Spontaneous Phenomenon Research Articles

Глобальная эпизоотология

The global distribution of infections at the current period is based on the objective territorial and geographical prerequisites of the most general character that is natural and climatic conditions, factors of zoographic and socio-economic order. The general trends of macroevolution of the epizootic process consist in a radical change in the nature of its development and manifestation from a continuous chain of consecutive infections to outbreak and quantum phenomena. The real cause for the occurrence of emergent diseases are unpredictable changes in relationships in the host-pathogen-environment systems mainly the involvement of new susceptible contingents in the existing parasitic and other natural infectious systems. Mechanisms that determine emergence are is to the biological mutability of pathogens, anthropogenic interventions or spontaneous natural phenomena including emergency situations and bioterrorism. International trade and various connections are important factors of global epizootological risk and the cause of emergent infections of all categories, their invasion into new territories, rooting in new territorial-natural complexes.
 Key words: lecture, general epizootology, global distribution of infections, emergence.

Study of pure and combined antioxidants for replacing TBHQ in soybean oil packed in pet bottles.

Oils are subject to several reactions that lead to physical-chemical, sensory and nutritional deterioration. This deterioration process is called rancidity or lipid oxidation, a spontaneous and irreversible phenomenon that can be delayed by the addition of antioxidants. Usually, vegetable oil producers choose to add antioxidants to the upper limit permitted by applicable law as it is not entirely clear the ideal dosages of pure or combined antioxidants designated for this purpose. In order to determine the optimum dosage of antioxidants that minimizes the impact of lipid oxidation of soybean oil bottled in PET (ethylene terephthalate) and replace the traditional antioxidant tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), an accelerated oven shelf-life test was performed. The antioxidants ascorbyl palmitate (AP), mix of tocopherols and rosemary extract (RE) were evaluated, pure and in combination, at different dosages. Most of the evaluated antioxidants delayed lipid oxidation of soybean oil, but a mixture containing AP and RE presented results of TOTOX statistically lower (higher oxidative stability) than that with TBHQ. One the other hand, regarding OSI at 120°C, the result obtained by that mixture was statistically lower (less oxidative stability) than that obtained with TBHQ, in both evaluated dosages.

Natural risks in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic’s landscape zones

One of the most serious obstacles of a natural character for the development of recreation and tourism are natural hazards and processes. The high-mountainous part of the republic is especially subject to such processes, where most of the recreational objects are concentrated. Of the entire spectrum of hazardous natural processes, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, karst, subsidence, slides, debris, flood and flooding are the most widespread in the republic. In the mountainous part because of strongly dissected relief with steep slopes and considerable depth of incision of narrow river valleys, avalanches, mudflows, landslides and debris, slides, glacial activities are most active. The flat part and the foothills have their own set of natural hazards, among which floods, flooding, subsidence, soil erosion, and droughts prevail. These areas are often exposed to hailstorms. The entire territory of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic is an area of seismic activity. Spontaneous natural processes and phenomena have the most significant impact on the live of the population of the republic and the functioning of recreational facilities located in the zone of their occurrence. Each demonstration of risks in recreational areas leads to undesirable consequences, from dissatisfaction with rest to death of people and wealth.

Gauss\u2013Bonnet black holes supporting massive scalar field configurations: the large-mass regime

It has recently been demonstrated that black holes with spatially regular horizons can support external scalar fields (scalar hairy configurations) which are non-minimally coupled to the Gauss–Bonnet invariant of the curved spacetime. The composed black-hole-scalar-field system is characterized by a critical existence line alpha =alpha (mu r_{text {H}}) which, for a given mass of the supported scalar field, marks the threshold for the onset of the spontaneous scalarization phenomenon [here {alpha ,mu ,r_{text {H}}} are respectively the dimensionless non-minimal coupling parameter of the field theory, the proper mass of the scalar field, and the horizon radius of the central supporting black hole]. In the present paper we use analytical techniques in order to explore the physical and mathematical properties of the marginally-stable composed black-hole-linearized-scalar-field configurations in the eikonal regime mu r_{text {H}}gg 1 of large field masses. In particular, we derive a remarkably compact analytical formula for the critical existence-line alpha =alpha (mu r_{text {H}}) of the system which separates bare Schwarzschild black-hole spacetimes from composed hairy (scalarized) black-hole-field configurations.

