Sports Associations Research Articles

Organization of Diving Sports Branches at the Indonesian Diving Sports Association in Central Java Province

This study aims to determine the Organization of Diving Sports Branches at the Indonesian Diving Sports Association in Central Java Province. This research is a qualitative interpretative research. Data collection techniques using interviews and document analysis. In this study, the chairpersons, administrators and athletes of POSSI Central Java were used as samples. Data analysis in this study has 4 stages, namely: data collection stage, data reduction stage, data presentation stage, conclusion drawing stage. Based on the results of the research that In addition, POSSI Central Java's efforts and commitment in developing diving can also be linked to sport development theory. They organize various activities and trainings to improve the skills of athletes and coaches, as well as actively holding championships and recreational events for the community. A holistic approach that includes coaching young athletes and underwater environment conservation campaigns also reflects the organization's efforts to develop diving sports sustainably. Research on sports development strategies and the role of organizations in encouraging community participation in sports can also be a reference to discuss the success of POSSI Central Java in developing diving sports in the region. Based on the results of the research and the results of the data analysis conducted, it shows that the Organization of Diving Sport Branch POSSI Central Java Province: POSSI Central Java Province shows a well-organized management structure, with experienced and competent leaders. This leadership structure provides a strong foundation for the development of diving in the region. The history of the development of diving and the innovation of scuba equipment are important parts in developing modern diving. POSSI Central Java also shows effort and commitment in developing diving sports with a holistic approach that includes the development of young athletes and underwater environmental conservation campaigns.

O.5.3-3 Evaluation of the Sports Club for Health (SCforH) online learning tool among various stakeholders and end-users from 34 European countries

Abstract Purpose The awareness of the Sports Club for Health (SCforH) guidelines was shown to be positively associated with a greater commitment to HEPA promotion in sports organisations. Because of the low implementation (<20%) of SCforH guidelines, we created their e-version, an interactive multilingual online learning course. The aim of this research was to determine the levels of potential stakeholders’ perceived quality of the course, to help improve the: i) content of new, similar courses, ii) effectiveness of their future dissemination, and iii) the rate of their success. Methods The sample included 910 participants: 26 HEPA policymakers, 15 HEPA promotors and researchers, 55 sports associations, and 219 sports club representatives, 70 academic staff, and 410 students in higher education or research institution in the field of sport, health, or physical activity, and 115 “other” participants, from 34 European countries. The participants provided their answers to the EDUCA-TOOL course evaluation questionnaire consisting of 12 course-quality assessment items categorised into 4 different subscales: Reaction, Learning, Behavioural intent, and Expected outcomes. The summary scores for all subscales (max = 25) and the total score (max = 100) were calculated. Results Overall reaction and learning mean were 21.11 and 19.63, ranging from 20.58 to 22.33 for reaction, and from 18.81 to 20.94 for learning among students, and HEPA promotors and researchers, respectively. The overall behavioural intent mean was 20.12, ranging from 19.29 in students to 21.68 in HEPA policymakers. The expected outcomes mean was 19.31, ranging from 18.39 in academic staff to 21.7 in HEPA promotors and researchers. Overall satisfaction with the course was relatively high – 80.43 mean, and in a range from 77.72 for students to 86.51 in HEPA promotors and researchers. Conclusions Innovative and engaging methods of disseminating the SCforH guidelines may aid their widespread adoption and understanding among various stakeholders in Europe. These findings can also be used to improve the content of new training courses for HEPA promotion. Support/Funding Source This work is supported by the Erasmus+ Program of the European Union as part of the project “Creating Mechanisms for Continuous Implementation of the Sports Club for Health Guidelines in the European Union” under Grant: 613434-EPP-1-2019-1-HR-SPO-SCP.

