Sporidiobolus Johnsonii Research Articles

CFD modeling of baijiu yeast spray drying process and improved design of drying tower

High-quality baijiu yeast – modified Sporidiobolus johnsonii A (MSJA) suffers from the problem of weak vitality, thus failing to combine high efficiency and high survival rate drying. Therefore, in this study, we firstly designed a real-time sampling experiment of MSJA spray drying process, and based on this, we established a New CFD model (N-CFD model) that can accurately simulate the variation of the spray drying process of microorganisms such as MSJA. Then, a new spray drying air inlet mechanism of "high-temperature cyclone in the center L-type guide plate + medium-temperature laminar flow in the peripheral holes and slots" was invented. Finally, the parametric scanning simulation was carried out to optimize the flow angle θ of the L-type guide plate using the N-CFD model. The results show that, firstly, the N-CFD model can accurately simulate the temperature distribution (P1 = 0.05) and the motion of drying particles in the drying tower. Secondly, the optimized new air inlet mechanism with the L-type guide plate flow angle θ = 47° can even out the temperature and particle distribution in the drying tower, which meets the "two-stage theory of spray drying." Finally, under the premise of ensuring the drying efficiency, the survival rate of MSJA spray drying was increased from 42.6% to 82.24%, which achieved the objectives of low sticking wall, high efficiency and high survival rate of spray drying MSJA.

Induction of Phytoalexins Gliceoline and Proteins Related to Defense in Soybean Cotyledon Treated With Yeast

Yeasts can induce mechanisms of plant resistance due to compounds with eliciting characteristics, so the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of yeast on the induction of phytoalexins gliceoline, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from soy cotyledons. To determine the defense enzymes, soybean seeds were sown and the cotyledons treated with sterile distilled water, Cryptococcus laurentii (AH 03-1), Pichia guilliermondii (AH 16-2), Rhodotorula glutinis (AH 14-3), Sporidiobolus johnsonii (AH 16-1) and Zygoascus hellenicus (AH 14-1). Biochemical analyzes of the formation of phytoalexins and the activity of the enzymes peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and total proteins were performed. For phytoalexins glycerolins the yeasts Cryptococcus laurentii (AH 03-1) and Zygoascus hellenicus (AH 14-1) promoted an increase of 83.65% and 78.75% in the formation of this compound. Cryptococcus laurentii (AH 03-1) increased peroxidase activity by 36.84%, while for polyphenoloxidase, the Pichiaguilliermondii e yeasts (AH 16-2), Rhodotorula glutinis (AH 14-3), Sporidiobolus johnsonii (AH 16-1) and Zygoascus hellenicus (AH 14-1), increased the activity of this enzyme by 33.33%, 28.00%, 33.33% and 33.33%, respectively. For phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, Cryptococcus laurentii (AH 03-1) and Zygoascushellenicus (AH 14-1) promoted an increase of 75.57% and 78.86%, respectively, in their activity. The results demonstrate the potential of yeasts studied in the induction of phytoalexins glyceolins and in the activity of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in soybean cotyledons.

Management of the Common Bacterial Blight of the Bean by Rhodotorula glutinis and Sporidiobolus johnsonii

Bean common bacterial blight reduces crop productivity and is difficult to control. However, biological control by yeast can be an efficient complementary measure in management. The objective was to evaluate the ability of Rhodotorula glutinis and Sporidiobolus johnsonii to reduce the severity of bean common bacterial blight. The cultivar used was IAPAR Tuiuiú. The first experiment was sown in March and repeated in October, in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme (zero, one, two and three applications and three treatments R. glutinis, S. johnsonii and Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM)). For this purpose were evaluated the area under the disease progress curve (AACPD), number of pods per plant (NVP), number of grains per pod (NGV), thousand grain mass (MMG) and productivity. For the results of the March cultivation, due to the low temperature, the maximum severity of bean common bacterial blight was 8% and the applications of yeasts were not significant for AACPD. The isolate R. glutinis showed the highest average of productivity with two applications, being 1006.44 kg ha-1. For October cultivation, R. glutinis and S. johnsonii isolates reduced AACPD by 66.84 and 58.42%, respectively with three applications. For productivity, R. glutinis and S. johnsonii showed no difference between the number of applications. The ASM showed a productivity of 4418.56 kg ha-1 with three applications. The results indicate that the yeasts R. glutinis and S. johnsonii reduce the severity of bean common bacterial blight and the most appropriate number of applications are two for both isolates.

