Spondias Mombin Research Articles

Electrochemical Investigation of the Anti-corrosive Effect of Spondias mombin Leaves Extract on the Corrosion of Aluminium Alloy (AA2024) and Mild Steel in 0.5 M NaCl

The inhibiting effect of Spondias mombin (SM) leaves extract on the corrosion of AA2024 and mild steel in 0.5 M NaCl environment was investigated using electrochemical techniques. Tafel plots obtained from the potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) experiments indicate that for both metals, the curves shifted toward more negative values of the corrosion current density (Icorr) as the inhibitor concentration increased. More so, for all concentrations of the inhibitor, the values of maximum displacement shift in corrosion potential (Ecorr) were found to be less than 85 mV. This shows that SM behaves like a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study shows that for both metals, the charge transfer resistance (Rct) values increased with an increase in concentration of the inhibitor. The increase in values of Rct can be attributed to the formation of protective film at the metal-solution interface. The Nyquist plots show semi circles whose diameter increased as the inhibitor concentration is increased and this is suggestive of retardation in corrosion process. The inhibition efficiency values obtained in the EIS experiment were found to be in close conformity with those of the PDP experiment.

Inhibitory action of Spondias mombin leaves extracts on corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl

Acid corrosion of steel and its associated financial and material costs are serious challenges to the chemical industry, and protecting these alloys through the use of effective corrosion inhibitors is imperative. In this study, the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1M HCl media using water and ethanol extracts of Spondias mombin leaves was investigated via weight loss technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP). The influence of temperature on inhibitor behaviour was also studied. Both extracts inhibited corrosion of mild steel via adsorption, following the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The inhibition efficiency (IE) increased as extracts concentration was increased. After 24 and 72 hours exposure in the acid solution at 25 ℃, 500 ppm of extracts delivered maximum efficiency of (94.44 % and 76.52% for ethanol) and (51.52 % and 58,97 % for water). However, increasing temperature to 40 ℃ and 60 ℃ (after 24 hours) significantly boosted the efficiency of water extract (favoring inhibition via combined physical and chemical adsorption) but depreciated the performance of ethanol extract. The extracts provide good protection to mild steel in acidic environment and are therefore recommended as green alternatives to existing toxic ones.

Botanical characterization of Apis mellifera honeys in areas under different degrees of disturbance in the southern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Apiculture is an important economic activity in Mexico, and deforestation, extensive agriculture, and other types of land use threaten sustainable honey production. This study aimed to determine the floral resources used by Apis mellifera for honey production, in vegetation types with different disturbance degrees in Southern Yucatan Peninsula, Quintana Roo state. A total of 24 honey samples, from eight apiaries, were collected during the months of the highest honey production in the region (February to May 2022). Standard acetolysis technique was applied for melissopalynological analysis. A total of 68 pollen types were identified. Our results suggest that the disturbance degree of the vegetation does not affect the pollen diversity and honey composition, mainly because the available floral resources remain similar. Viguiera dentata (Asteraceae) was the most abundant (>45%) herbaceous species in honey samples of February and March. Piscidia piscipula (Fabaceae) and Haematoxylum campechianum (Fabaceae) in samples of March (16%-45%), and P. piscipula in April (>45%). Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae), Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae), and Metopium brownie (Anacardiaceae) were the most abundant (16%-45%) arboreal species found in samples of May. Although our results can be used to develop conservation strategies looking for sustainable honey production, further studies should focus on vegetation with a better conservation state, during longer time periods, and during periods with fewer resources available for honeybees.

