Abstract
Yeasts can induce mechanisms of plant resistance due to compounds with eliciting characteristics, so the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of yeast on the induction of phytoalexins gliceoline, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from soy cotyledons. To determine the defense enzymes, soybean seeds were sown and the cotyledons treated with sterile distilled water, Cryptococcus laurentii (AH 03-1), Pichia guilliermondii (AH 16-2), Rhodotorula glutinis (AH 14-3), Sporidiobolus johnsonii (AH 16-1) and Zygoascus hellenicus (AH 14-1). Biochemical analyzes of the formation of phytoalexins and the activity of the enzymes peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and total proteins were performed. For phytoalexins glycerolins the yeasts Cryptococcus laurentii (AH 03-1) and Zygoascus hellenicus (AH 14-1) promoted an increase of 83.65% and 78.75% in the formation of this compound. Cryptococcus laurentii (AH 03-1) increased peroxidase activity by 36.84%, while for polyphenoloxidase, the Pichiaguilliermondii e yeasts (AH 16-2), Rhodotorula glutinis (AH 14-3), Sporidiobolus johnsonii (AH 16-1) and Zygoascus hellenicus (AH 14-1), increased the activity of this enzyme by 33.33%, 28.00%, 33.33% and 33.33%, respectively. For phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, Cryptococcus laurentii (AH 03-1) and Zygoascushellenicus (AH 14-1) promoted an increase of 75.57% and 78.86%, respectively, in their activity. The results demonstrate the potential of yeasts studied in the induction of phytoalexins glyceolins and in the activity of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in soybean cotyledons.
Highlights
In view of the above, the objective of this work was to investigate the potential of yeast in phytoalexin-glycine oxidase induction on the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in soybean cotyledons treated with different yeasts
In a study accomplished by Stangarlin et al (2010) using yeasts S. cerevisiae and S. boulardii in soy cotyledons, the authors found higher phytoalexin induction values for S. boulardii, concluding that it is an inducer, but according to the same authors, this does not exclude activity eliciting of S. cerevisiae, since this yeast presents components of the cell wall that can be inactivated with autoclave, which may justify the lowest verified induction
Wulff and Pascholati (1998) studying phytoalexins in sorghum mesocotyls observed the increase of the measurement of this compound using as S. cerevisiae yeast
Summary
The soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), is a very important crop (Hirakuri & Lazzarotto, 2014), host of several pathogens that affect both the productivity and quality of the final product (Juhász et al, 2013).In order to reduce disease losses, control methods are used, some of which are classified as alternative (Carneiro et al, 2011), where resistance induction is involved (Schwan-Estrada et al, 2008) responsible for the activation of latent mechanisms of plant defense against pathogens by treatment with biotic or abiotic elicitor molecules (Pascholati, 2011).Among the many resistance inducers, we can mention the use of fungi (Medeiros et al, 2014) as yeasts (Mello et al, 2011). Several defense mechanisms can be activated such as enzymes, such as peroxidase, important in cell lignification, polyphenoloxidase responsible for modifying phenols in toxic quinones and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, predecessor of the synthesis of defenylpropanoids, involved in plant defense (Stangarlin et al, 2011), And one of the most important in the biosynthesis of lignin and phytoalexins (Kalaiarasan, 2009). Another example would be the production of phytoalexins (Peiter-Beninca et al, 2008), which are antimicrobial compounds (Paschoalati & Dalio, 2018) responsible for inhibiting germination and mycelial growth (Pascholati, 2011).
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