Sports Goods Research Articles

Using mixture experimental design to study the effect of phosphating bath formulation on the properties of magnesium substrate

PurposeThis paper aims to achieve phosphating via optimal features of Mg metal as a suitable base coating, which is considered for other properties such as barrier properties against the passage of several factors.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, in the phosphate bath, immersion time, temperature and the content of sodium nitrite as an accelerator were changed.FindingsAs a result, increasing the immersion time of AZ31 Mg alloy samples in the phosphating bath as well as increasing the ratio of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration to sodium nitrite concentration in the phosphating bath formulation increase the mass of phosphating formed per unit area of the Mg alloy. The results of the scanning electron microscope test showed phosphating is not completely formed in short immersion times, which is a thin and uneven layer.Research limitations/implicationsMg and its alloys are sensitive to galvanic corrosion, which would lead to generating several holes in the metal. As such, it causes a decrease in mechanical stability as well as an unfavorable appearance.Practical implicationsMg is used in several industries such as automobile and computer parts, mobile phones, astronaut compounds, sports goods and home appliances.Social implicationsNevertheless, Mg has high chemical reactivity, so an oxide-hydroxide layer is formed on its surface, which has a harmful effect on the adhesion and uniformity of the coating applied on Mg.Originality/valueBy increasing the ratio of SDS concentration to sodium nitrite concentration in the phosphating bath, the corrosion resistance of the phosphating increases.

Qualitative model of content marketing promotion; Identification and screening of the most important indicators with the Delphi technique (case study: Iranian sports goods)

هدف: امروزه تولید محتوای عالی و درگیرکننده از مهمترین چالش ها و الویت اصلی بازاریابان است. هدف این مقاله تدوین مدل کیفی ارتقا بازاریابی محتوایی کالاهای ورزشی ایرانی، شناسایی و غربال مهمترین شاخصه ها با تکنیک دلفی، و رتبه بندی آنها بود. روش پژوهش: روش تحقیق بر مبنای جستجوی داده ها، از نوع آمیخته بود. بخش کیفی با استفاده از نظریه داده بنیاد استراوس و کوربین با مصاحبه های عمیق از 12نفر از متخصصان به عمل آمد. بخش میانی با استفاده از تکنیک دلفی برای اطمینان از شاخصه های استخراج شده از طریق پرسشنامه در مقیاس لیکرت توسط پانل خبرگان متشکل از 10خبره انجام شد و بخش کمی رتبه بندی شاخصه ها از دید خبرگان با آزمون توصیفی-استنباطی فریدمن انجام شد. یافته ها و نتیجه گیری: مصاحبه ها در بخش کیفی با نظریه ی داده بنیاد کدگذاری شد که شامل کد گذاری باز(104کد)، محوری(68کد) و انتخابی(27کد) از 5 مقوله ی (شرایط علی مانند استراتژی های بازاریابی، عوامل زمینه ای مانند توسعه ی ارتباطات، عوامل مداخله گر مانند توسعه ی سئو، راهبردهای مؤثرمانند توسعه ی پژوهش ها و تحقیقات و پیامدهای حاصل مانند توسعه ی اقتصاد ورزشی) و مدل کیفی بر اساس این کدگذاری ها طراحی شد. در بخش میانی از طریق تکنیک دلفی استفاده شد و به منظور هماهنگی شاخصه های شناسایی شده، از آزمون ضریب کندال در نرم افزارspss22 استفاده شد، پس از شناسایی وغربال شاخصه ها با تکنیک دلفی 6 شاخصه شناسایی شد، در بخش کمی تحقیق با آزمون فریدمن شاخصه ها رتبه بندی شد. که به ترتیب این نتایج به دست آمد: توسعه سئو، توسعه ی رسانه ها و شبکه های اجتماعی، منع احتکار، همکاری میان واحد بازاریابی و فروش، توسعه ی تحقیقات و پژوهش ها، رفع تنش میان واحد بازاریابی و فروش ناشی از تعارضات فرهنگی. بر این اساس عامل توسعه ی سئو بالاترین رتبه را به خود اختصاص داد. با توجه به نتایج تحقیق می توان نتیجه گرفت شرکت ها و بازاریابان عامل توسعه ی سئو را بیشتر مورد توجه قرار دهند و از روش های( سئوکلاه سفید ) برای افزایش سود آوری استفاده نمایند.