Structure and Spatial Distribution of the Abundance of <i>Spondias mombin</i> L. Populations in the Subequatorial Zone of Benin (West Africa)

Conservation and sustainable use strategies for reliable management plans of valuable species are lacking due to the gap in basic scientific information on their structure and status. The objectives of this work were to study the structural characteristics and the spatial distribution of the abundance of <i>Spondias mombin</i> L. populations in the subequatorial zone of Benin. The data collection was based on the tessellation of study zone with ArcGIS analysis tools. The grid cell used was a square of 100 m side (1ha of surface). The occurrence of species in each grid was obtained using GBIF database. One hundred and seventy-five (175) trees of <i>S. mombin</i> were sampled through the four Phytodistricts of study zone. The main dendrometric variables measured from these individuals were diameter at breast height (1.30 m above ground level) and height. The parameters such as density, mean quadratic diameter, basal area and mean Lorey height were calculated. To study the spatial abundance distribution of <i>S. mombin,</i> we used Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method to realize abundance map from the occurrences. The results of structure showed a density of 3 trees/ha. The basal area was 1500 cm²/ha and the mean quadratic diameter was 25.10 cm. The mean of Lorey height obtained was 12 m<i>.</i> The diameter structure showed a predominance of bell-shape distribution with a relative abundance of young individuals. The low numbers of individuals in some diameter classes, the erratic distribution and the presence of old population of <i>S. mombin</i> indicate the strong anthropogenic pressure on the species. The abundance map showed that the species was present in all the phytodistricts and covers 93% of the study area’s municipalities. The conservation strategies, including both the species and its habitat, need to be developed to allow sustainable use of <i>S. mombin</i>.

Potentially Synbiotic Yellow Mombin Beverages: Stability during Refrigerated Storage, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Sensory Properties.

This study aimed to develop potentially synbiotic yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) beverages added with fructooligosaccharides and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NRRL B-4496. Six formulations of yellow mombin beverages were prepared to measure the influence of fermentation and pH, which was adjustment to 4.5 for stability and quality parameters. Formulations were evaluated for probiotic survival, pH, titratable acidity, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and antioxidant activity for 28 days at 4 °C. Additionally, the proximate composition, color, sensory aspects, and survival to simulated gastrointestinal conditions were studied. At 21 days of storage, the viability of L. plantarum was 9 CFU/mL for the fermented symbiotic (SYNf) and non-fermented symbiotic with adjusted pH (SYNa) formulations. In addition, the fermented synbiotic with an adjusted pH beverage (SYNfA) showed a count of 8.2 log CFU/mL at 28 days. The formulations showed a high TPC (234-431 mg GAE/L), antioxidant activity (48-75 µM trolox), and a potential use as low-calorie beverages. The SYNf formulation showed an acceptability index higher than 70% and a high purchase intent. The SYNf and SYNa formulations maintained suitable probiotic counts after exposure to the simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Therefore, it was possible to develop a new potentially synbiotic yellow mombin beverage with a high sensory acceptance, supplying the market with a new functional food alternative.

Plant Diversity in the Diet of Costa Rican Primates in Contrasting Habitats: A Meta-Analysis

In human-modified tropical landscapes, the survival of arboreal vertebrates, particularly primates, depends on their plant dietary diversity. Here, we assess the diversity of plants included in the diet of Costa Rican non-human primates, CR-NHP (i.e., Alouatta palliata palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Cebus imitator, and Saimiri oerstedii) inhabiting different habitat types across the country. Specifically, we analyzed 37 published and unpublished datasets to assess: (i) richness and dietary α-plant diversity, (ii) the β-diversity of dietary plant species and the relative importance of plant species turnover and nestedness contributing to these patterns, and (iii) the main ecological drivers of the observed patterns in dietary plants. Dietary data were available for 34 Alouatta, 16 Cebus, eight Ateles, and five Saimiri groups. Overall dietary plant species richness was higher in Alouatta (476 spp.), followed by Ateles (329 spp.), Cebus (236 spp.), and Saimiri (183 spp.). However, rarefaction curves showed that α-diversity of plant species was higher in Ateles than in the other three primate species. The γ-diversity of plants was 868 species (95% C.I. = 829–907 species). The three most frequently reported food species for all CR-NHP were Spondias mombin, Bursera simaruba, and Samanea saman, and the most consumed plant parts were leaves, fruits, and flowers. In general, plant species turnover, rather than nestedness, explained the dissimilarity in plant diet diversity (βsim &gt; 0.60) of CR-NHP. Finally, primate species, habitat type (life zone and disturbance level) and, to a lesser degree, study province, were the best predictors of the dietary plant assemblages. Our findings suggest that CR-NHP diets are diverse, even in severely disturbed habitats.