Totally asymmetric simple exclusion processes on two intersected lanes

This paper carries out a cluster mean field analysis for spontaneous symmetry breaking in a two-lane totally asymmetric exclusion processes with an intersection. We find that the boundaries of the asymmetric phase are determined by differences of upstream segment densities and downstream segment flow rates of two lanes. The spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomenon exists when the interaction of particles is strong enough. The critical values, beyond which the phenomenon disappears, are identified through simulation and analysis, and they are in excellent agreement. The analytical results of the asymmetric phase boundaries are closer to simulation ones than those of simple mean field analysis. The analytical results of density profiles and the simulation ones are also in excellent agreement.

An Unexpected Spontaneous Motion-In-Depth Pulfrich Phenomenon in Amblyopia.

The binocular viewing of a fronto-parallel pendulum with a reduced luminance in one eye results in the illusory tridimensional percept of the pendulum following an elliptical orbit in depth, the so-called Pulfrich phenomenon. A small percentage of mild anisometropic amblyopes who have rudimentary stereo are known to experience a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon, which posits a delay in the cortical processing of information involving their amblyopic eye. The purpose of this study is to characterize this spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon in the mild amblyopic population. In order to assess this posited delay, we used a paradigm where a cylinder rotating in depth, defined by moving Gabor patches at different disparities (i.e., at different interocular phases), generates a strong to ambiguous depth percept. This paradigm allows one to accurately measure a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon and to determine how it depends on the spatio-temporal properties of stimulus. We observed a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon in anisometropic, strabismic, and mixed amblyopia, which is posited to be due to an interocular delay associated with amblyopic processing. Surprisingly, the posited delay was not always observed in the amblyopic eye, was not a consequence of the reduced contrast sensitivity of the amblyopic eye, and displayed a large variability across amblyopic observers. Increasing the density, decreasing the spatial frequency, or increasing the speed of the stimulus tended to reduce the observed delay. The spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon seen by some amblyopes was variable and depended on the spatio-temporal properties of the stimulus. We suggest it could involve two conflicting components: an amblyopic delay and a blur-based acceleration.

Spontaneous scalarization of Gauss-Bonnet black holes: Analytic treatment in the linearized regime

It has recently been proved that nontrivial couplings between scalar fields and the Gauss-Bonnet invariant of a curved spacetime may allow a central black hole to support spatially regular scalar hairy configurations. Interestingly, former numerical studies of the intriguing black-hole spontaneous scalarization phenomenon have demonstrated that the composed hairy black-hole-scalar-field configurations exist if and only if the dimensionless coupling parameter $\bar\eta$ of the theory belongs to a discrete set $\{[\bar\eta^{-}_{n},\bar\eta^{+}_{n}]\}_{n=0}^{n=\infty}$ of scalarization bands. We have examined the numerical data that are available in the physics literature and found that the newly discovered hairy black-hole-linearized-massless-scalar-field configurations are characterized by the asymptotic universal behavior $\Delta_n\equiv \sqrt{\bar\eta^{+}_{n+1}}-\sqrt{\bar\eta^{+}_{n}}\simeq 2.72$. Motivated by this intriguing observation, in the present paper we study {\it analytically} the physical and mathematical properties of the spontaneously scalarized Schwarzschild black holes in the linearized (weak-field) regime. In particular, we provide a remarkably compact analytical explanation for the numerically observed universal behavior $\Delta_n\simeq 2.72$ which characterizes the discrete resonant spectrum $\{\bar\eta^{+}_{n}\}_{n=0}^{n=\infty}$ of the composed hairy black-hole-linearized-scalar-field configurations.

