirable character changes and development.

Assessment of the psychophysiological and functional state of basketball students in the pre-competition period

Objective: to assess the psychophysiological and functional state of the body of basketball students in the pre-competition period.Materials and methods: the study involved female basketball students with a sports category (girls, n = 18) in the pre-competition period. The article presents an analysis of the results of the psychophysiological and functional state of the body of the examined, obtained through the use of complex control using psychodiagnostic and functional research methods.Results: indicators of psychodiagnostic techniques characterize the insufficient development of the studied properties of attention for those engaged in playing sports and the fitness of the functional abilities of the leading hand of basketball players. The revealed data of the tapping test correspond to the criterion of the lower limit of optimal performance, which causes insufficient physical readiness for competitive activity. The obtained results of temporal and spectral indicators of heart rate variability were not typical for students engaged in playing sports, which causes an increase in the degree of tension of regulatory systems and characterizes the development of fatigue in the pre-competition period of the surveyed athletes. The use of the spirometric method determined the discrepancy between the results obtained and the proper values characteristic of the weight and height parameters of the subjects, which indicates violations of the ventilatory function of the lungs and reduced respiratory musculature capabilities of basketball students.Conclusion: the analysis of the obtained data on the psychophysiological and functional state of the body of basketball students in the pre-competition period determines the need to build a training process with the inclusion of psychological and pedagogical training aimed at expanding the physiological reserves of functional systems, improving the psychomotor properties of the body that determine the success of competitive activity and increasing the share of training effects aimed at improving the quality of strength endurance.

Визначення впливу експериментальної програми на показники швидкісно-силової підготовленості боксерів 15-16 років

Purpose: of the study is to develop and introduce into the training process of young boxers aged 15-16 years a program for the development of speed-strength qualities during the annual macrocycle. Material and methods. The study involved boxers aged 15-16 years in the amount of 24 people, whose level of fitness was II and I sports category. The sportsmen were divided into control and experimental groups (12 sportsmen in each). The study used the determination of indicators of the absolute and relative strength of hits, as well as special explosive work of the muscles of the upper limbs (test 8 s, number of hits, total tonnage, work power, explosive endurance coefficient, creatine phosphate working capacity index, index explosive endurance), using chronodynamometry «SPUDERG-10». Results: to conduct the study, an experimental program was developed to develop the speed-strength qualities of young boxers aged 15-16 during the annual training. A feature of the construction of the experimental program is the distribution of means of speed-strength training in microcycles, which are used at the beginning and end of the training session. When introducing the experimental program, a change in the indicators of absolute and relative strength of young boxers aged 15-16 was established under the influence of classes under the Youth and Youth Sports School program (control group) and according to the experimental program. So, between the groups, a significant difference was obtained in favour of the experimental group in the absolute force manifested in the side kick (t=2,20; p&lt;0,05). Along with this, in all the studied indicators, the boxers of the experimental group significantly (p&lt;0,05-0,01) increased the results during the annual training. Conclusions. The comparison of the generalized results of the indicators of special explosive work of the muscles of the upper limbs during the pedagogical experiment revealed that all the studied indicators improved in both groups, but more significant changes were obtained in boxers who carried out the training process according to the experimental program. Significantly better results in relation to the control group obtained in total tonnage (t=2,90; p&lt;0,05), work power (t=2,56; p&lt;0,05), explosive endurance coefficient (t=2,27; p&lt;0,05) and creatine-phosphate performance index (t=2,29; p&lt;0,05).

Reference ventricular dimensions and function parameters by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in highly trained Caucasian athletes