Co-aggregation between whey proteins and carotenoids from yellow mombin (Spondias mombin): Impact of carotenoids’ self-aggregation

The interaction between whey proteins and carotenoid is reported to improve carotenoid solubility and stability, however, the strong trend of carotenoids to aggregate when in polar systems is often neglected in papers addressing their molecular interaction. Therefore, this study focused on characterizing the aggregative behavior of the carotenoids from yellow mombin (Spondias mombin) and to understand how these carotenoids behave when added to aqueous dispersions of whey proteins. Carotenoids-rich extract, containing mainly β-cryptoxanthin and lutein, was obtained from freeze-dried yellow mombin pulp and its aggregative behavior in ethanol/water medium was studied. By increasing the medium polarity, carotenoids trend to form J-aggregation, causing a drop in the color intensity of the solution. When added to whey protein aqueous dispersions, rather than a protein-carotenoid bimolecular interaction, the formation of co-aggregates between carotenoids and whey proteins was evidenced by preparative size exclusion chromatography. These results may contribute to the developing functional food products.

Evaluation of the effects of SPONDIAS MOMBIN extract as an alternative antimicrobial drug

The extract of Spondias mombin has constituents which may improve psychiatric disorders, in addition to having antiviral, antifungal, and antimicrobial activity. But despite having several benefits, it is necessary to assess whether the extract may interfere with cell metabolism so furthermore its microbicide potential can be explored. Fifteen Wistar rats were used, divided into four groups (control group; control with extract; hyperlipidemic diet; hyperlipidemic diet and extract). For 12 weeks, the animals were weighed and their blood glucose was assessed. Afterwards, they were euthanized, and the biological material was collected. The evaluation confirmed the efficacy of the extract of S. mombin against cell metabolism of rats, without negatively altering cell viability; the group of rats with an hyperlipidemic diet showed an increase in body weight; however, in the individual assessment of the organs, there were no significant changes. The glycemic index, liver parameters, lipids, and mineral ions did not show changes. Furthermore, the antimicrobial potential of S. mombin extract was observed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Staphylococcus aureus BLACC. The results suggest that S. mombin extract did not interfere with cell viability, did not show cytotoxicity to cells that were exposed to it, nor did it interfere with the metabolism, organs, and biochemical indices of rats with a standard or hyperlipidemic diet. Considering such characteristics and the potential activities observed in this present study, additional evaluation should be conducted to further assess the role of S. mombin extract as a source of new alternative antimicrobial drug as well as its possible beneficial activity to the cardiovascular system. KEY WORDS: Spondias mombin; hyperlipidemic diet; antimicrobial inhibition; obesity; Staphylococcus aureus.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Comparative Studies on Water and Ethanol Extract of Spondias mombin as Green Approach for Effective Acid Corrosion Mitigation of Mild Steel in Chemical Processing Industries

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Comparative Studies on Water and Ethanol Extract of Spondias mombin as Green Approach for Effective Acid Corrosion Mitigation of Mild Steel in Chemical Processing Industries

Redox-regulation and anti-inflammatory system activation by quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-rich fraction from Spondias mombin leaves: biochemical, reproductive and histological study in rat model of dichlorvos toxicity