Research on the cyclic compression performance of polycarbonate-based thermoplastic polyurethane foams prepared by microcellular foaming

Polycarbonate-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is an advanced thermoplastic elastomer that has excellent yellowing, oxidation and corrosion resistances, as well as outstanding mechanical properties. Polycarbonate-based TPU foams have potentially important applications in sport goods, biomedical, and chip polishing fields. In this study, two microcellular foaming strategies including Heating-Foaming (H-foaming) and Cooling-Foaming (C-foaming) with carbon dioxide as blowing agents were proposed to prepare structure-tunable polycarbonate-based TPU foams. Firstly, TPU foams with similar cellular morphology were prepared by H-Foaming and C-Foaming, and they were used to explore the effect of foaming strategy on the cyclic compression properties of the TPU foam. Secondly, TPU foams with the same expansion ratio but with different cell sizes were prepared by H-Foaming, which were further used to explore the effect of cell sizes on the cyclic compression properties of the TPU foam. Thirdly, TPU foams with similar cell size but with different expansion ratios were prepared, and they were used to explore the dependences of the cyclic compression properties on the expansion ratio of TPU foams. It was found that the compression strength of the TPU foam prepared by C-Foaming can be enhanced by more than 15%, in comparing with that of the TPU foam prepared by H-Foaming. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the expansion ratio of TPU foam is the key structural factor in determining its compression strength. The compression strength reduced from 5.91 to 0.17 MPa with the expansion ratio increasing from 0 to 7.2. Reducing cell size leads to enhanced compression strength but deteriorated compression resilience. Increasing expansion ratio will firstly deteriorate and then benefit the compression resilience.

Verification of Effectiveness of Influencer who Promote Consumption of Sports Goods in Generation Z: Applying the Bootstrap-based BC Method

Verification of Effectiveness of Influencer who Promote Consumption of Sports Goods in Generation Z: Applying the Bootstrap-based BC Method

Development Analysis of the Sports Industry Based on the Data Mining Model.

The Chinese sports industry encompasses both the secondary and tertiary sectors of the country's economy. More prominent are the issues of unbalanced industrial structure development, mismatch between supply and demand, and rapid expansion of the sports goods manufacturing industry. This paper first employs the literature method to investigate the dynamic mechanism and promotion strategy of China's sports industry's green development. In order to improve the accuracy of data mining and quantitative analysis in the sports industry, this paper proposes a time series-based model for the analysis of sports industry data. Utilizing the global steady-state feature fusion method, the statistical and quantitative fusion analysis method, and the fuzzy analytical control method, accurate mining of sports industry data is achieved. The simulation results demonstrate that this method has greater precision and a higher degree of feature matching for sports industry data mining, thereby reducing the disturbance error of sports industry data mining.

The Circular Economy Concept in the Outdoor Sporting Goods Industry: Challenges and Enablers of Current Practices among Brands and Retailers

Based on an analysis of challenges and enablers of circular economy (CE) practices for outdoor brands and retailers, we aim to identify which of these CE practices are best suited for the outdoor sporting goods industry. To develop the study, we used a qualitative methodology through a content analysis of 21 expert interviews. From these interviews, we derived challenges and enablers for different CE elements in the categories reduce, circulate products, circulate materials, and shift towards renewable resources. Our findings indicate trade-offs related to the high complexity and functionality of many products, the juxtaposition of extremely technical and less technical products, and the low product return rate as challenges, while design for durability, design for repairability, and linking the degree of circularity to product types were identified as enablers. Based on our data, we argue that among circular practices reduce should form a basis upon which other aspects can build, with durability and repairability best suited for technical outdoor gear. As our study adds an industry-specific perspective, it contributes new knowledge to the CE literature. It also helps managers with the practical implications, as we argue they should be aware of potential downsides of CE elements and thus consider carefully which of those elements can help support their overall business and sustainability strategies.