BackgroundData regarding cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) reference values in athletes have not been well determined yet. Using CMR normal reference values derived from the general population may be misleading in athletes and may have clinical implications. AimsTo determine reference ventricular dimensions and function parameters and ratios by CMR in high performance athletes. MethodsElite athletes and age‐ and gender‐matched sedentary healthy controls were included. Anatomical and functional variables, including biventricular volumes, mass, systolic function, wall thickness, sphericity index and longitudinal function were determined by CMR. ResultsA total of 148 athletes (29.2 ± 9.1 years; 64.8% men) and 124 controls (32.1 ± 10.5 years; 67.7% men) were included. Left ventricular (LV) mass excluding papillary muscles was 67 ± 13 g/m2 in the control group and increased from 65 ± 14 g/m2 in the low intensity sport category to 83 ± 16 g/m2 in the high cardiovascular demand sport category; P < 0.001. Regarding right ventricular (RV) mass, the data were 20 ± 5, 31 ± 6, and 38 ± 8 g/m2, respectively; P < 0.001. LV and RV volumes, and wall thickness were higher in athletes than in the control group, and also increased with sport category. However, LV and RV ejection fractions were similar in both groups. LV and RV dimensions, wall thickness and LV/RV ratios reference parameters for athletes are provided. ConclusionsLV and RV masses, volumes, and wall thicknesses are higher in athletes than in sedentary subjects. Specific CMR reference ranges for athletes are provided and can be used as reference levels, rather than the standard upper limits used for the general population to exclude cardiomyopathy.

EMOTIONAL AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR CONSIDERATION WITHIN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED ATHLETES-ROWERS

The article is dedicated to studying the manifestation of personal and emotional characteristics of kayaking and canoeing athletes of different qualifications. A comprehensive approach was used to assess the manifestation of personal and emotional characteristics as prerequisites for success in competitive activities. The aim of the study was to identify the leading personal and emotional characteristics that can determine the effectiveness of their activities in sports competitions. Based on the conducted research, certain differences in personal and emotional characteristics have been found between highly qualified kayaking and canoeing athletes and those in mass sports categories. The former surpass the latter in emotional stability, normativeness, courage, independence, and self-discipline. Highly qualified kayaking and canoeing athletes can be conventionally differentiated into three types depending on the characteristics of the dominance of certain manifestations of emotions: optimistic, anxious, and a type where sports anger dominates. Recommendations for psychological support for kayaking and canoeing athletes were proposed for each type, both in training activities and during direct preparation for sports competitions.

Why age categories in youth sport should be eliminated: Insights from performance development of youth female long jumpers.

Long-term sports participation and performance development are major issues in popular sports and talent development programs. This study aimed to provide longitudinal trends in youth female long jump performance development, participation, and relative age effects (RAEs), as longitudinal data for female athletes are missing. 51'894 season's best results of female long jump athletes (n = 16'189) were acquired from the Swiss Athletics online database and analyzed within a range of 6-22years of age. To examine longitudinal performance development and RAEs, data from athletes who participated in at least three seasons were selected (n = 41'253) and analyzed. Performance development was analyzed using age groups (AGs) and exact chronological age (CA) at competition. Differences between performances of birth quarters were analyzed using 83% confidence intervals (CIs) and smallest worthwhile change. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI were used to quantify RAEs. With the traditional classification into age groups (AG), performances of athletes born between January and March (Q1) were significantly better than those born between October and December (Q4) from U8 to U17. Using exact CA resulted in similar performances in Q1 and Q4 until the U20 age category. The peak of participation was reached in the U12 category, and then decreased until the U23 category with a substantial drop at U17. Significant RAEs were observed from U8 to U19 and at U22. RAEs continuously decreased from U8 (large effect) to U14 (small effect). The present results show that differences in performance arise from the comparison of athletes in AGs. Thus, going beyond AGs and using exact CA, Q4 athletes could benefit from a realistic performance comparison, which promotes fair performance evaluation, un-biased talent development, realistic feedback, and long-term participation.

Recreational Athletes’ Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances: Results from the First European Randomized Response Technique Survey