Abstract Objective This study was designed to investigate the redox-regulation capacity of Spondias mombin leaf fraction rich in Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Q3G-RF) in rat model of dichlorvos (DDVP) toxicity. Method Male Wistar rats randomly allotted to six groups with 12 rats each were administered appropriate regimens orally – sunflower oil, Q3G-RF (100 mg/kg), dichlorvos (8.8 mg/kg), Q3G-RF (100 mg/kg) + dichlorvos (8.8 mg/kg), Q3G-RF (50 mg/kg) + dichlorvos (8.8 mg/kg), and Q3G-RF (100 mg/kg) + clomid (0.35 mg/kg) for groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively. Key findings DDVP reduced the SOD, CAT, GST, GPx, GR, QR, T-SH, GSH, TAC; ALP, ACP, glucose, sialic acid, 3- and 17-β-HSD, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, NO, MPO, caspase 3; sperm functions; testosterone, FSH, LH, estradiol, testosterone/estradiol ratio; organ-body weight, body weight, without altering semen volume and semen pH but increased the morphological abnormalities number of sperm cells in head, neck, and tail; level of lipid peroxidation, cholesterol and H2O2 relative to control animals. Co-administration with Q3G-RF or clomid revoked dichlorvos effect relative to the control. Conclusion Q3G-RF reversed the induced oxidative stress and inflammation as well as suppressed sperm function and reproductive parameters caused by dichlorvos, suggesting the exploration as a therapeutic agent in managing male fertility disorders.

Variations in Confinement of Bioactive Components in Different Sections of Spondias mombin Tree

Good combination and significant concentration of phytochemicals and minerals are responsible for medicinal potentials of most plants. Spondias mombin is a medicinal plant, whose parts are relied upon for herbal remedies to numerous disease conditions. Result obtained from the GC-MS analysis of the the leaf extract shows n-Propyl 11-octadecenoate, Squalene and 2,2-Dimethyl-3-vingl-bicyclo (2,2.1) heptane as the most predominant amongst the seventeen bioactive components with percentage values of 19.675, 16.569 and 14.997. 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid was the highest amongst the four bioactive components observed in the stem bark with a percentage value of 75.720 followed by n-Hexadecanoic acid with a total percentage concentration of 21.186. Amongst the eleven bioactive components in the root bark extract, 9, 12-Octadecadienic acid was also the most predominant with a total percentage value of 91.423, while n-Hexadecanoic acid, and Diethyl phthalate had percentage concentrations of 3.359 and 2.046 respectively. These bioactive components exhibited various pharmacological and biochemical properties which may be responsible for the use of this plant in traditional medicine.

Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-rich fraction demonstrated efficacy against infectious, secretory, and osmotic models of diarrhoeal rats

BackgroundThe prevalence of diarrhoea remains high despite efforts by governments and NGOs to reverse trend. This study investigated the antidiarrhoeal activity and mechanism of Spondias mombin leaf fraction rich in quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Q3G-RF) because of the acclaimed therapeutic efficacy. Secretory, osmotic, and infectious diarrhoea models using castor oil, magnesium sulphate, and Shigella flexneri respectively were evaluated at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in Wistar rats. Enteropathy was induced with castor oil and magnesium sulphate, while gastrointestinal motility was determined with charcoal meal. ResultsFindings showed no mortality after 14 days of experimental period and no significant changes in behaviour, food, and water consumption. Relative to control, Q3G-RF inhibited the three models of diarrhoea, enteropathy, and gastrointestinal motility; bacterial colonies were reduced by Q3G-RF, while it improved the relative body weight of the animals. Q3G-RF also increased the intestinal concentration/activity of glucose, total protein, and Na+–K+ ATPase but reduced the concentration of TNF-α, PGE2, IL-1β, nitric oxide, Na+, K+, and Cl− in the diarrhoeal models. The intestinal fluid level of K+, Na+, and Cl− was significantly decreased by Q3G-RF in the enteropathy model. Length of the small intestine in the motility model was also increased by Q3G-RF, while peristaltic index and inhibition of peristalsis were reduced. ConclusionOverall, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from Spondias mombin leaves demonstrated efficacy against infectious, secretory, and osmotic form of diarrhoeal and further justified its traditional use in the treatment of diarrhoea due to its antimotility, antisecretory, and antimicrobial properties by mechanism related to enhanced Na+–K+ ATPase, repressed nitric oxide, and suppressed prostaglandins.

