Sport Enjoyment Research Articles

Toward a preliminary conceptualization of ‘youth sport policy’

Purpose and Methods The purpose of this study is to clarify the concepts of ‘youth sport policy’ and policy areas as an alternative to school physical education concept and to provide a core conceptual framework for the development and implementation of youth sports policy in the future Results The notion of youth sport policy is a process of seeking rational decision-making and optimal alternatives to solve the social problems associated with sports participation of youth in elementary school(aged 6 years) to high school(aged 18 years). The concept of 'youth sport' can reflect modern culture rather than 'school physical education' and it can be seen as more future oriented for lifelong participation in sports. The areas of youth sport policy are classified into physical education, school sport, and community sport. Physical education refer to the physical education classes operated by the Ministry of Education, and the school sport refers to the sports activities that take place throughout the school. Community sport is sports activities that are carried out outside the school by the choice of youth, which is the area where cooperation between the public sector and the private sector is needed Conclusion In conclusion, healthy and active life for youth is required to establish cooperative governance of related organizations in order to ensure proper linkage between youth sport policy areas. Through this, it is necessary to solve the social problems of youth and promote their lifelong enjoyment of sport more consistently, efficiently and effectively.

Viewpoints of overweight and obese adolescents attending lifestyle obesity treatment interventions: a qualitative systematic review

BackgroundA third of children in England are overweight or obese (body-mass index >25 kg/m2). Current guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends that obese adolescents attend a family-based multicomponent lifestyle weight management programme. However, these programmes have low recruitment and high rates of attrition. An understanding of the opinions of adolescents is necessary for planning and developing future interventions. The aim of this systematic review was to explore the viewpoints of overweight–obese adolescents who have attended a lifestyle obesity treatment intervention. MethodsStudies of overweight–obese adolescents (aged 12–17 years) who attended a single or multicomponent lifestyle treatment intervention were examined. Only studies that collected and analysed data qualitatively were included. There were no language restrictions. Published literature was identified by searching the following databases: Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ASSIA, and CINAHL between July 27 and 31, 2016. Search terms included obesity, overweight, views, experiences, opinions, attitudes, satisfaction, preferences, adolescents, diet, activity, and behaviour. Reference lists of included studies were screened. Titles and abstracts of identified records were assessed independently by two reviewers. Full texts of all potentially relevant papers were retrieved and assessed independently by two reviewers, reasons for exclusion were recorded, and differences in opinions were resolved by a third reviewer. Methodological quality was assessed by two reviewers independently, in terms of trustworthiness and usefulness of findings, with an EPPI-Centre tool. Full texts were analysed with thematic synthesis. The Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research approach was used to assess the certainty of review findings. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016039588. Findings19 230 records were identified for title and abstract screening. 284 full -texts were assessed, with 24 included. Thematic synthesis resulted in 178 descriptive codes, which led to the development of 43 analytical themes that have been broadly divided into eight sections: support, motivations, intervention content, maintenance, diet, technology, barriers, and physical activity. Analytical themes included “professional support valued”, “tailored intervention”, “adolescents enjoy using technology and do so with ease”, “prior fears of attending intervention”, “enjoyment of sport and physical activity”, and “longer term support”. InterpretationOur findings may inform local and national policy makers in the development of future interventions for overweight–obese adolescents. Developing interventions with adolescents' opinions in mind, might assist in the improvement of recruitment and attrition rates. FundingNIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West Midlands (for HJ's PhD).

Pictorial Scale of Physical Self-Concept for Younger Children (P-PSC-C): A Feasibility Study

Children’s self-perception of motor skills and physical fitness is said to be an important mediator between skills and physical fitness on the one hand and physical activity on the other hand. An age-appropriate self-perception scale is needed to understand the development and the differentiation of the physical self-concept of children and its components. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to develop a pictorial scale of physical fitness for pre-school children (3–6 years old), and (2) to describe the face validity and feasibility of the scale. The study sample included 27 kindergarten children. In order to determine the psychometric properties, validity was assessed by administrating the Pictorial Scale for Physical Self-Concept in Kindergarten Children (P-PSC-C) compared with children’s fundamental movement skill competency (Test of Gross Motor Development [TGMD]-3; six locomotor and seven object-control skills), height, weight, and demographics. The face validity was favorable. Expectable negatively skewed response distributions were found in all items. Medium correlations with related constructs and with sport enjoyment were found. The results indicate that the new scale is usable for kindergarten children. Future validation studies are needed so that the new scale can contribute to the research about physical self-concept development in kindergarten children.