Background and AimMeasuring the prevalence of doping in recreational sport is difficult. However, to fit their initiatives, National Anti-Doping Organizations are interested in knowing the numbers, so their scarce resources are not wasted. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of doping and over-the-counter medicine use for performance enhancement among recreational athletes in eight European countries.DesignA survey covering + 200 sports aimed at recreational athletes 15 years and older was distributed via social media to sports clubs and individuals in eight European countries. To overcome social desirability bias, we applied indirect questioning by using the Randomized Response Technique and asked for the use of over-the-counter medicine and doping for the year 2019.ResultsThe prevalence of the use of over-the-counter medications for performance enhancement was estimated at 10.4%. We differentiated between the concept of “doping” as the behavior to enhance performance in a certain sport and the concept of “a doper” as a property of a person. The prevalence of dopers in recreational sport was found to be 0.4%, with 3.1% male and 0% female dopers. Responses were separated into four categories: “Artistic sports,” “Combat sports,” “Games,” and “CGS sports” (i.e., sports measured in centimeters, grams, and seconds). The overall prevalence of doping in recreational sports was found to be 1.6%, and the results from Artistic and CGS sports did not differ significantly from this. However, in Games we found an estimated doping prevalence of 6.9%.DiscussionThe estimates for the prevalence of dopers and doping in this study do not equal Anti-Doping Rule Violations as stipulated by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Still, while doping is not absent in recreational sport in Europe, it appears to be a low frequent phenomenon. Also, the differences in doping prevalence between the sports categories might reflect structural and competition-related differences, rather than differences in the logic of the sporting competition or discipline-related subcultures.ConclusionWhile few recreational athletes appear to use illegal drugs to enhance performance, those who do use them are more often men than women. Yet, 1 in 10 recreational athletes uses over-the-counter medication for performance enhancement and more than 4 out of 10 use medication for other reasons than performance enhancement when doing sports. The highest doping prevalence was found in the sub-category of Games, which can likely be attributed to competition-related differences between the categories. Therefore, research on doping in recreational sports needs tailored approaches to come to a better understanding of the phenomenon.

Обучение биатлонистов различной спортивной квалификации знаниям правил стрельбы и умениям их применять: мнение экспертов

Knowledge of the rules of shooting and the ability to apply them allow biathletes to perform well in sports competitions. Biathlon competitions are often held under conditions of changing wind forces and direction. The wind displaces the bullet relative to the center of the target, which results in an inaccurate shot. Therefore, in order to ensure accurate shooting in wind conditions, biathletes should know and be able to apply such rules of shooting as making adjustments to the sights and aim-off shooting. The aim of this study is to determine at what point in the long-term biathlon training athletes should know and be able to apply certain shooting rules. The study examines shooting rules - shot mark; determination of the mean point of impact; amendments to the sight; aim-off shooting in wind conditions - that biathletes should learn at various stages of athletic training. The results of the research can be used in the development of biathlon sports training programmes, namely, normative and methodological parts, credit requirements for general and special shooting training. Expert interviews were used as the research method. The experts were distinguished coaches of Russia, coaches of the highest qualification in biathlon who work with athletes of national teams of the Russian Federation, with athletes of sports training centers and schools of the Olympic reserve of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The experts' opinions were checked for consistency by calculating the concordance coefficient and assessing the statistical reliability of the estimates. The consensus opinion of the experts on the methodology of training biathletes in shooting rules and in the application of these rules is that training should be carried out in a cumulative manner, taking into account the athletes' qualifications, and in the following sequence: biathletes should be trained shot mark starting from the youth category, determination of the mean point of impact starting from the sports category, amendments to the sight starting from the sports category; aim-off shooting starting with the “candidate in the master of sports” qualification.

The Effects of Sports Training and Nutritional Intervention on Disabled Athletes’ Abilities of Sports Performance

The differences of sports training for the disabled and the normal are distinct. They exist not only in sports categories but also in training intensity and nutritional intervention for the disabled athletes. Therefore, to keep the competition fair and better show the creativity and value of the disabled athletes, in addition to setting reasonable standards for the sports competition, targeted schemes for training intensity and nutritional intervention are also necessary to promote athletes’ performances and enable them to have a equal competition with other athletes in the aspects of physical fitness, mental ability and live performances, etc. Therefore, this paper takes disabled athletes ‘performance ability as the research object and analyzes how to strengthen the performance of disabled athletes through sports training and nutritional intervention. Hopefully, this study will lay the foundation for the development of disabled athletes in the field of sports.

The influence of biotechnologies, information and communication technologies on the formation of a healthy lifestyle among studentsу

This paper reflects the results of determining the impact of biotechnologies, information and communication technologies on the results in amateur and professional sports. The paper discusses the main issues of the impact of the achievements of biotechnology and information technology on the practice of sports, as well as their prevalence. Students involved both in groups of general physical training and in sports sections participated in the experiment. Among the participants of the study were both amateur athletes and athletes with sports categories and titles. The study was divided into areas: the prevalence and impact of sports trackers among athletes; biotechnological approach to monitoring and tracking the biological indicators of an athlete; systems for the formation of training programs based on the processing of biological indicators by neural networks. The main ways of using information and communication technologies and biotechnologies in sports were identified by studying current trends in amateur and professional approaches to playing sports: digital systems for fixing sports results, a biotechnological approach to monitoring and tracking an athlete’s biological indicators, systems for creating training programs based on processing biological indicators by neural networks. The influence of the combination of the above directions and factors on amateur and professional approaches to physical culture and sports is considered.