Follow-Up Application of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Spondias Mombin&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Modified Nano-Sorbent for Trace Metals Remediation

Environmental pollution, specifically soil contamination by trace metals, is a significant problem that has caused widespread concern around the globe due to its grave negative effects on the fragile ecosystem. Zero-valent iron nano-compound modified with <i>Spondias mombin</i> leaves extract was employed in the removal of Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), and Nickel (Ni) from contaminated soil. The metal compositions in both plant and soil were evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The result showed that the pH conditions for optimum removal efficiency (%) of Zn (70.53%), Pb (98.89%), and Ni (99.99%) were in the range of 7 < pH ≤ 12 while Cr (98.67%) was in the range of 3 < pH ≤ 7. The result revealed that the adsorbent dosage for optimum removal efficiency (%) was 0.2 g for Cr (99.99%) and Pb (98.89%) while 0.8 g for Zn (57.51%), and Ni (99.99%). The optimum contact time was 15 min for Cr (99.99%) and Pb (86.38%) while 120 min for Zn (52.43%) and Ni (99.99%). The modified nano-compound showed higher removal efficiency (%) for Ni (99.99%) under the same condition. This study has revealed that the modified adsorbent can serve as an effective and efficient eco-benign matrix for soil remediation.

Ethnobotanical Survey, Physiochemical Composition and Preliminary Cytotoxic Evaluation of some Medicinal Plants with Anticancer Potential from Certain Areas in South-West Nigeria

Aims: Medicinal plants used by traditional medical practitioners (TMP) to treat cancers are considered safe when used alone or combined with conventional therapy to ensure their effectiveness and eliminate the toxic effects of orthodox medicines. Using cytotoxic and antioxidant studies, the study attempted to assess some of the commonly used medicinal plants used to cure cancer among Yoruba people in Ogun, Oyo, Osun, and Lagos (South-West, Nigeria).&#x0D; Study Design: Samples of commonly utilized anticancer plants obtained from the chosen areas using physical and virtual oral seminars were studied for physiochemical composition and a possible antioxidant and cytotoxic potential to validate the basis for the use of the selected anticancer plants.&#x0D; Methodology: Online academic literature searches were done on the cited plants to identify the already-exploited anticancer plants. The ethanolic extracts of the plant were examined for the presence of bioactive components and their total flavonoid content, with focusing on quercetin detection using thin layer bioautography (TLB) and brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) for cytotoxicity. In comparison to quercetin and ascorbic acid, the scavenging of superoxide radical (SOR), hydrogen peroxide, and 2, 2-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical activity by a model (most biologically active) of the anticancer plant was also evaluated.&#x0D; Results: There were only twelve anticancer species that were not used in related studies: Lannea egregia, Ficus exasperate, Croton zambesicus, Tetrapleurai tetraptera, Terminalia catappa, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Plumbago zelanica, Hilleria latifolia, Bryophyllum pinntum, Chromolena odorata, Brysocarpus coccineus and Spondias mombin. The anticancer plants contained bioactive and mineral substances like saponins, protein, lipids, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, and a decreased Na/K concentration. The plants had a fair amount of flavonoids and variable levels of cytotoxicity. L. egeregia was regarded as the prototype of the anticancer species due to its profound flavonoid concentration (85.40 µg/mL) and cytotoxicity (9.46 µg/mL) compared to other extracts. The TLB also demonstrated the presence of quercetin, with a dose-dependent antioxidant property. The anticancer model's overall antioxidant activity (34.72 µg/mL) was slightly lower than quercetin (30.44 µg/mL) but higher than ascorbic acid (41.68 µg/mL).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results support the traditional use of anticancer species as nutritional and dietary supplements, whose bioactive compounds are relevant in managing cancer patients. The plant’s bioactive principles need to be characterized in future research.