Practicability of Sports Goods in the Sports Field Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology

People are in the intellectual age. The use of technologies such as smart search engines, machine translation, fingerprint analysis, facial scanning, and self-driving makes people’s social and work lives happier. The intersection of artificial intelligence and other projects has also become the focus of research in the new era. This article uses comparative experimental methods and sampling methods, puts forward the evaluation method of association rules in the recommendation of sports goods, and compares the selection of sensors used by the five types of sports companies in the sports experiments. In the experiment part, according to the minimum confidence level, the two rules are met. Minimum confidence is a threshold defined by users or experts to measure confidence, which represents the lowest reliability of association rules. The conclusion is that 30% of users have bought running shoes and hiking shoes at the same time and 66.6% of users have also purchased sports suits; there are also sports suits purchased at the same time. All mountain bike users have bought sports gloves. The weight of Freescale is 0.2530, the weight of Bosch is 0.4457, the weight of ST is 0.0946, the weight of VTI is 0.0953, and the weight of Konix is 0.1114. The experimental results show that the selection result of the three-axis acceleration sensor is the SMB380 model of Bosch.

Epidemiology of Pediatric Gymnastics Injuries Reported in US Emergency Departments: Sex- and Age-Based Injury Patterns.

Background:Despite increasing participation rates in youth gymnastics, the majority of epidemiologic literature focuses on older elite athletes or stratifies athletes by level of competition.Hypothesis:The authors hypothesized that sex- and age-based patterns in youth gymnastics–related injuries exist, which are otherwise overlooked in an unstratified population.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:Publicly available injury data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System were collected on pediatric gymnastics injuries presenting to emergency departments in the United States. Participation data from the National Sporting Goods Association were used to calculate national injury incidence rates in 7- to 11-year-olds (childhood) and 12- to 17-year-olds (adolescence) from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2018. Z tests were conducted for the comparison of injury rates between girls and boys within each age group and for overall injury rate across age groups.Results:Girls participated in gymnastics at a frequency 6.5 times that of boys in childhood and 13.5 times that of boys in adolescence. An estimated 72,542 youth gymnastics–related injuries were reported in US emergency departments each year. A large proportion (61.3%) occurred in childhood, with female predominance in both age groups. Overall, there was no difference in weighted annual injury rate (injuries per 100,000 athlete-days per year) by age group (6.9 [childhood] vs 8.8 [adolescence]; P = .19) or sex (7.4 [girls] vs 8.1 [boys]; P = .65). In adolescence, boys were more likely than girls to experience injury (16.47 vs 8.2; P = .003). Wrist and lower arm fractures were more common in childhood than adolescence (1.07 vs 0.43; P = .002) and specifically in girls (childhood vs adolescence, 1.06 vs 0.37; P = .001). Ankle injuries and concussions were more common in adolescence vs childhood (P = .01 and .0002).Conclusion:Upper extremity injuries predominated among childhood gymnasts, particularly girls. In adolescence, girls and boys experienced increases in concussions and foot and ankle injuries. Although representing a lower overall number of training gymnasts as compared with girls, adolescent boys experience a higher rate of injuries overall.

Homogeneity or Heterogeneity: An Institutional Theory View on Circular Economy Practices in the Outdoor Sporting Goods Industry

The concept of a circular economy (CE) has recently gained attention within the field of corporate sustainability, including the textile sector. Although CE-related literature often mentions actors from the outdoor sporting goods industry (OSGI) as forerunners, an analysis of their CE implementation is missing. Thus, in this paper, we attempt to identify the structure of the current state of CE activities in this field. To develop the study, we used a qualitative methodology through content analysis of documents as well as expert interviews, taking an institutional theory (IT) view to support that analysis. Our findings indicate that many outdoor brands and retailers are engaged in practices related to the CE and that homogeneity among these practices varies between moderate to high. Thus, we assume that processes of institutional isomorphism are in place and that there will be increasingly uniform CE practices in the OSGI in the future. Our study not only contributes to a more organised understanding of the diverse CE playing field, as it adds an industry-specific perspective to the literature, but it also helps managers to draw practical implications.