Morphological and Molecular Differentiation of Sporidiobolus johnsonii ATCC 20490 and Its Coenzyme Q10 Overproducing Mutant Strain UF16.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an industrially important molecule having nutraceutical and cosmeceutical applications. CoQ10 is mainly produced by microbial fermentation and the process demands the use of strains with high productivity and yields of CoQ10. During strain improvement program consisting of sequential induced mutagenesis, rational selection and screening process, a mutant strain UF16 was generated from Sporidiobolus johnsonii ATCC 20490 with 2.3-fold improvements in CoQ10 content. EMS and UV rays were used as mutagenic agents for generating UF16 and it was rationally selected based on atorvastatin resistance as well as survival at free radicals exposure. We investigated the genotypic and phenotypic changes in UF16 in order to differentiate it from wild type strain. Morphologically it was distinct due to reduced pigmentation of colony, reduced cell size and significant reduction in mycelial growth forms with abundance of yeast forms. At molecular level, UF16 was differentiated based on PCR fingerprinting method of RAPD as well as large and small-subunit rRNA gene sequences. Rapid molecular technique of RAPD analysis using six primers showed 34% polymorphic fragments with mean genetic distance of 0.235. The partial sequences of rRNA-gene revealed few mutation sites on nucleotide base pairs. However, the mutations detected on rRNA gene of UF16 were less than 1% of total base pairs and its sequence showed 99% homology with the wild type strain. These mutations in UF16 could not be linked to phenotypic or genotypic changes on CoQ10 biosynthetic pathway that resulted in improved yield. Hence, investigating the mutations responsible for deregulation of CoQ10 pathway is essential to understand the cause of overproduction in UF16. Phylogenetic analysis based on RAPD bands and rRNA gene sequences coupled with morphological variations, exhibited the novelty of mutant UF16 having potential for improved CoQ10 production.

Reinvestigation of Coenzyme Q10 Isolation from Sporidiobolus johnsonii

There is considerable current interest in coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) from a medical perspective. CoQ10 has been shown to alleviate the side effects of statin drugs, for instance, and so there is a push to find naturally high producers of the compound. Sporidiobolus johnsonii (S. johnsonii) has been reported to produce CoQ10 in studies that used only standards on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and also suggested the production of coenzyme Q9 (CoQ9). This work set out to verify CoQ9/CoQ10 production in S. johnsonii and quantify as appropriate. We show that S. johnsonii produces CoQ10 but found no evidence for CoQ9 biosynthesis. The specific production of CoQ10 was noted at 10 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) in media supplemented with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA). This makes S. johnsonii a naturally high CoQ10 producer. New methods for extraction and purification of CoQ10 are also discussed, and identification of a closely eluting side product under normal phase isolation is reported.

Strain improvement of Sporidiobolus johnsonii -ATCC 20490 for biotechnological production of Coenzyme Q10

Strain improvement of Sporidiobolus johnsonii -ATCC 20490 for biotechnological production of Coenzyme Q10

Sporidiobolus johnsonii and Sporidiobolus salmonicolor revisited

The relationship between Sporidiobolus johnsonii and S. salmonicolor was investigated using rDNA sequence data. Two statistically well-supported clades were obtained. One clade included the type strain of S. johnsonii and the other included the type strain of S. salmonicolor. However, some mating strains of S. salmonicolor were found in the S. johnsonii group. These strains belonged to mating type A2 and were sexually compatible with mating type A1 strains from the S. salmonicolor group. DNA–DNA reassociation values were high within each clade and moderate between the two clades. In the re-investigation of teliospore germination, we observed that the basidia of S. salmonicolor were two-celled. In S. johnsonii, basidia were not formed and teliospore germination resulted in direct formation of yeast cells. We hypothesize that the S. johnsonii clade is becoming genetically isolated from the S. salmonicolor group and that a speciation process is presently going on. We suspect that the observed sexual compatibility between strains of the S. johnsonii and S. salmonicolor groups and the possible genetic flow between the two species has little biological relevance because distinct phenotypes have been fixed in the two taxa and intermediate (hybrid) sequences for LSU and ITS rDNAs have not been detected.