Clouding and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Triton X-100 in the Presence of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride: Influence of Polyols

Herein, the cloud point (CP) measurement of Triton X-100 (TX-100) in aqueous/polyols medium has been performed in the absence/presence of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CFH) antibiotic drug and demonstrated in detail. The executed CP values of TX-100 in H2O/polyols were obtained to be decreased with an increase of concentration of TX-100 up to a certain value, and then increased with the further increase of the concentration of TX-100. The CP values were reduced in the presence of CFH in all cases. The obtained CP values of TX-100 were lower in the presence of polyols as compared to that in an aqueous medium and reduced further with the subsequent rise of the polyols concentration. The Gibbs free energy of clouding (ΔGc0) was positive in all cases. The enthalpy of clouding (ΔHc0) and entropy of clouding (ΔSc0) as well as transfer properties of the clouding of TX-100 were evaluated in aqueous/polyols media in the absence/attendance of CFH and discussed thoroughly. The more spontaneous clouding phenomenon in the presence of polyols is indicated by the negative value of free energy of transfer (ΔGc,tr0). The entropy–enthalpy compensation was observed in all cases studied.

Seeded Rods with Ag and Pd Bimetallic Tips—Spontaneous Rearrangements of the Nanoalloys on the Atomic Scale

Deposition of metal cocatalysts is a common practice to improve the activity of photocatalysts. The use of nanoalloyed nanoparticles allows the formation of diverse nanostructures, tailored for a specific application. Nevertheless, too often the spontaneous atomic scale phenomena interfere with the initial design to produce a modified structure with undesirable properties. Here, we demonstrate such a process for Pd, Ag, or their combination as metal tips mounted on seeded rods of a CdSe dot in a CdS rod (CdSe@CdS) that serve as hydrogen evolution photocatalysts. Spontaneous radial reconstruction at the metal tip brings both Pd and Ag atoms outward even when a two-stage preparation process is applied to specifically produce a core–shell structure. The diffusion of Pd outward enables hydrogen evolution even when the initial Pd tip is covered by a Ag shell, and in the opposite case, a Pd shell shows reduced activity compared with Pd-only tips, due to the surfacing of Ag atoms. In addition, we show that the tip reconstruction occurs already during synthesis; aberration-corrected high-resolution electron microscopy also reveals other processes, such as cation exchange and small clustering around the seeded rods, all quite invisible using regular TEM techniques. In addition, we studied the size effect of Pd-tipped seeded rods and showed that the %QE of seeded rods with 2.2 Pd tips is as high as 91%. These results are significant in the understanding of the structure–function relationship, as it highlights one possible hidden reconstruction pathway of nanoalloys.

Effect of the Position of the Cyano Group on Molecular Recognition, Supramolecular Superhelix Architecture, and Spontaneous Resolution of Aza[7]helicenes

Five derivatives of cyano-containing 9-alkyl-9H-aza[7]helicene were synthesized and their behavior in the crystallization was investigated. Only one of the derivatives, 5,13-dicyano-9-butyl-9H-aza[7]helicenes, showed the phenomenon of spontaneous resolution, which was attributed to the conglomerate formation of the same helical isomer via CN···H–Ar interaction. The helical molecules with same chiral description were aligned to form a necklace-like chain of secondary superhelix architecture of the same chirality. A correlation of the position of the cyano group and spontaneous resolution phenomena has been derived.

Femtosecond Laser Writing of Optical Waveguides by Self-Induced Multiple Refocusing in LiTaO3 Crystal

We report on a one-step fabrication method of horizontal dual-line waveguides supporting TE guidance in LiTaO3 crystal utilizing multiple refocusing mechanisms of the femtosecond laser. Through the nonlinear process, multiple foci can be formed spontaneously with the interval of a few micrometers along the laser propagation direction. The number and the separation of focal spots, even the entire length of laser-induced tracks, could be modulated by varying the laser parameters. Taking advantage of this spontaneous phenomenon, we further implemented the multi-scan technique to write two parallel damage lines along transverse direction, realizing stress-induced waveguides by horizontal light confinement. Moreover, using this method, one-step two-channel guidance could also be demonstrated by adjusting the pulse energy. The fabrication details and waveguiding performances were studied by both experimental and computational methods. This paper opens the alternative way to construct complex integrated platforms in LiTaO3 crystal by using femtosecond laser writing.