Time-aware sport goods sale prediction for healthcare with privacy-preservation

Sports industry has been playing an important role in achieving good healthcare for public. However, with the advent of COVID-19, sports industry has been influenced significantly and the industry scale is decreased considerably. In this situation, how to accurately predict the sports industry scale in terms of production and consumption is becoming a practical and valuable task, because the whole world’s economy is not growing stably and users’ demand to sport goods is fluctuating sharply. However, three challenges are often existing in the sports industry scale prediction. First of all, there are so many kinds of sport goods that it is hard to quickly predict their future production or consumption scales accurately. Second, for a certain sport commodity, its production or consumption scale is often related to time especially in the COVID-19 environment. Third, sports industry scale data often contain some privacy, which probably disables data stakeholders to disclose their data. In view of these three challenges, a novel sports industry scale prediction approach (named SISP) is proposed for healthcare, which is basically according to time series analysis. Through SISP approach, we can quickly and accurately predict the future production or consumption scales of sport goods, in a privacy-aware way. At last, we validate the feasibility of the proposed SISP approach in this paper.

Factors Affecting the Decision Process of Online Purchase of Sports Good under the background of COVID-19: Application of Goal Oriented Behavior Model

PURPOSE This study used a sporting goods goal-oriented behavior model (SG-MGB) to predict and test consumers'' behavioral intentions for purchasing sporting goods online. Based on the original MGB, the study added three constructs related to online consumption, and examined the factors that influence the online consumer''s consumption decision-making process. METHOD A conceptual model containing 13 hypotheses was empirically tested using data from 271 Shanghai residents who have purchased sports goods online in the past 12 months. RESULT The results showed that consumers'' positive anticipated emotion, negative anticipated emotion, past behavior frequency, and brand image all positively affected desire. Desire had the most significant positive effect on behavioral intention. Desire played a positive mediating role. CONCLUSION The study found that brand image is an important variable that affects consumers'' willingness to buy sports goods online. The SG-MGB is a strong predictive model for online consumers'' behavioral intentions.

Avina Sports:A Case Study of Organic Growth

The global market for sports was worth between $600-$700 billion. Significant growth prospects in the market were expected because of Socio Political changes, commercialization of sports in developing nations and increased competitiveness. Indian Sports Goods Industry had a century old history and it prospered due to the skills and expertise of its workforce. The world of sports goods complement the passion India has for sports. The Indian market for sports goods was valued at US$ 2 billion in 2012-13 and estimated to reach over US$ 4 billion by 2018. In 2014–15, the UK, the US, the UAE, Australia, South Africa and Germany were the major export markets for Indian sports goods. France, Poland, the Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, New Zealand and Italy were emerging export destinations. Avina Sports, a dedicated provider of sports goods, equipments, material to Indian sports players was a part of A & S Group. The annual turnover of A & S Group was approximately Rs. 250 Crores and projected sales turn-over of Avina Sports only for 2017-2018 was about 180 crores. Avina Sports was one of the fastest growing brands having its presence in all the states of India. It had efficient distribution networks across India. It had planned and achieved organic growth.

Waste-Derived Cellulosic Fibers and Their Applications

The use of bio-based materials has become a focus of research nowadays. For the development of new generations of advanced resources, renewable and available resources must be combined with advanced technologies. Researchers have looked into biomass and waste cellulosic materials as sustainable sources for nano-crystalline cellulose extraction. Besides the different treatment methods suitable for various applications, this review aims to provide integrated details on the extraction methods and applications of cellulosic fibers and cellulose nanocrystals derived from wastes of different sources. There are numerous applications including building materials, electronics, furniture, automobiles, medical applications, sports goods, filtrations, water purification, and delivery systems of drugs which have been discussed.