여가스포츠 참여자의 지각된 스트레스와 행복의 관계 : 스포츠 재미의 조절효과

The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating effect of sport enjoyment on the relationship between perceived stress and happiness. The subjects of this study was 350 adults who had been participating in leisure sports more than once a week and 321 survey questionnaires were used for the final analysis. The findings of the study were as follows. First, perceived stress influenced negatively on happiness. Second, ‘perception of sport ability’ and ‘training & its benefits’ which are the sub-factors of sport enjoyment influenced positively on happiness. Third, sport enjoyment has moderating(buffering) effect on the relationship between perceived stress and happiness. Therefore, it can be concluded that leisure sports participants who enjoy sports can preserve more happiness than those who do not, even under stress.

Twitter and traumatic brain injury: A content and sentiment analysis of tweets pertaining to sport-related brain injury.

Objectives:Sport-related traumatic brain injuries are a significant public health burden, with hundreds of thousands sustained annually in North America. While sports offer numerous physical and social health benefits, traumatic brain injuries such as concussion can seriously impact a player’s life, athletic career, and sport enjoyment. The culture in many sports encourages winning at all costs, placing athletes at risk for traumatic brain injuries. As social media has become a central part of everyday life, the content of users’ messages often reflects the prevailing culture related to a particular event or health issue.Methods:We hypothesized that Twitter data might be useful for understanding public perceptions and misperceptions of sport-related traumatic brain injuries. We performed a content and sentiment analysis of 7483 Twitter® tweets related to traumatic brain injuries in sports collected during June and July 2013.Results:We identified five major themes. Users tweeted about personal traumatic brain injuries experiences, reported traumatic brain injuries in professional athletes, shared research about sport-related concussions, and discussed policy and safety in injury prevention, such as helmet use. We identified mixed perceptions of and sentiment toward traumatic brain injuries in sports: both an understanding that brain injuries are serious and disregard for activities that might reduce the public burden of traumatic brain injuries were prevalent in our Twitter analysis.Conclusion:While the scientific and medical community considers a concussion a form of traumatic brain injuries, our study demonstrates a misunderstanding of this fact among the public. In our current digital age, social media can provide useful insight into the culture around a health issue, facilitating implementation of prevention and treatment strategies.

스키수업 참여 대학생들의 스포츠 재미와 여가만족 및 지속적 참여의도와의 관계

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationships among sport enjoyment, leisure satisfaction, and continuous participation intention in ski class. The study conducted a research survey through purposive sampling method. 280 questionnaires distributed and 271 were selected as final valid sample by removing 9 questionnaires that have insufficient answers. Hypothesis test on collected data was conducted by using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. The results were as followings. First, sport enjoyment factors a significant effect on psychological satisfaction, environmental satisfaction. Second, sport enjoyment factors had effect on re-participation intention, word of mouth intention. Third, leisure satisfaction had effect on re-participation intention, word of mouth intention. In addition, it had effect on continuos participation intention as the partial mediation of the leisure satisfaction.

The Role of Implicit Beliefs and Achievement Goals as Protective Factors in Youth Sport

This study explored whether implicit beliefs and 2 × 2 achievement goals were related to enjoyment in youth sport over 1 year and whether perceived changes in the coach–athlete relationship moderated these relationships. Indirect and conditional indirect effect analyses were conducted in a sample of 247 regular sport participants (Mage = 13.03 years). After adjusting for enjoyment at Time 1, incremental beliefs were indirectly related to Time 2 enjoyment via mastery-approach goals. However, this effect was evident only when the coach–athlete relationship was perceived to have deteriorated. Results highlight the protective value of adaptive implicit beliefs and achievement goals in youth sport.