O.4.4-8 Promoting men’s health through sports clubs: a rapid realist review

Abstract Purpose Traditional health promotion interventions have failed to engage men. Sports clubs offer male-friendly environments that have been identified as an attractive setting for men’s health promotion, but little is known about implementable intervention strategies and subsequent effects. This rapid realist review (RRR) aims to close this gap by assessing context, mechanisms and effects of health promotion interventions targeting men by or in collaboration with sports clubs. Methods The RRR methodology was developed in collaboration with a panel of Danish practice and policy representatives and international academics. A systematic literature search was conducted in February 2023 for studies published after 2013 in MEDLINE, Embase, and SportDiscus databases. Included studies: 1) targeted men aged 18+ years, 2) reported health promotion outcomes, and 3) were delivered primarily by or in collaboration with sports clubs. A grey literature search of National Sports Associations and Federations and non-government men’s health organizations was also performed. Dalkin’s conceptualization of mechanisms in realist methodology was used to identify context- mechanism-outcome configurations (CMOc) and develop a program theory. The study follows Cochrane’s guidance for rapid reviews and is registered in Research Registry (ID: reviewregistry1556). Results We identified 2.720 studies after duplicates removal. Preliminary analyses indicate that interventions delivered through sports clubs show promise for engaging men and producing favorable health outcomes (e.g., weight loss, increased physical activity and improved social support). The realist synthesis suggests that health interventions delivered through sports clubs (resource mechanism) targeted at men who have high attachment to the sport or club (context), may align with their interests and identities (mechanism), to increase the potential for engagement and health behavior change (outcome). The analysis will be finalised by August. Conclusions Our study indicates that men’s health promotion through sports clubs is emergent. While great strides have been made to increase men’s involvement in health promoting activities by delivering interventions through sports clubs, research has predominantly focused on select behaviours (e.g., physical activity) and sub-groups (e.g., sports fans). Support/Funding Source This work was funded by the five Steno Diabetes Centers in Denmark, which are partly funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation.

O.4.4-5 Transition of the chronically ill patient to a physically active lifestyle: a DELPHI study with experts from the field of sport

Abstract The purpose of this study is to gather the opinion of experts from the sports/association context on the theme of physical activity for chronically ill patients in the out-of-hospital context. To conduct this study, we used the DELPHI methodology (Dalkey & Helmer, 1963). This method is used to reach a convergence of opinions on a subject with experts from the related field. This methodology consists in a succession of survey submitted to our population of sport experts (n = 62). Every survey is preceded by a feedback about the previous results: in that way experts can answer the following survey taking into account the opinion from the majority of respondents. Surveys have been sent to the expert electronically using SurveyMonkey®. This study contains three consecutive surveys (rounds). Each survey has been validated by the Content Validity Index (CVI) methodology to assess the relevance and the clarity of statements (Rubio et al., 2003). Each steps of the DELPHI process have been segmented in six sections: participants, stakeholders, communication/transition, type of activity, financial aspects and motivation. After the three rounds of the DELPHI a consensus has been reached for every section of the survey (more than 60% of approval on the topic). 81% of the experts agreed that assessments were needed for participants before taking part in sport activities. 63% of the experts agreed that stakeholders needed at least a bachelor’s degree in sport sciences to supervise activities. 75% agreed that the groups must be rather small (4-5 persons). 78% agreed that participants have to pay, at least partly, for their participation. 81% agreed that social interactions are the main motivational factor of out-of-hospital sport activity among those participants. Despite several limitations, this study led to encouraging results concerning the development of physical activities for chronically ill patient in out of hospital context. We believe that these results will enable sports associations to have a basis for developing “sport-health” activities, tailored to the local context. In the other hand, we also believe that our research will raise awareness of the role of local specialists in physical activity promotion among this type of population.

Prevalence Rate and Risk Factors of Sexual Assault Among University Students in the Netherlands.

This research documents the prevalence rate and demographic risk factors for sexual assault among undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at a Dutch university. The present study used a sample of N = 2,887 students who filled in responses to a campus climate survey about students' experiences with sexual assault and diverse demographic variables. Results showed that approximately one in four students (25.3%) experience non-consensual sexual touching, and almost one in ten are raped (9.2%). Next, to examine the effects of demographic factors and their interactions on sexual assault, the dataset was divided randomly into two subsamples. Exploratory multiple regression analyses were conducted on the first subsample and confirmatory multiple regression analyses on the second. Variables that increased odds for unwanted sexual touching, rape, and any type of sexual assault were gender; being a member of a student or a study association; having a disability; and being in a relationship (in this context, "any type of sexual assault" refers to any incident that included unwanted touching, attempted rape, or rape). LGBQ+ sexual orientation was significant for any kind of sexual assault and for rape; and being a member of a sport association was significant for any kind of sexual assault and for sexual touching.