Effect of polyethylene terephthalate char on impact and erosion properties of polyester matrix composites

ABSTRACT In the past several decades, exhaustive research has been reported related to long fibres as the reinforcement in making polymer composites. In this research, innovative filler particles have been used as reinforcement for making the composite material. Here the filler is prepared from the waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle, which is modified into char form by undergoing pyrolysis process. The waste PET bottle is crushed into fine pieces that are closely packed in a cylindrical container and are placed in the furnace maintained at a temperature of 500°C for 3 hours. PET char was used as reinforcement with varying weight percentages such as 5, 10 and 15%wt. The prepared PET char reinforced polyester composites are subjected to hardness, impact strength and erosion property studies. The erosion studies conducted with varying impingement angles revealed that 10%wt PET char filled composites possess better wear resistance. In addition to that, the erosion experiment was also performed by varying the erodent velocity. ANOVA technique was also used to know which variable is more responsible for the erosion of PET char reinforced polymer. As such, produced PET char-based composites have been used for various applications that include structural components, sports goods and making interior designs.

Co-Opetition Symmetry and Firm Performance: A Study of Sports Goods Industry

The purpose of this paper is to examine the co-opetition and firm performance relationship through the mediating role of innovation and moderating role of trust”. This is broadly acknowledging that symmetry of co-opetition (i.e., simultaneous competition and cooperation) is achieving core advantage when firms engage in such co-opetitive relationship. Further, it is hypothesized that co-opetition has a positive influence and firm performance. The sector selected for this study is sports goods industry where requirements of co-petition are just not a requirement but also a necessity as small businesses with limited assets need heavy resources to perform internationally. Therefore, required attention was given to the effect of co-opetition on firm performance. The sample size were 415 and survey questionnaires distributed to respondents representing sports goods industry using a simple random sampling technique. The only 361 responses were useable for analysis other 54 questionnaires did not receive or not in condition to use them. The finding of this study indicated that co-opetition through innovation has a significant effect on firm performance. Furthermore, this study also verifies that the influence of trust on co-opetition and performance relationship reveals some important nuances that indicate this relationship either strong or weak. The implication of this study investigation offers that the practitioners and managers contain “optimal level” of coopetition with their competitors, which always increases firm performance. Where as “too little” and “too much” intensity of co-opetition distrust between rivals and ultimately decreases firm performance. “Finally, this study is one of the initial studies that investigating the role of innovation and trust on co-opetition and performance relationship in sports goods industry”.

Verification of Effectiveness of Influencer who Promote Consumption of Sports Goods in Generation Z: Applying the Bootstrap-based BC Method

Verification of Effectiveness of Influencer who Promote Consumption of Sports Goods in Generation Z: Applying the Bootstrap-based BC Method

How to Enhance the Green Innovation of Sports Goods? Micro- and Macro-Level Evidence From China’s Manufacturing Enterprises

This study aims to explore the driving factors of green innovation, and uses the micro- and macro-data from China’s sports goods manufacturing industries. In particularly, sports goods manufacturing enterprises are identified by the textual analysis of information disclosure, and the competitive environment faced by each enterprise is built through their unique closest rivals. Empirically, this study finds that competition and policy can promote green innovation in sports goods manufacturing industries, and industrial policy can moderate the role of product market competition in promoting green innovation. Considering the characteristics of the Chinese market, more industrial policies may intensify the competition among manufacturing enterprises, forcing such enterprises to obtain competitive advantages through innovation outcomes. It is worth noting that the association between product market competition and green innovation changes as financial constraints increase, and this may be caused by the impact of industrial policy on the interactions among enterprises. After implementing the strict environmental policy, product market competition and industrial policy can both promote green innovation. In high-polluting industries, sports goods manufacturing enterprises get more social attention and suffer from higher penalties for environmental violations, so that such enterprises will get more motivations from industrial policies to support green innovation. In addition, we also find that there is a significant inverted-U shape relationship between industrial policy and green innovation in sports goods manufacturing industries. As financial constraints increase, the non-linear relationship between product market competition and green innovation converts from a U shape relationship to an inverted-U shape relationship. Our findings can provide a better understanding of the investment of sports goods manufacturing enterprises in green innovation.