Determinism and sporting prowess: A response to Mumford and Anjum

In Getting Causes from Powers, Stephen Mumford and Rani Anjum published a novel approach to the metaphysics of dispositional properties, according to which causal powers are to be viewed as vectors. Recently (at the time of writing) they have employed a similar system to represent prowess in sport. In this paper, I discuss the Mumford/Anjum tendential theory of sporting prowess. I question their motivation for the tendencies account, concluding that (contra Mumford and Anjum) determinism would not take away from the enjoyment of spectator sports, so long as epistemic uncertainty is preserved. Nonetheless, I deem the tendencies theory of prowess a good one, so in addition, here I develop the Mumford/Anjum thesis, applying the multi-dimensional aspect they themselves apply to “complex causal situations” in their 2011 work on properties, to the philosophy of sport.

수상레저스포츠 참여 대학생들의 스포츠재미, 여가만족 및 지속적 참여의사와의 관계

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationships among sport enjoyment, leisure satisfaction and continuous participants intention in water leisure sports. In order to achieve this objective, samples were taken by using convenience sampling method among non-probability sampling methods. The study conducted a research survey through purposive sampling method. 280 questionnaires distributed and 269 were selected as final valid sample by removing 11 questionnaires that have insufficient answers. Hypothesis test on collected data was conducted by using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. The results were as followings. First, water leisure sport’s sport enjoyment factors a significant effect on psychological satisfaction, environmental satisfaction, and social satisfaction. Second, water leisure sport’s sport enjoyment factors had effect on re-participation intention. Third, leisure satisfaction had effect on re-participation intention.

A motivational model to understand youth sport dropout and enjoyment

A motivational model to understand youth sport dropout and enjoyment

Young Female Soccer Players’ Perceptions of Their Modified Sport Environment

Competitive engineering is a process whereby sport organizations modify the rules, facilities, and equipment involved in sport to facilitate desirable athlete outcomes and experiences. Competitive engineering is being increasingly adopted by youth sport organizations with empirical evidence positively supporting its influence on skill development and performance. The purpose of this study was to explore young female athletes’ experiences in their modified soccer environment. Seventeen recreational and competitive soccer players, aged 8–11, participated in semistructured photo elicitation interviews that featured several visual qualitative methods (i.e., athlete-directed photography, drawing exercises, and pile-sorting) to facilitate insight on their sport environments. Results revealed that the athletes’ competitively engineered soccer experience was perceived as being a distinct environment that emphasized personal development, positive relationships, and the underlying enjoyment of sport. These findings shed light of how youth sport structure modifications influence the athletes’ experiences, providing practical implications to further promote positive youth sport experiences.

부산지역 해양레저스포츠 참여자의 스포츠즐거움, 참여만족 및 참여지속의사와의 관계

부산지역 해양레저스포츠 참여자의 스포츠즐거움, 참여만족 및 참여지속의사와의 관계

Elderly Sports, Challenges and Solutions (Case Study: Western Provinces of Iran)

<p>The purpose of this research was to discuss the challenges and solutions regarding elderly sports in western provinces of Iran. The research is survey-descriptive and has conducted as field method. The data population were men and women aged over 60 years in the western provinces of Iran at 2015 that their number is 750,000 people according to statistics taken from official authorities. Among the population the 2,540 people were selected using Morgan table. Sampling method was accessible method. Researcher made questionnaire was used for data collection which contained 30 item in the 5 item Likert scale. The validity of questionnaire confirmed by 11 people of sport management professors. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained 0.74 using Cronbach’s alpha. Descriptive statistics indexes (Mean, standard deviation, and percent) and Chi-squared test were used for analyzing data. Results indicated that lack of sufficient recreational and sports facilities, low levels of education, low levels of income, physical weakness, cultural factors, psychological characteristics, family and proper education play a significant role in enjoyment of sports and leisure. With respect to results, it is recommended to establish sports and recreational sites for development of elderly sports.</p>

Scaling-up an efficacious school-based physical activity intervention: Study protocol for the 'Internet-based Professional Learning to help teachers support Activity in Youth' (iPLAY) cluster randomized controlled trial and scale-up implementation evaluation.