A phylogenetic study of the genus Tilletiopsis, Tilletiaria anomala and related taxa based on the small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences.

Small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences were determined in six species of the genus Tilletiopsis, in addition to Tilletiaria anomala. The phylogenetic trees were constructed for the species of the genus Tilletiopsis, in addition to T. anomala and related taxa by neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods. The phylogenetic trees showed that the basidiomycetous yeasts and related taxa were divided into three main clusters. Six species of the genus Tilletiopsis, in addition to T. anomala, constituted a cluster with Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili, Tilletia caries, Ustilago hordei and U. maydis (cluster 1). In cluster 1, Tilletiopsis species and T. anomala constituted a subcluster with S. paphiopedili and T. caries (cluster 1b). The reliability of cluster lb was statistically well supported. On the other hand, Sporobolomyces roseus, the type species of the genus Sporobolomyces, was located at cluster 2 together with Bensingtonia species, Erythrobasidium hasegawianum, Kondoa malvinella, Leucosporidium scottii, Rhodosporidium toruloides and Sporidiobolus johnsonii. This result clearly showed the phylogenetic divergence between the genera Tilletiopsis and Sporobolomyces; whereas the genera Tilletiopsis and Sporobolomyces have common chemotaxonomic characteristics, i.e., the lack of xylose in the cells and the possession of Q-10 as the major ubiquinone.

Mixia osmundae: transfer from the Ascomycota to the Basidiomycota based on evidence from molecules and morphology

To determine phylogenetic placement of Mixia osmundae (T. Nishida) Kramer (Mixiaceae, Protomycetales), we sequenced the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene from M. osmundae IFO-32408 and compared it with that from 4 archiascomycetes (Ascomycota) and 24 basidiomycetes. Our molecular phylogeny indicates that M. osmundae and the basidiomycetes Rhodosporidium toruloides, Leucosporidium scottii, Sporobolomyces roseus, Sporidiobolus johnsonii, Cronartium ribicola, Peridermium harknessii, and Erythrobasidium hasegawianum group together in 100% of bootstrap replicates. The M. osmundae spores on the host fern Osmunda japonica have been regarded as ascospores (i.e., endogenously produced within an ascus), but our light microscopic, SEM, and TEM observations for fresh materials of M. osmundae on O. japonica in Japan clearly demonstrated that these are produced exogenously, blastically, and simultaneously from the sporogenous cell. Evidence from both molecular and morphological characters suggests that M. osmundae is not a member of the ascomycetes and is not related to either the Taphrinales or Protomycetales. Obviously Mixia osmundae is a member of the basidiomycetes and placed within the simple septate basidiomycete lineage. Key words: fungal evolution, basidiomycete phylogeny, Mixia osmundae, Taphrinales, Protomycetales, 18S rRNA.

Phylogenetic relationships among species of the genus Bensingtonia and related taxa based on the small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences.

Small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences were determined in nine species of the ballistoconidium-forming yeast genus Bensingtonia. The phylogenetic trees were constructed for the species of the genus Bensingtonia and related taxa containing Sporobolomyces and Bullera species by neighbor joining, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. The phylogenetic trees showed that the basidiomycetous yeasts were divided into two main clusters, which were correlated well with the presence or absence of xylose in the cells. In the xylose-lacking basidiomycetous yeasts, seven species out of nine of the genus Bensingtonia constituted a distinct cluster. Bensingtonia ciliata, the type species of the genus, was included in this cluster. The remaining two species, B. intermedia and B. yamatoana, were located in the cluster which contained Rhodosporidium toruloides, Sporidiobolus johnsonii, Sporobolomyces roseus and Leucosporidium scottii. Erythrobasidium hasegawianum was distinctly located in the xylose-lacking basidiomycetous cluster. The molecular phylogeny showed clearly that the genus Bensingtonia was not monophyletic.