Sharing communication insights of the citizen science program Plastic Pirates—best practices from 7 years of engaging schoolchildren and teachers in plastic pollution research

Engaging the general public in research processes through citizen science allows for innovative scientific studies and makes science accessible to the general public. Effective communication strategies are crucial for the success of such initiatives. The citizen science program Plastic Pirates investigated the plastic pollution of rivers and implemented a variety of communication strategies with participating schoolchildren, teachers, and youth groups (e.g., sport associations, scouts or educational vacation programs, representing approximately 6% of participating groups). These were continuously revised and adapted since its start in 2016. Without time-efficient communication and strategies to keep track of conversations, it would not have been possible to achieve the scientific and educational goals of the program, i.e., to help teachers increase the environmental awareness and scientific literacy of their schoolchildren, and to produce peer-reviewed articles based on the collected citizen science data. Communication within the Plastic Pirates program was divided into four distinct phases: 1) recruiting and motivating participants, 2) coordination and guidance of participants, 3) data reception and revision, and 4) sharing updates and results. Some of the obstacles that had to be overcome to achieve successful communication were e.g., time constraints to obtaining scientific data from the participants, the time lag between the active involvement of the participants and the actual data analysis and publication of results, and limited personnel resources available for communication efforts. Our recommendations for other citizen science practitioners include regular and transparent communication with the participants regarding their contribution, the use of adequate and various communication channels, shifting the workload from the participants to the coordinating team of a citizen science initiative, as well as offering feedback on the research findings to the citizen scientists, thereby disseminating the results of the program.

Implementing a physical activity project for people with dementia in Germany-Identification of barriers and facilitator using consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR): A qualitative study.

Despite physical activity (PA) health benefits, people with dementia (PwD) continue to report low levels of PA engagement compared with healthy older adults. Evidencing that PA initiatives still not reflect effective practice and outcomes. Previous studies have shown that several factors can mediate PA initiatives implementation in this population. However, most prior research have not use implementation science frameworks to outline in-depth barriers and facilitators that enables improved PA strategies in PwD. Therefore, a more holistic understanding of mediating factors is still needed. To identify multilevel barriers and facilitator factors, applying the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to orient a systematic evaluation of one PA project in PwD and provide evidence-based evaluation results to enhance PA implementation efforts for PwD. A qualitative study implemented in 4 German sports associations that applied a PA project for PwD. A total of 13 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 participants, project leaders (PLs) and sports trainers (STs). The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used as an evaluation framework to orient both the data collection and analysis. A total of 13 interviews were conducted with 21 participants. The CFIR guided the identification of barriers and facilitating factors that need to be targeted at different levels for successful implementation. Barriers were identified, especially in the external level, as more solid networks and funding for sustainable proposals are still needed. Other barriers were low participation rates, stigma around the disease and the COVID 19 pandemic. On an individual and structural level facilitators were found like motivated appointed leaders, established planning process, and external organizations supporting sports associations in the implementation. Sports projects for PwD can benefit from structuring their interventions based on the CFIR framework as it helps identify multilevel factors that may influence their success and promote PA among PwD. Future efforts should continue working on implementing frameworks that facilitate and reduce the complexity of implementing sustainable PA projects for PwD.

Implication of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on sport activities

Background: The world witnessed a sudden outbreak of a new strand of a deadly disease that rapidly spread throughout the globe. The spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) first originated in Wuhan, Hubei province of China in December 2019. This virus strain extended quickly throughout China and became a pandemic in the country. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) confirmed the COVID-19 novel coronavirus as a universal pandemic. Methods: Appropriate keywords were included in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar to identify the available data. Result: Due to the rapid spread and fatality of the COVID-19, the 2020 Olympic Games formally slated for July 24 until August 9, 2020, will commence on July 23 to August 8, 2021. In March 2020, most of the European professional sports leagues, including football, were discontinued for the predictable future. Conclusion: Football resumption after the lockdown was challenging because of the inability to affirm the health status of the players when they return to their clubs. Every measure must be clear to reduce the risk of the disease and to clarify the response strategy about self-protection to the public. The sport organizing-bodies control-outlines for sports events should be strategized based on the laydown sports rules and quarantine protocols. National public health organizations and sports associations should work together to protect every level of human health and sport all over the world.