Experimental study on dynamic mechanical properties of arecanut husk fiber composite

Natural fibers gain utility value by being used as reinforcing materials in the production of lightweight and inexpensive composites. Natural fibers possess considerable mechanical properties and will replace the synthetic fiber used in applications of structural elements, such as construction materials, interior components, aerospace, automotive parts, and sports goods, packaging industries, and other industries. It is necessary to investigate the viscoelastic behavior of polymer composite over increasing temperature and frequency. The present investigation focuses on the dynamic behavior to evaluate the damping factor, elastic modulus and loss modulus of AHF reinforced epoxy composite using a DMA Q800 instrument in double cantilever mode at heating rate of 3 °C per minute over ramping temperature from 28 °C to 125 °C with multi-frequency ranging from 1 to 10 Hz. The dynamic characteristics of AHF reinforced epoxy composites are impacted by frequency and temperature. The modulus values increased as the loading frequency increased, and the modulus values decreased as the temperature increased. Glass transition temperature was increased from 84 °C for untreated AHF composites to 91 °C for treated AHF composites. Treated AHF composites show improved storage and loss modulus compared to untreated AHF composites because of 6 % KOH treatment of AHF.

Antecedents and Consequences of Conspicuous Sport Consumption

Conspicuous consumption is when consumers acquire luxury goods and services to help publicly demonstrate their desired economic and social status. Even though conspicuous consumption can help individuals experience social distinction and a heightened sense of self-esteem, much still needs to be known about this occurrence in the context of sport. Accordingly, the focus of this study was to examine antecedents (i.e., Expertise and Self-esteem) and outcomes (i.e., Satisfaction and Subjective Well-being) of conspicuous consumption of upscale sport goods. An empirical study was conducted with cyclists (n = 393). The research model was analyzed using simultaneous equations analysis. Expertise was shown to have the largest impact on Satisfaction whereas Conspicuous Consumption had no impact on Satisfaction. Self-esteem was shown to have the largest influence on Subjective Well-being. Satisfaction also had a significant effect. However, the influence of Expertise on Subjective Well-being was not significant.

Green chemistry inspired formation of bioactive stable colloidal nanosilver and its wide-spectrum functionalised properties for sustainable industrial escalation

Due to the existence of wide scale and diverse physical, chemical and biological properties colloidal silver nanoparticles has gained versatile application in various fields of engineering and bio-medical science. The conventional way for fulfilling the global industrial demand of nanoparticle based silver products was its production through physical and chemical technology. In the last decade ecologist and environmentalist has continuously reported the hazardous impact of physical and chemical technology of nanoparticle synthesis over various ecosystem including rise in environmental pollution level. Despite of toxic effect, one cannot neglect the growing demand of nanosilver based lifestyle goods. Adaptation of green technology for synthesizing nanoparticles was the most convenient environmental friendly strategy as it is comparatively less toxic or non-toxic and eco-friendly to the living world. Beside this application of green synthesized silver nanoparticles within optimum dose are reported to have no harmful effect to the environment, as it contains different phyto-extract as capping and reducing agent. Toxicity level can also be controlled by process variation and characterization of green synthesized nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticle synthesized by green technology are continuously been used in horticultural industry, food packing industry, in the manufacture of sports goods, garment industry, cosmetic industry, medical and pharmaceutical industry. The current review deals with gradual transitional shift in synthesis of nanosilver from toxic physical and chemical method towards eco-friendly cost effective green synthesis methods using biological resources. The review contains detail literature investigation of silver nanoparticle “one of the most commercially exploded metallic nanoparticles”- its mode of synthesis; its gradual transformation towards eco-friendly synthesis approach; characterization and process optimization for better bio-activity along with its industrial application and commercial utilization.