Self-induced Berry flux and spontaneous non-equilibrium magnetism

When a physical system is governed by statistical or dynamical equations possessing certain symmetries, its stationary states can be classified into phases according to which of those symmetries are preserved, and which are broken1,2. Near equilibrium, the properties of the system’s collective excitations reflect the symmetries of the underlying phase and thereby provide means for detecting these phases3,4. Here, we show that, in driven systems, the collective modes may take on a separate life, exhibiting their own spontaneous symmetry-breaking phenomena independent of the underlying equilibrium phase. We illustrate this principle by demonstrating a mechanism through which a non-magnetic interacting metal subjected to a linearly polarized driving field can spontaneously magnetize. The strong internal a.c. fields of the metal driven close to its plasmonic resonance5,6 enable Berryogenesis: the spontaneous generation of a self-induced Bloch band Berry flux. The self-induced Berry flux supports and is sustained by a chiral circulating plasmonic motion that breaks the mirror symmetry of the system. This non-equilibrium phase transition may be of either continuous or discontinuous type. Berryogenesis can occur in a wide variety of multiband metals with high-quality plasmons, as available in present-day graphene devices7–9. The authors predict that Berry flux can be spontaneously generated in a metal by plasmonic oscillations in response to illumination by light. They show that this topological ‘Berryogenesis’ can work in graphene.

Spatiotemporal Variability of the Climate and Dangerous Hydrometeorological Phenomena on the Crimean Peninsula

The article provides an analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns in the dynamics of the main meteorological elements (air temperature and precipitation) in Crimea. Considering the significant geomorphological diversity and the peculiarities of the physiographical location of the Crimean Peninsula, ambiguous trends in the variability of climatic parameters are noted on its territory. Thus, the increase in air temperature and humidity has been recorded in the steppe and foothill areas during the recent decades. In contrast, at the Southern coast of Crimea, under the sub-Mediterranean climate conditions precipitation decreases and average annual air temperature stabilizes to the climatic norm. It is pointed out that the occurrence of spontaneous and dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena having frequented lately are due to the modern trends in the climate dynamics.

Coronary Artery Dissection: A Spontaneous Phenomena in Postpartum Period

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare but life-threatening cause of acute coronary artery syndrome. Although, SCAD may be attributed to underlying medical illness such as connective tissue disease, vasculitis or atherosclerosis, its occurrence in young healthy females is an uncommon phenomenon. Pregnant females, particularly in their peripartum or post-partum periods are affected the most. The etiology remains unclear but certain factors such as hemodynamic and hormonal changes during pregnancy have thought to play a significant role. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection has a very high mortality rate and physicians should be vigilant when an otherwise young healthy female presents with symptoms of acute coronary syndrome.

Intermittency-induced criticality in the random telegraph noise of nanoscale UTBB FD-SOI MOSFETs

The drain current in nanoscale fully depleted ultra-thin body and buried oxide n-MOSFETs is studied in terms of critical dynamics. The time series formed by the measured current through the channel of the MOSFET, appears to have the form of random telegraph noise (RTN). This timeseries is analyzed by the Method of Critical Fluctuation (MCF). Its dynamics are compatible with critical intermittency. According to the quantitative analysis performed, the current-value distributions are compatible with the spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomenon; in addition, it also carries information of criticality according to the corresponding power law. Finally, MCF analysis identified traces of tri-critical dynamics.

Zero-Variance of Perturbation Hamiltonian Density in Perturbed Spin Systems

We study effects of perturbation Hamiltonian to quantum spin systems which can include quenched disorder. Model-independent inequalities are derived, using an additional artificial disordered perturbation. These inequalities enable us to prove that the variance of the perturbation Hamiltonian density vanishes in the infinite volume limit even if the artificial perturbation is switched off. This theorem is applied to spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomena in a disordered classical spin model, a quantum spin model without disorder and a disordered quantum spin model.

Defective Graphene on the Transition-Metal Surface: Formation of Efficient Bifunctional Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution/Reduction Reactions in Alkaline Media.

Supported single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted enormous attention because of their high selectivity, activity, and efficiency, compared to conventional nanoparticles and metal bulk catalysts. However, all of these unique merits rely on the stability of the SAC, as reported by many investigators. To avoid aggregation of single-metal atoms and maintain the high performance of the SAC, various substrates have been tried to support them, particularly on graphene nanosheets. A spontaneous interface phenomenon between graphene and the Co (and Ni) substrate discovered in this work is that the holes in the graphene layer can stimulate metal atoms to pop up from a metal substrate and fill the double vacancy in graphene (DV-G) and stabilize on the graphene surface. The unique structure of the lifted metal atom is expected to be useful for the bifunctional SAC for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reactions (OERs) and oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs). Our first-principles calculations indicate that the DV-G on the Co(0001) surface can serve as an excellent bifunctional OER/ORR catalyst in alkaline media with extremely low overpotentials of 0.39 V for OER and only 0.36 V for ORR processes, which are even lower than those for previously reported bifunctional catalysts. We believe that the catalytic activity stems from the interface coupling effect between the DV-G and metal substrate, as well as the charge redistribution in the graphitic sheet.