The Correlation between Mental Health and Physical Education Instruction in Higher Education Institutions

This study investigates the impact of physical exercise on the psychological well-being of university students. Utilizing a sample from Beijing Sport University, the research employed a questionnaire-based approach, targeting both sports and non-sports students. A total of 800 questionnaires were distributed, with 765 valid responses received. The participants were divided into four sports categories: basketball, football (soccer), tennis, and swimming. Two of these sports were team-based (basketball and football), while the other two were individual sports. The intensity of all exercises was moderate, and the study spanned over a period of two months. Psychological well-being was assessed using the Symptom Self-Assessment Scale (SCL-90), a reliable and valid instrument. Preliminary findings suggest that moderate exercise, especially within a duration of 30-60 minutes, significantly enhances psychological health. However, excessive exercise beyond 60 minutes showed a gradual decline in mental health scores. Gender differences were also observed, with male students exhibiting higher exercise intensity than their female counterparts. The study underscores the importance of moderate physical activity for mental health and calls for personalized sports guidance based on gender preferences.

Return to Daily Activities, Work, and Sports at 3 Months After Total Hip Arthroplasty.

It is largely unknown if and when patients return to daily activities after undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) and which factors might influence this return. This study aimed to assess the percentages of patients who had been able to return to daily activities, work, and sports at 3 months after THA. Furthermore, the time to return and factors influencing the return (patient characteristics, surgical characteristics, and preoperative patient-reported outcomes) were assessed. A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent THA was performed with use of prospectively collected data. At 3 months postoperatively, patients completed a questionnaire regarding their return to 16 different activities across the categories of daily activities, work, and sports. The percentage of patients who returned to an activity, the time to return, and factors influencing the return were analyzed with use of logistic regression models utilizing backward selection. A total of 2,006 patients were studied. Most of the studied activities had been returned to by the majority of patients at 3 months after THA, with the percentage of patients who returned to an activity ranging from 28.8% to 97.9%. The mean or median time to return to an activity ranged from 1 to 56 days after THA. For 13 out of 16 activities, 1 or more of the studied factors influenced the return to the activity. R2 values ranged from 0.057 to 0.273. At 3 months after THA, 8 out of 10 patients had returned to daily activities, 7 out of 10 had returned to work, and 5 out of 10 had returned to sports. Factors that clearly influenced the return to daily activities, work, and sports could not be established. These findings might be useful in setting realistic expectations when counselling patients on their return to daily activities, work, and sports after THA. Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Epidemiologic Changes of Facial Bone Fracture before and after Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Level 1 Trauma Center in Korea

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has had a major impact worldwide. Several countries have implemented restrictions on social interaction ("social distancing"). Several studies have reported that the epidemiology of trauma patients, such as those with facial bone fractures, has changed after COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to further explore these specific changes. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients who presented to a single institution with facial bone fractures between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020. Baseline patient demographics, clinical information, type of fracture, etiology, and operative management were compared before and after COVID-19. Results Of all cases, 3,409 occurred before COVID-19, and 602 occurred after COVID-19. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the number of patients with facial fractures has not decreased significantly. A significant increase was noted in fractures that occurred outdoors ( p < 0.001). However, a decrease was observed in operative management between the groups ( p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the proportion of assault, fall-down, industrial accident, or roll-down. In contrast, the proportion of traffic accidents and slip-down categories increased significantly ( p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease was found in the proportion of the sports category ( p = 0.001) Conclusions It was confirmed through this study that COVID-19 pandemic also affected epidemiology of facial fractures. Focusing on these changes, it is necessary to develop safety measures to reduce facial fractures.