A Content Analysis of Mental Health Literacy Education for Sport Coaches

Sport coaches can play an influential role in athletes’ mental health help seeking through purposeful communication, destigmatization of mental health concerns, and supportive relationships. To positively engage in these behaviors, coaches require mental health knowledge (or literacy), positive attitudes about that knowledge, and self-efficacy to use that knowledge. Guided by a multidimensional health literacy framework, we conducted a content analysis of web content and scholarly literature to identify health education programming for coaches that addressed athlete mental health. A purposive sample of Olympic National Governing Bodies, collegiate athletic associations, high school sport associations, youth sport governing bodies, and the scholarly literature were analyzed. We found inconsistent programming regarding a range of mental health disorders, behaviors critical to mental health promotion, and critical components of mental health literacy. Implications and next steps for mental health literacy support for coaches are discussed.

Factors That Influence Good Governance in The Tanzania Football Federation

Effective management of sports activities entail adherence to some key governance tenets by bodies that oversee sports activities at territorial level. Factors for good governance were investigated in this paper to determine their influence on governance practices in Tanzania Football Federation. A cross-sectional descriptive design was adopted to collect quantitative data from 35 TFF staffs at national office, two region offices (Dar es Salaam and Morogoro) and 4 district offices using a structured questionnaire. The findings show that there is high level of transparency and accountability, financial transparency and control, human resources competence, and policy implementation in daily activities of Tanzania Football Federation. The empirical findings and theoretical thinking of this study contribute to a better understanding of the good governance and its significance on administration and development of sports. the results will also help sports federations or associations, clubs, and other stakeholders in their attempt to develop sports industry.

Women representation and organisational characteristics in sport governance: Implications for gender policy and practice

ABSTRACT Drawing on hegemonic masculinity and critical mass theory, this study investigates the representation of women board members in sport governing bodies (SGB) and the extent to which boards can be assigned to subgroups based on the number and share of women board members. The study examines the organisational characteristics of SGBs with low, medium, and high representation of women on the board. Data were gathered from the websites of German national and state sport associations and federations (n = 930), including information about the size and gender composition of the board and several organisational characteristics (e.g. type of sport, headquarter location, membership figures). On average, SGBs have 1.8 women on the board reflecting a share of 20.1%. Three groups of SGBs emerged from the cluster analysis: Organisations with low (0.08 women; share of women: 0.3%), medium (1.63; 18.4%), and high representation of women (3.87; 42.6%) on the board. These clusters differ significantly regarding organisational characteristics. Specifically, SGBs with low representation of women have on average smaller boards and represent non-Olympic sports or ‘typically masculine’ sports. Sport federations are more frequently represented in the clusters with medium and high representation of women on the board. SGBs in the third cluster represent ‘typically feminine’ sports like dancing or equestrian and have the most women and youth memberships. The findings help sport policy makers target respective groups of organisations with interventions to implement gender policies and explain the important role of such policies for attracting new women board members or gaining legitimacy from public institutions.

Participation of women in sports competitions and their organization for the ukrainian people's republic

With the growing participation of women in the social and political life of European countries, their role in sports became more important. From the second half of the nineteenth century, in Ukraine, primarily in Galicia, Bukovina, Transcarpathia, and later with the extension to Volyn, Podillya, Polesie, the Dnieper and the Administrative Sea, cultural and educational, and with them a number of sports and physical, gymnastics and fire, "Sich" and "Sokil" formation, scout and tourist organizations. The "Sich" and "Sokil" sports associations had women's divisions, where Ukrainian girls and women increasingly participated in training and competitions in various types of sports, which served as a basis for the further development and participation of women in sports. Based on the material of sports notes and announcements of the newspaper "Renaissance", the effective participation of Ukrainian women in sports associations, competitions, and the organization of children's sports grounds by place of residence on the territory of the Ukrainian People's Republic during the Hetmanate period (1918–1919) was investigated and established. Women's departments of sports associations operated in Kyiv, for example, at the Ukrainian State University, and other cities and towns, the network of which was growing. The "Sports Society of Physical Development of Women" was founded in Kyiv. For the wider involvement of young people, including girls, in sports, women took the most active part in arranging children's, mainly summer, sports grounds ("sports platforms", "sports fields", "gymnastic grounds-beaches"), where children played during the day, and in the evenings a large number of supporters of games, gymnastics and other sports gathered. The range of sports in which women participated was quite wide. The most popular sports included fencing, dancing, running and jumping in athletics, and games, but their list was constantly growing with the introduction and popularization of new sports disciplines. In order to ensure proper conditions for the development of sports, women directly participated in lectures, training courses for pedagogical personnel on physical education among young people, which were attended by well-known sportsmen, teachers, and doctors of that time. In Kyiv, the initiative group for physical development, with the support of the Ministry of Public Education, opened the first "Courses for the training of teachers of gymnastics, dance and other sports" in Ukraine with a two-year full and a three-month shortened period of study. Residents of the provinces were preferred in admissions, and a "boarding" (dormitory) was organized for the students to live in during the courses. The training of specialists in physical education made it possible to increase the methodological level of classes in general and, first of all, in regional cities, and expanded the geography of women's participation in sports.