Antidiabetes study of Spondias mombin (Linn) stem bark fractions in high-sucrose diet-induced diabetes in Drosophilamelanogaster

ObjectiveThe onset of insulin resistant diabetes has been associated with a high-sucrose diet in vertebrates and invertebrates. However, various parts of Spondias mombin reportedly possess antidiabetic potential. However, the antidiabetic efficacy of S. mombin stem bark in high-sucrose diet-induced Drosophila melanogaster model has not been explored. In this study, the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the solvent fractions of S. mombin stem bark were evaluated using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods. MethodsSuccessive fractionation of S. mombin stem bark ethanol extract was performed; the resulting fractions were subjected to in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic assays using standard protocols. The active compounds identified from the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study of the n-butanol fraction were docked against the active site of Drosophila α-amylase using AutoDoc Vina. The n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of the plant were incorporated into the diet of diabetic and nondiabetic flies to study the in vivo antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. ResultsThe results obtained revealed that n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions had the highest in vitro anti-oxidant capacity by inhibiting 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power, and hydroxyl radical followed by significant inhibition of α-amylase. HPLC analysis revealed the identification of eight compounds with quercetin having the highest peak followed by rutin, rhamnetin, chlorogenic acid, zeinoxanthin, lutin, isoquercetin, and rutinose showing the lowest peak. The fractions restored the glucose and antioxidant imbalance in diabetic flies, which is comparable with the standard drug (metformin). The fractions were also able to upregulate the mRNA expression of insulin-like peptide 2, insulin receptor, and ecdysone-inducible gene 2 in diabetic flies. The in silico studies revealed the inhibitory potential of active compounds against α-amylase with isoquercetin, rhamnetin, rutin, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid having higher binding affinity than the standard drug (acarbose). ConclusionOverall, the butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of S. mombin stem bark ameliorate type 2 diabetes in Drosophila. However, further studies are needed in other animal models to confirm the antidiabetes effect of the plant.

Effects of different processing methods on nutrient contents and acceptability of hog plum (Spondias mombin Linn.) leaf by West African Dwarf sheep

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of processing method on leaves from Spondias mombin tree as fodder for ruminants in the tropics. The leaves were subjected to three different physical processing methods; T1 control (fresh but air drying), T2 (fresh but soaked in ordinary water for 24 h then air drying), and T3 (fresh but soaked in water at 50oC for 20 min then air drying). Nutrient and secondary metabolites content were determined in experiment 1. In experiment II, the Coefficient of preference (CoP) was determined. In vitro gas production was used to predict metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD), short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and methane (CH4) of S. mombin leave with different processing methods in experiment 111. Results revealed significant differences in the chemical composition of S. mombin leaf subjected to different processing methods. The dry matter value was highest in S. mombin leaves soaked in hot water (90.22%), and lowest in S. mombin leaves soaked in water at room temperature (85.05%). Crude protein was highest in leaf processed with hot water (11.25 %) and lowest in control (9.59 %). No significant variations were observed for minerals and anti-nutrients investigated. The Vitamin content of leaves of S. mombin tree with various processing methods differed significantly except for vitamin E. The preference coefficient value was greater in leaves soaked at 50oC for 20 mins than leaves from the other processing method and control. All leaves of S. mombin tree from all processing methods considered in this study were acceptable to the animals, but leaves soaked in 50oC for 20 mins were most preferred. The in vitro gas production parameters and characteristics were not significantly different. In conclusion, S. mombin leaf subjected to 50 oC for 20 mins is more advantageous as forage in animal nutrition than unprocessed.