Diferentes tensões de kinesio taping apresentam benefícios semelhantes para controle postural, equilíbrio dinâmico, agilidade e sensação de instabilidade em indivíduos com instabilidade crônica do tornozelo: ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract Ankle sprain is the most common injury in the lower limbs of physically active individuals, and one of its complications is chronic ankle instability (CAI), for which Kinesio Taping (KT) can be an alternative treatment. The aim of this study was to compare two treatment protocols with KT at different tensions on postural control, dynamic balance, agility and instability in individuals with chronic ankle instability. This is a randomized clinical trial in which postural control was evaluated through the force platform, agility by the side Hop Test, dynamic balance by the modified Star Excursion balance Test, and application of the Cumberland Ankle Tool Instability and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score to assess self-reported instability and functional instability. An initial assessment was conducted, followed by 5 weeks of intervention with weekly applications of KT, and one week after the completion of the intervention, a reassessment was performed. 21 participants were distributed to the group KT with tension (KTT: n=11) and the group KT without tension (KTWT: n=10). KT improves postural control (anteroposterior velocity: p=0.006 and mediolateral: p&lt;0.001; anteroposterior frequency: p&lt;0.001 and mediolateral: p=0.043 of the area of the center of pressure), dynamic balance (p&lt; 0.001), agility (p=0.001) and feeling of instability in individuals with ICT (p=0.001) for both groups. Only one variable, sports category of the FAOS-FOOT questionnaire showed significant change (p=0.008). KT, with or without tension, is able to improve postural control, balanced balance, postural control, and feelings of instability in young adults with ICT.

Exploring the Risk-Taking Behavior of Student Athletes While Attending Education on Campus

Every student who attends lectures on campus is expected to have achievements as an academic member. This also applies to student-athletes excelling in sports and balancing it with academic achievement. Achievement is related to athletes' physical abilities and skills in performing techniques. The high level of physical activity that is carried out requires athletes' involvement in taking risks both during training and competitions. This study aims to determine the profile of risk-taking behavior in Surabaya State University students. A total of 230 student-athletes became the subject of the study, with an age range of 19-24 years, with 35 people in the categories of accuracy sports, 57 people in Pencak silat, 96 people in games, and 42 people in the competition. The instrument used is risk-taking behavior—data analysis techniques using descriptive statistics. The data analysis tool used the Jeffreys' Amazing Statistics Program (JASP) application version 0.14.1.0. The data analysis results showed that most subjects' risk-taking behavior was at a good level of 157 people or 86.3 percent. The dominant risk-taking behavior is at a high level of 73 people or 31.73 percent at a moderate level. The implications of this research are the data for campuses to promote sports activities so that students have good risk-taking behavior. Through good decision-making behavior, it is hoped that it will encourage the achievement of student-athlete's academic and sports achievements.

Age Characteristics of Fatigue During Cyclic Work of Maximum Power

The purpose of the article is a study the age-related features of changes in the functional state of the neuromuscular apparatus during cyclic work before failure in laboratory conditions. Methods:14 adult ski racers (25-28 years old) candidates for masters of sports and 12 teenagers (14-15 years old) I and II sports categories took part in the study. As the maximum physical load (before failure), an imitation of alternating two-step walking in place was used.For each subject, the walking pace was 75% of the maximum.Ski racers performed imitation under an electronic metronome. The length of the step remained unchanged throughout the study; the duration of the simulation reached 30-40 minutes.The following physiological indicators were used to assess the state of the neuromuscular apparatus: reflex excitability of spinal motoneurons (according to the amplitude of the maximum H-response); latent period of H- and M-responses; the speed of propagation of excitation along the sensory and motor fibers of the tibial nerve in the area of the popliteal fossa and the medial condyle (bone) of the tibia using the "Micro-Neuro-Soft" electroneuromyography.Results. It was established that the relative share of motoneurons participating in the reflex response is the same in resting adults and young skiers. The duration of physical exercise in teenagers reached approximately the same values ​​as adult athletes and is 30-40 minutes. However, the dynamics of the studied functional indicators had their own specific features: in young ski racers, the amplitude of the H-response when refusing to continue working decreased by only 24.0% compared to the initial level. Conclusion. Reflex excitability of spinal motoneurons after performing cyclic work of maximum power in adult athletes is more pronounced than in adolescent athletes, which indicates faster fatigue after testing, but high physical performance during testing.