Sports in the Early Republican Period: The Turkish Sports Association Magazine as an Ideological Apparatus

During the birth of the Turkish nation-state as a republic, sports became one of the dynamics of social transformation, and physical training and sports were described as a “case” in this period. The goal of this study is to reveal the role the journal of the Turkish Sport Association in the concretization and dissemination of the ideology of the regime. The study’s theoretical foundations are based on Althusser’s theory of the “ideological apparatus of the state”. The magazine published by this institution between 1936 and 1938 became the spokesperson of the official ideology in sports. This qualitative study, which explores the meanings and obligations attributed to sports in the Early Republic Period and the ways in which those messages were propagated throughout society, employed the descriptive analytic approach. The study reveals that sports in the magazine serve to embody and spread the official ideology through nationalism, which is one of the basic principles of the Republic; the “new woman” as the symbol of the Republic; and the relationship of the state with population-national defense, which is one of the most important problems of the state.

Specifics of sports activity management in the context of global challenges of modern society

The article emphasizes that it is now important to pay attention to the specifics and radical renewal of the system of management of sports activities of modern society, this is due to the realization that any social system needs constant improvement, especially in the context of global challenges. It is noted that the success of solving problems in the field of sports directly depends on the correctness of the chosen organizational management structure. It is found that in modern society, overcoming the problems of administrative regulation in the field of physical culture and sports, providing tools for clear legal regulation, steady growth of the efficiency of governing bodies in ensuring control in this area, and effective delineation of the existing powers of public authorities and local self-government in the context of global challenges are key factors for improving the quality of governance in the industry. The purpose of the study is to clarify the specifics of sports management in modern society from a methodological perspective. Methodology. The study was based on systemic-structural and structural-functional methods, which allowed to establish the relationship between sports activities and the management system in the field of physical culture and sports of modern society. Scientific novelty. It has been determined that the specificity of the management of sports activities of modern society, which is based on the general principles and laws of management of social systems, is the main mechanism of functioning of this activity, and the optimal combination of joint efforts of state bodies, civil society, commercial structures and the individual is able to harmonize the existing system of management of sports activities in the context of global challenges. Conclusions. Thus, we managed to find out the specifics of the modern management system in sports from the methodological positions of sports activities in the context of global challenges. Sport as an object of management is becoming an important component of the socio-cultural development of modern society. Achieving this goal requires the coordination of the activities of all subjects of sports management: sports associations, unions, associations, etc. It is the optimal combination of joint efforts of public authorities, civil society, commercial structures and the individual that can harmonize the existing management system, which will enable the effective implementation of sports activities, their social role in ensuring a healthy future for the country and the development of its social capital.

Motor racing and sports tourism in the interwar period: the case of the Romanian Royal Automobile Club

Members of the Romanian elites encouraged various leisure and sporting activities from the late nineteenth century but most notably from the turn of the twentieth century onwards and during the post-WWI period. Some even become sportsmen and sportswomen recognized both nationally and internationally. Their participation in national and international sporting competitions (e.g. equestrian sports, motorsport, tennis, bobsleigh, sledging, skiing, ice-skating, ice-hockey, boxing, rugby and football) expanded to its highest level in the interwar period. Many intriguing and compelling aspects of the history of sport in south-east Europe in this period remain to be explored, and this article aims to show how the Romanian Royal Automobile Club (R.R.A.C.) promoted motor racing and sports tourism during a period of great changes for Romanian society. Moreover, the club fulfilled a significant public service role, unusual for a sports association, assisting the Romanian state in its process of nation building, elite integration and economic advancement.