Dimorphism inItersonilia perplexans: Yeast and hyphal phases differ in their sensitivity to mycocins produced by tremellaceous yeasts

The monokaryotic yeast phase of the heterobasidiomycete Itersonilia perplexans, unlike the hyphal phase, was found to be sensitive to mycocins produced by killer strains of Cryptococcus humicola, Cr. laurentii, Cystofilobasidium bisporidii and Rhodotorula fujisanense. Both the yeast and hyphal phases wer resistant to mycocins of Cr. podzolicus, Filobasidium capsuligenum, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rh. mucilaginosa, Rh. pallida, Sporidiobolus johnsonii, Sb. pararoseus and Sporobolomyces alborubescens. The different sensitivity patterns of yeast and hyphal phases are probably caused by biochemical differences in the cell walls.

Evolutionary Affinities of Heterobasidiomycetous Yeasts Estimated from 18S and 25S Ribosomal RNA Sequence Divergence

Summary Phylogenetic relationships among heterobasidiomycetous yeasts, including anamorphic and teleomorphic taxa, have been compared from the sequence similarity of small (18S) and large (25S) subunit ribosomal RNA. Species examined were Cystofilobasidium capitatum, Filobasidiella neoformans, Filobasidium floriforme, Leucosporidium scottii, Malassezia furfur, M. pachydermatis, Phaffia rhodozyma, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Sporidiobolus johnsonii, Sterigmatosporidium polymorphum, Trichosporon beigelii, T. cutaneum and T. pullulans. The taxa cluster into three main groups. One group contains the nonteliospore forming genera Sterigmatosporidium, Filobasidiella, Filobasidium and the anamorphic species T. beigelii and T. cutaneum. The teliospore formers Leucosporidium, Rhodosporidium and Sporidiobolus, all of which have simple septal pores, cluster into a single group, despite the heterogeneity of carotenoid formation. By contrast, C. capitatum appears separate, not only from Rhodosporidium, but also from the Filobasidiaceae with which it shares a primitive dolipore septum. The uniqueness of the genus Malassezia among yeasts is confirmed, and one might predict from nucleotide sequence similarity that teleomorphs of those lipophilic organisms would form teliospores whereas Trichosporon beigelii and T. cutaneum appear related to the family Filobasidiaceae.

The ubiquinone system in strains of species in the ballistospore-forming yeast genera Sporidiobolus, Sporobolomyces and Bullera.

The ubiquinone system of twenty-four strains of ballistospore-forming yeasts in the genera Sporidiobolus, Sporobolomyces, and Bullera was investigated. Most of strains are type strains. They are twenty-one known species and two unidentified species. Sporidiobolus johnsonii, Sporid. pararoseus, Sporid. ruinenii, Sporid. salmonicolor, Sporobolomyces alborubescens, Sp. foliicola, sp. gracilis, Sp. holsaticus, and Sp. Roseus had Q-10 as the major ubiquinone and Q-9 as the minor component. Bullera alba, B. armeniaca, B. aurantiaca, B. crocea, B. dendrophila, B. globospora, B. piricola, B. punicea, B. salicina, B. singularis, and B. tsugae also had Q-10 as the major ubiquinone and Q-9 as the minor component. The amounts of Q-9 are rather high (15.0-25.4%) in Sporid, pararoseus, Sporid. ruinenii, B. piricola, B. punicea, and B. salicina. The major ubiquinone of Sp. elongatus was Q-10 (H2). This yeast has Q-9 (H2) and Q-10 as the minor components. This is the 2nd finding of Q-10 (H2) in yeasts as the major ubiquinone. Three unidentified strains of two species of Bullera had Q-9 as the major ubiquinone and Q-8 and Q-10 as the minor components. Taxonomically, these strains resemble B. singularis in spite of the difference in ubiquinone systems. These yeasts may be yeast phases of certain species of the genus Itersonilia or may represent a genus yet to be established..