Simulation technique of quantum optical emission process from multiple two-level atoms based on classical numerical method.

In this paper, we report a numerical method for analyzing optical radiation from a two-level atom. The proposed method can consistently consider the optical emission and absorption process of an atom and also the interaction between atoms through their interaction with a radiation field. The numerical model is based on a damping oscillator description of a dipole current, which is a classical model of atomic transition and is implemented with a finite-difference time-domain method. Using the method, we successfully simulate the spontaneous emission phenomena in a vacuum, where the interaction between an atom and a radiated field plays an important role. We also simulate the radiation from an atom embedded in a photonic crystal (PhC) cavity. As a result, an atom-cavity field interaction is sucessfuly incorporated in the simulation, and the enhancement of the optical emission rate of an excited atom is explained. The method considers the effect of the interaction between atoms through the radiated field. We simulate the optical emission process of the multiple atoms and show that an enhancement of the emission rate can occur owing to an atom-atom interaction (superradiance) (R. H. Dicke, Phys. Rev. 93, 99 [1954]). We also show that the emission rate is suppressed by the effect of the destructive dipole-dipole interaction under an out-of-phase excitation condition (subradiance).

Degradation of magnesium-ion battery anodes by galvanic replacement reaction in all-phenyl complex electrolyte

Abstract In this work, experimental and computational methods based on density functional theory (DFT) were used to study the spontaneous degradation (i.e. in the absence of any external electromotive force) of pure metallic magnesium (Mg) and magnesium stannide (Mg2Sn) in all-phenyl complex (APC) electrolyte, a commonly used Mg-ion battery electrolyte. Our results reveal that Mg atoms can be stripped from metallic Mg and from Mg2Sn through galvanic replacement reactions involving anions present in APC such as Ph4Alˉ, Ph2AlCl2ˉ, PhAlCl3ˉ and AlCl4ˉ, resulting in Mg dissolution and metallic aluminum deposition. Such a spontaneous degradation phenomenon is susceptible to impact the performance of Mg-ion battery cells in which metallic Mg or magnesium alloys are used as anodes. In particular, we have found that Mg-ion battery half-cells assembled using Mg2Sn and metallic Mg as the working and counter electrodes, respectively, and APC as the electrolyte, exhibit Coulombic efficiencies higher than 100% at low C-rates. Such an unusual Coulombic efficiency is attributed to unbalance charge associated with the difference in Mg atoms dissolution rate between the Mg2Sn working electrode and the Mg metal counter electrode, when these electrodes undergo spontaneous degradation in APC.

Swarm intelligence inspired cooperation promotion and symmetry breaking in interdependent networked game.

The evolution of a cooperative strategy on multilayer networks is arousing increasing concern. Most of the previous studies assumed that agents can only choose cooperation or defection when interacting with their partners, whereas the actual provisions in real world scenarios might not be discrete, but rather continuous. Furthermore, in evolutionary game, agents often make use of their memory which keeps the most successful strategy in the past, as well as the best current strategy gained by their directed neighbors, to find the best available strategies. Inspired by these observations, we study the impact of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm on the evolution of cooperation on interdependent networks in the continuous version of spatial prisoner's dilemma games. Following extensive simulations of this setup, we can observe that the introduction of the PSO mechanism on the interdependent networks can promote cooperation strongly, regardless of the network coupling strength. In addition, we find that the increment of coupling strength is more suitable for the propagation of cooperation. More interestingly, we find that when the coupling strength is relatively large, a spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomenon of cooperation occurs between the interdependent networks. To interpret the symmetry breaking phenomenon, we investigate the asynchronous expansion of heterogeneous strategy couples between different networks. Since this work takes cooperation from a more elaborate perspective, we believe that it may provide a deep understanding of the evolution of cooperation in social networks.