Clinical practice guidelines on physical activity and exercise for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

This review aimed to appraise clinical guidelines about exercise for women with gestational diabetes mellitus and summarize consensus and inconsistent recommendations. Exercise is an effective non-pharmacological therapeutic for gestational diabetes mellitus, but the variety of relevant clinical practice guidelines is confusing for healthcare professionals. This is a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines. Websites of guideline development institutions, eight literature databases and organizations of obstetricians, gynaecologists, midwives, and medical sports associations were searched forguidelinespublishedfrom January 2011 to October 2021. Two reviewers independently extracted recommendations. Four reviewers assessed guideline quality using the AGREE II instrument independently. Fifteen guidelines were included. All women with diabetes are recommended to exercise during pregnancy. The consistent recommendations were for pre-exercise screening, for 30 min per exercise session on 5 days of the week or every day after meals, exercise at moderate intensity, using aerobic and resistance exercise, and walking. The main non-consistent recommendations included warning signs for women on insulin during exercise, minimum duration per session, intensity assessment, duration and frequency of sessions for strengthening and flexibility exercise and detailed physical activity giving birth. Guidelines strongly support pregnant women with diabetes to exercise regularly. Research is needed to make non-consistent recommendations clear.

Проектная деятельность в реализации непрерывного профессионального образования по физической культуре и спорту

The purpose of the study was to identify the relevance of project activities in the system of continuous education of teachers in the field of physical culture and sports. The study was conducted on the basis of the Institute of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism of PetrSU during the implementation of the project "Academic Sports" - the winner of the "Sports Landing" contest of the "Power of Sports" charity program of the Vladimir Potanin Charitable Foundation. The project was aimed at comprehensive professional development, expansion of competencies in the field of physical and adaptive physical culture and sports, exchange of professional experience, formation of partnerships, strengthening of interaction between educational and physical culture and sports organizations and associations of Karelia. The key element of the project was the rapid implementation of the acquired practices in educational, physical culture, sports and social activities and the transfer of the acquired experience to the professional community of the region. Quantitative and qualitative results of the study carried out within the framework of the project allow us to state the expediency and relevance of the project activity in the implementation of continuous professional education of teachers in the field of physical culture and sports.

The Injury Incidence and Treatment Experience among Elite and Beginner Thailand Bodybuilders

Background. Bodybuilding is a sport where a person should do a lot of weight training while in the same time having a strict diet control. Due to this, they are believed to have higher chances of getting injured. However, lack of research has been conducted on the incidence of injuries and the treatment history among bodybuilders in Thailand. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the incidence of injuries and treatment experience between elite and beginner Thailand bodybuilders. Material and methods. 157 bodybuilders who were registered as members of the Thailand Bodybuilding and Physique Sports Association (since 2020-2021) were recruited as participants in this study. They were divided in to two groups, namely elite (more than 5 years of sports training) and beginner (less than 5 years of sports training). A valid and reliable questionnaire was used to collect the data from the participants. Results. There was no significant difference in the most common period of injury between the beginner and elite groups. The most common period of injury for both groups was found to be during diet period (beginner 55.43%; elite 55.38%) followed by bulk period, off season and competition period, respectively. For the injury area, there was no difference between the groups, with the lower back (beginner 63.04%; elite 52.31%) being the most common area of injury, followed by shoulder, chest, finger and wrist. There was also no significant difference in treatment between the groups in the first 48 hours after injury. Most of the athletes in both groups had rest (beginner 80.43%; elite 81.53%) and applied cold (beginner 61.96%; elite 73.85%) to their injury area. Additionally, the beginner group of Thai bodybuilders visited the physical therapist more often than the elite group did (p < 0.01). At the same time, there was no significant difference in medical doctor, sports scientist, coach and self-treatment and rehabilitation between both groups. However, most of athletes from both groups mainly resorted to self-treatment. Conclusions. The study findings are expected to be valuable for the bodybuilding association, coaches and athletes to take extra precautions regarding injury in the future.