The coenzyme Q system in strains of some yeasts and yeast-like fungi.

Forty-four strains of 26 species of yeasts and yeast-like fungi were examined for the Co-Q system as a taxonomic criterion. In the Hemiascomycetes of Ascomycotina, Cephaloascus fragrans had the Q-9 system. Protomyces inouyei, P. lactucae-debilis, P. pachydermus and Taphrina wiesneri showed the Q-10 system. That system occurred also in the basidiomycetous yeasts, Filobasidium floriforme and Sporidiobolus johnsonii; and in the Hymenomycetes of Basidiomycotina, Tremella aurantia, T. brasiliensis, T. encephala, T. foliacea, T. fuciformis, T. mesenterica, T. subanomala and Femsjonia luteoalba. In the Blastomycetes of Deuteromycotina, the Q-9 system occurred in Selenozyma intestinalis, Sterigmatomyces elviae and Trigonopsis variabilis. Other species such as Cryptococcus hungaricus, Bullera alba, Itersonilia perplexans, Tilletiopsis cremea, T. lilacina, T. minor var. minor and T. minor var. flava had the Q-10 system. In the Hyphomycetes of Deuteromycotina, Aureobasidium pullulans exhibited the Q-10(H2) system, however, Rhinocladiella mansonii presented the Q-10 system. The taxonomic significance of the Co-Q system is discussed.

Validation of the yeastSporidiobolus ruinenii based on its deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness to other species of the genusSporidiobolus

The yeastSporidiobolus ruinenii was described in 1970 but without a Latin diagnosis and is therefore not validly published. It differed from the only other species in the genus,Sporidiobolus johnsonii, by not assimilating melezitose and α-methyl-d-glucoside and by assimilating raffinose and galactitol. We have now shown thatSporidiobolus johnsonii andSporidiobolus ruinenii differ by 1.2 mol% G+C in nuclear DNA base composition and share only about 8.5% of their nuclear DNA base sequences. The new species also differs fromSporidiobolus salmonicolor. Sporidiobolus ruinenii thus represents a separate species and a Latin description is provided. The type strain is UCD (FS&T) 67-67 (CBS 5001).

Heterothallism in the basidiomycetous yeast genusSporidiobolus Nyland

The sexual speciesSporidiobolus salmonicolor andSporidiobolus pararoseus spp. nov. are described as heterothallic species in the genusSporidiobolus, a genus consisting of two homothallic species,Sporidiobolus johnsonii andSporidiobolus ruinenii. The four species are compared and a key to the genus is presented. As a taxonomic correctionSporobolomyces pararoseus nom. nud. is reported as a synonym ofSporobolomyces shibatanus.

Studies on Some Unusual Hetero-basidiomycetes from Washington State

SUMMARY 1. Sporidiobolus Johnsonii, a new genus and species, is described to accommodate an heterobasidiomycetous fungus isolated from a pustule of Phragmidium rubi-idaei (DC.) Karst, in a leaf of Rubus idaeus L.2. A name for a previously undescribed species of Itersonilia Derx is proposed for a fungus isolated from a dead leaf of Acer macrophyllum Pursh.3. The life histories, physiology, and nuclear conditions of the above fungi are discussed.4. The validity of the inclusion of the genera Tilletiopsis and Itersonilia by Derx in the family Sporobolomycetaceae is questioned.

Studies on Some Unusual Heterobasidiomycetes from Washington State

SUMMARY 1. Sporidiobolus Johnsonii, a new genus and species, is described to accommodate an heterobasidiomycetous fungus isolated from a pustule of Phragmidium rubi-idaei (DC.) Karst, in a leaf of Rubus idaeus L.2. A name for a previously undescribed species of Itersonilia Derx is proposed for a fungus isolated from a dead leaf of Acer macrophyllum Pursh.3. The life histories, physiology, and nuclear conditions of the above fungi are discussed.4. The validity of the inclusion of the genera Tilletiopsis and Itersonilia by Derx in the family Sporobolomycetaceae is questioned.