BackgroundDespite the health benefits of regular physical activity, most children are insufficiently active. Schools are ideally placed to promote physical activity; however, many do not provide children with sufficient in-school activity or ensure they have the skills and motivation to be active beyond the school setting. The aim of this project is to modify, scale up and evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention previously shown to be efficacious in improving children’s physical activity, fundamental movement skills and cardiorespiratory fitness. The ‘Internet-based Professional Learning to help teachers support Activity in Youth’ (iPLAY) study will focus largely on online delivery to enhance translational capacity.Methods/DesignThe intervention will be implemented at school and teacher levels, and will include six components: (i) quality physical education and school sport, (ii) classroom movement breaks, (iii) physically active homework, (iv) active playgrounds, (v) community physical activity links and (vi) parent/caregiver engagement. Experienced physical education teachers will deliver professional learning workshops and follow-up, individualized mentoring to primary teachers (i.e., Kindergarten – Year 6). These activities will be supported by online learning and resources. Teachers will then deliver the iPLAY intervention components in their schools. We will evaluate iPLAY in two complementary studies in primary schools across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. A cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT), involving a representative sample of 20 schools within NSW (1:1 allocation at the school level to intervention and attention control conditions), will assess effectiveness and cost-effectiveness at 12 and 24 months. Students’ cardiorespiratory fitness will be the primary outcome in this trial. Key secondary outcomes will include students’ moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (via accelerometers), fundamental movement skill proficiency, enjoyment of physical education and sport, cognitive control, performance on standardized tests of numeracy and literacy, and cost-effectiveness. A scale-up implementation study guided by the RE-AIM framework will evaluate the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the intervention when delivered in 160 primary schools in urban and regional areas of NSW.DiscussionThis project will provide the evidence and a framework for government to guide physical activity promotion throughout NSW primary schools and a potential model for adoption in other states and countries.Trial registrationAustralia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000731493). Date of registration: June 3, 2016.

Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Among Adolescent Athletes: A Bayesian Multilevel Model Predicting Sport Enjoyment and Commitment.

Efforts to regulate emotions can influence others, and interpersonal emotion regulation within teams may affect athletes' own affective and motivational outcomes. We examined adolescent athletes' (N = 451, N teams = 38) self- and interpersonal emotion regulation, as well as associations with peer climate, sport enjoyment, and sport commitment within a multilevel model of emotion regulation in teams. Results of multilevel Bayesian structural equation modeling showed that athletes' self-worsening emotion regulation strategies were negatively associated with enjoyment while other-improving emotion regulation strategies were positively associated enjoyment and commitment. The team-level interpersonal emotion regulation climate and peer motivational climates were also associated with enjoyment and commitment. Team-level factors moderated some of the relationships between athletes' emotion regulation with enjoyment and commitment. These findings extend previous research by examining interpersonal emotion regulation within teams using a multilevel approach, and they demonstrate the importance of person- and team-level factors for athletes' enjoyment and commitment.

Consequences of prosocial and antisocial behavior for the recipient

Statement of problemAlthough studies have examined antecedents of prosocial and antisocial behaviors in sport, little is known about the potential consequences of these behaviors for the recipient. In this research, we examined: (a) whether teammate prosocial and antisocial behaviors are related to athletes’ effort, performance, enjoyment and anger during a match and the mediating role of enjoyment and anger (Studies 1 and 2); and (b) whether prosocial and antisocial behaviors are related to commitment to play for one’s team and whether enjoyment and performance mediate these relationships (Study 2). MethodRight after a game, football/soccer (N = 203; Study 1) and basketball (N = 281; Study 2) players completed a multi-section questionnaire measuring the aforementioned variables. ResultsProsocial teammate behavior was positively related to effort, performance, and enjoyment, and enjoyment mediated the relationship between prosocial teammate behavior and effort and performance; prosocial teammate behavior was also positively related to commitment directly and indirectly through enjoyment and performance. Antisocial teammate behavior was positively related to anger and negatively related to effort and performance. Anger and performance mediated the effects of antisocial teammate behavior on effort and commitment, respectively. ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate the importance of acting prosocially and not acting antisocially toward one’s teammates and have implications for enjoyment, effort, performance, and commitment in sport.