The promotion of women and girls in Swiss sports associations: Addressing, launching, and implementing decision-making structures and promotion programmes

Many historically male-dominated sports still have a lower participation of women and girls at all levels. Women also seldom occupy decision-making positions at both association and club levels. At the same time, associations and sponsors increasingly advance civil society obligations to promote the participation and integration of women and girls in sport. Sport federations with relatively low female athlete participation are becoming proactive in this area, however, they depend on the cooperation of member clubs to promote integration. There are a variety of starting points of a commitment to promotion, which raises the question as to how the promotion of women and girls moves on a federation agenda and then further into the operational area. Against a background of launching and implementation, the extent to which sports federations trigger control impulses and initiate programmes, is also relevant, as is how the clubs organise local and club-specific implementation.
 This study uses qualitative case studies to examine federation policy processes and the structural anchoring of the promotion of women and girls, as well as specific promotion programmes and measures. In three selected Swiss sports federations, ten problem-centred interviews with decision-makers and six focus groups with club representatives were used to trace various phases of the promotion of women and girls. The policy analysis procedure is based on the phases of the policy cycle - a simplified representation of programme development and implementation - and draws on differentiated explanatory approaches (Campbell, 2004; Enjolras & Waldahl, 2007; Kingdon, 1995). Qualitative summary content analysis was used for the analysis.
 The research shows that functions and offices at the federation level are held by women, but that decision-making influence is not ensured overall. An interesting observation includes the process of outsourcing a “women’s sport department” in two federations. While this generates more visibility, it can also create challenges in clarifying responsibilities if other departments are sufficiently sensitised to the issues. In addition, specific bodies for the promotion of women and girls should be provided with sufficient financial and human resources to have impact beyond visibility. The redistribution of resources thus becomes a barrier to the effective interpretation of funding commitments. In particular, the (partial) financing of funding projects by external actors seems to motivate associations towards implementation. It should be noted that committed actors at both federation and club levels are key drivers of development of the promotion of women and girls in sport. Other important drivers are sport policy and societal expectations and demands. This applies both to the structural anchoring in federations and the local implementation in clubs, which are in many cases already committed organisations. In summary, external pressures, steering impulses and organisational goals are conditions for the successful promotion of women and girls in organised sport.
 Campbell, J. L. (2004). Institutional Change and Globalization. Princeton University Press.
 Enjolras, B., & Waldahl, R. (2007). Policy-making in sport: The Norwegian case. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 42(2), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207084753
 Kingdon, J. (1995). Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policy (2nd ed.). Little Brown.

Knee pain in young sports players aged 6–15 years: a cross-sectional study in Japan

BackgroundKnee is the most commonly injured part of the body in young athletes. Knee pain in several studies have been seen to be more prevalent in active adolescents compared to inactive, although common in both groups. Nevertheless, few studies with large sample size have been published reporting the difference of the prevalence of knee pain for each sport among young sports players. This study investigated the point prevalence of knee pain among young sports players aged 6–15 years old according to age, sex, and sports discipline. Furthermore, this study investigated the association between knee pain and sports discipline among young sports players.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-reported questionnaire on young sports players aged 6–15 years from the Miyagi Amateur Sports Association. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between knee pain and sports discipline and were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), training days per week, and training hours per weekday and weekend.ResultsA total of 7234 young sports players were included. The point prevalence of knee pain was 10.9%. Females (13.3%) had more knee pain than males (9.8%). Young, 13-year-old sports players had the highest prevalence of knee pain (19.1%). The multivariable analysis showed that the highest odds ratio [95% confidence interval] was observed for handball players (2.42 [1.01–5.81]). In addition, hand ball, mini-basketball (odds ratio 1.85; 95% CI 1.38–2.47), and basketball (odds ratio 1.66; 95% CI 1.23–2.26) were significantly associated with knee pain, compared with football. The lowest odds ratio was observed for swimming (0.34 [0.05–2.54]), followed by karate (odds ratio 0.38; 95% CI 0.16–0.89) and baseball (odds ratio 0.47; 95% CI 0.35–0.64).ConclusionThe prevalence of knee pain among young athletes differed according to age, sex, and sports discipline. Their parents and clinicians should recognize this information to manage knee pain among young sports players.