Hedonic Price Analysis for Hog Plum Purchase Decision In Southern Part of Bangladesh

The hog plum (Spondias mombin) is locally known as Amra is very popular fruit in Bangladesh. It is very delicious fruit and sources of Vitamin C. The purpose of this study is to identify the importance of the attributes of hog plum on its price. A total of 121 respondents were interviewed to identify the attributes of hog plum purchase decision using both OLS and robust regression models. Results show that quantity, whole fresh and blemish free are important attributes for hog plum purchase decision. Quantity, blemish free and traceability are significantly important attributes for low income consumer groups whereas quantity and whole fresh are significantly important attributes for high income consumer groups. The implication of the study is that proper hog plum farming system and its marketing activities design are necessary for making it a profitable business.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 46(1): 107-116, March 2021

Mapping of Potential Variation of Diabetes Amelioration Activity of Spondias mombin on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Wister Rat Concerning the Availability of Phytochemical Constituents Based on Seasonal Contrast Phenomenon

Diabetes mellitus is the seventh leading cause of death globally, and it is a disease that is progressing with deadly implications on a global scale. Furthermore, the treatment regimen is not affordable to all socioeconomic groups. As a result, scientists are working to develop cheaper, more effective phytochemical-based medications. Spondias mombin is a tree and flowering plant in the Anacardiaceae family that is commonly known as the “tapereba” or “caja” tree in Brazil. It is found in both the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon in upland and floodplain forest environments, and it is also present in inhabited areas, albeit in a sub-spontaneous state. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic properties of crude ethanol extracts of Spondias mombin obtained in three seasons of the year: following winter, summer, and the rainy season. The goal of this study is to determine which season of the year the plant under consideration has the most anti-diabetic action, change in body weight, and serum lipid profile. The anti-diabetic effects were assessed using a one-touch glucometer after administration of 500 mg/kg doses of the extracts from each seasonal extract at the following time intervals: 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 12h, 24h, and 72h. The extract following the rainy season showed optimum anti-diabetic efficacy with a serum lipid profile at a dose of 500 mg/kg. However, the 500 mg/kg extract following winter and summer did not show any significant benefits in diabetes or serum lipid profiles. This study discovered that the anti-diabetic properties of Spondias mombin vary seasonally.

Nutritional benefits, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicity of Spondias mombin Linn: a comprehensive review.

Spondias mombin is traditionally used as an herbal medicine for several human diseases and ailments in the tropical regions across the globe including the African countries. This study aimed to provide comprehensive information on nutritional benefits, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological properties and toxicology study of S. mombin. Information was gathered from documented literatures in scientific database. The study revealed that S. mombin has nutritional values; with the leaf, fruit, flower, seed, and stem bark possessing a wide range of ethnomedicinal uses across several regions, with documented pharmacological properties. S. mombin has a frequent rate of ethnomedicinal utility in cases of abortion, constipation, fever, gonorrhea, postpartum hemorrhage, digestive pain, diarrhoea, dysentery and wounds. Ethnopharmacological studies showed that crude extracts and chemical compounds from S. mombin manifested in vivo and in vitro biological and pharmacological activities. About 102 isolated compounds from the leaf, fruit, or stem bark of S. mombin have been reported. Overall, S. mombin has several nutritive and ethnomedicinal benefits owing to its chemical constituents, which are linkable to the several pharmacological activities. There remains however, the need for dosage intake caution, upon the advice of medical professionals.

Morfofisiologia e relações hídricas de porta-enxertos de Spondias sob diferentes frequências de irrigação

ABSTRACT The semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil is characterized by scarcity of water for irrigation purposes due to long periods of drought, compromising the development of species such as Spondias tuberosa L. and Spondias mombin L., which, despite being considered drought tolerant, can have their yield negatively affected by low water availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiology, quantum efficiency and water relations of S. tuberosa and S. mombin rootstocks under different irrigation intervals in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil. The experimental design was carried out in randomized blocks, in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, referring to 5 irrigation intervals - INT (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after each irrigation event) and two species of the genus Spondias - SPC (S. tuberosa and S. mombin) with four replicates and three plants per plot, totaling 120 plants. Irrigation management with a five-day irrigation interval reduced gas exchange and growth of rootstocks of the Spondias species. The quantum efficiency of photosystem II of Spondias rootstocks (S. tuberosa and S. mombin) was not compromised when the plants were irrigated every two and four days. Irrigation every three days in the early stages of development of Spondias species can be used with the lowest losses in gas exchange and growth of rootstocks.