Interactive Effects of Goal Orientation and Perceived Competence on Enjoyment among Youth Swimmers

<p>This study investigated achievement goal orientation profile differences between youth swimmers on perceived competence and enjoyment, and the contribution of goal orientation and perceived competence to enjoyment in swimming. Male and female swimmers (n=302), aged 10-18 years (M=12.7; sd=2.25) completed a questionnaire assessing goal orientation, perceived competence and enjoyment in swimming. Cluster analysis revealed four goal orientation profile groups: high task/high ego, moderate task/low ego, high task/moderate ego and low task/moderate ego. MANOVA was conducted and a significant multivariate effect was found (Wilks=0.762; F=14.370; p=0.000; ES=0126). Further, Scheffe’s post-hoc comparisons tests revealed that swimmers scoring relatively high in both task and ego orientations, with a balance between the two, reported high values for perceived competence and enjoyment. Finally using two-way factorial MANOVA it was found that the interaction between the perceived competence and goal orientation profiles was not significant. Emphasizing task orientation for young athletes is a means to increase enjoyment in sport, regardless of their level of perceived competence.</p>

Examining the interactive effects of coach-created empowering and disempowering climate dimensions on athletes’ health and functioning

Based in Duda’s (2013) hierarchical and multidimensional conceptualisation of the motivational climate, the purpose of this study was to examine whether a coach-created empowering motivational climate moderated the debilitating effects of a disempowering motivational climate on athletes’ health and optimal functioning. Athletes (N = 406, M age = 23.1 years; 67% male) completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of coach-created empowering and disempowering climates created in training and competition, enjoyment in sport, burnout symptoms, global self-worth, and symptoms of physical ill-health. Following the recommendations of Hayes (2013) and Dawson (2014), and using PROCESS (Hayes), moderated regression analyses showed that the interaction between disempowering and empowering climate dimensions was significant and predicted 1% unique variance in 3 outcome variables (i.e., enjoyment, reduced accomplishment, and physical symptoms). The Johnson-Neyman technique was employed to plot and probe the significant interactions, which revealed moderately strong to strong values of an empowering climate tempered the significant relationship between a disempowering climate and the three outcome variables. The findings from this study have implications for coach education and suggest programmes that train coaches to understand how to create empowering climates and avoid (or dramatically reduce) disempowering climates are warranted.

Correction of a Technical Error in the Golf Swing: Error Amplification Versus Direct Instruction

ABSTRACTPerformance errors drive motor learning for many tasks. The authors' aim was to determine which of two strategies, method of amplification of error (MAE) or direct instruction (DI), would be more beneficial for error correction during a full golfing swing with a driver. Thirty-four golfers were randomly assigned to one of three training conditions (MAE, DI, and control). Participants were tested in a practice session in which each golfer performed 7 pretraining trials, 6 training-intervention trials, and 7 posttraining trials; and a retention test after 1 week. An optoeletronic motion capture system was used to measure the kinematic parameters of each golfer's performance. Results showed that MAE is an effective strategy for correcting the technical errors leading to a rapid improvement in performance. These findings could have practical implications for sport psychology and physical education because, while practice is obviously necessary for improving learning, the efficacy of the learning process is essential in enhancing learners' motivation and sport enjoyment.

해양스포츠 참여자의 즐거움 요인이 레크리에이션 전문화에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to verify the influences of sport enjoyment factors on recreation specialization of water sports participants. The study conducted a research survey through purposive sampling method after selecting 4 water sports center in Busan. 260 questionnaires distributed and 246 were selected as final valid sample by removing 14 questionnaires that have insufficient answers. Then data were analyzed through exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS Window ver. 20.0. The results were as followings. First, the enjoyment factors have a positive effect on recreation specialization. Second, escaping from daily routine and improving technical skill dimensions of enjoyment factors have an influence on centrality of life. Third, improving technical skill dimension of enjoyment factors have a positive effect on past experience. Lastly, flow and improving technical skill dimensions of enjoyment factors have an influence on economic investment.