Spoils Of War Research Articles

Violence after war: explaining instability in post-conflict states

The end of one war is frequently the beginning of another because the cessation of conflict produces two new challenges: a contest between the winners and losers over the terms of peace, and a battle within the winning party over the spoils of war. As the victors and the vanquished struggle to establish a new political order, incidents of low-level violence frequently occur and can escalate into an unstable peace or renewed conflict. Michael J. Boyle evaluates the dynamics of post-conflict violence and their consequences in Violence after War. In this systematic comparative study, Boyle analyzes a cross-national dataset of violent acts from 52 post-conflict states and examines, in depth, violence patterns from five recent post-conflict states: Bosnia, Rwanda, Kosovo, East Timor, and Iraq. In each of the case studies, Boyle traces multiple pathways through which violence emerges in post-conflict states and highlights how the fragmentation of combatants, especially rebel groups, produces unexpected and sometimes surprising shifts in the nature, type, and targets of attack. His case studies are based on unpublished data on violent crime, including some from fieldwork in Kosovo, East Timor, and Bosnia, and a thorough review of narrative and witness accounts of the attacks. The case study of Iraq comes from data that Boyle obtained directly from U.S. Central Command, published here for the first time. Violence after War will be essential reading for all those interested in political violence, peacekeeping, and post-conflict reconstruction.

Bargaining for the Spoils of War: Somalia’s Failing Path from War to Peace

ABSTRACTFor more than 20 years, Somalia has experienced state failure. Today, radical political Islam and groups such as al-Shabab with links to al-Qaida are gaining ground. The current federal government is failing to provide public goods, such as security, education, and health, to the population it claims to represent. To date, more than a dozen peace negotiations to end this conflict have failed. The objective of this article is to shed light on why past peace processes have failed. The study of the Mbagathi peace process that preceded the United Nations–led Djibouti peace process can help to better understand the current political stalemate and conflict in Somalia. Moreover, some of the challenges of state formation in Somalia will be discussed, including the claim that hidden and vested interests threaten a viable and politically stable state.

ALLIANCES IN THE SHADOW OF CONFLICT

Victorious alliances often fight about the spoils of war. This article presents an experiment on the determinants of whether alliances break up and fight internally after having defeated a joint enemy. First, if peaceful sharing yields an asymmetric rent distribution, this increases the likelihood of fighting. In turn, anticipation of the higher likelihood of internal fight reduces the alliance's ability to succeed against the outside enemy. Second, the option to make nonbinding nonaggression declarations between alliance members does not make peaceful settlement within the alliance more likely. Third, higher differences in the alliance players' contributions to alliance effort lead to more internal conflict and more intense fighting. (JELD72, D74)

The Bigger Picture: Spoils of war

The Bigger Picture: Spoils of war

“Jyske Lov” som krigsbytte. En mytes opståen, udnyttelse og fald

NB: Artiklen er på dansk, kun resuméet er på engelsk.In 1996, the newly-founded national conservative Dansk Folkeparti [Danish People’s Party] proposed in Parliament, for the first time, that the Danish state and government should demand that Sweden returns the spoils of war taken during the Dano-Swedish Wars in the 1600s. The demand has since been repeated six times in the Danish Parliament and at the Nordic Council in the last nearly 15 years. The demand included return of the Jyske Lov manuscript from 1241. The background was the notion that Sweden possessed what was called the “original edition”. This was the origin of the myth that the Swedes were in fact unaware that it was in their possession, and this was reinforced, in its moral expression of the demand for return, by the view that the manuscript constituted spoils of war from 1658-1659. The author of this thesis is of the opinion that the Dansk Folkeparti apparently had become aware of one of the most important recent discoveries in the history of the Danish Middle Ages, that is, historian Thomas Riis’ re-dating in 1977 (in his dissertation, Les institutions politiques centrales du Danemark 1100-1332. Odense, 1977.), of the oldest parts of the Codex holmiensis 37 (C 37) manuscript in the Kungliga Biblioteket, Sweden’s national library in Stockholm. This manuscript contains a transcript of Jyske Lov and had previously been thought to date from approximately 1350 but can now with certainty be dated to around 1276. It was also clear that the Dansk Folkeparti had misunderstood various aspects of the research results, leading it to put together its own particular version of the myth and, in doing so, politicised the results of historical research into the Danish Middle Ages to a degree never seen in recent times. At one point, the author of this thesis began to suspect that C 37 could not be spoils of war and therefore began a scholarly study of the issue that, in 2004, showed that, in fact, C 37 could not be spoils of war. The objective with this thesis has therefore been to trace the provenance of this myth and its political exploitation and to show the consequences of falsification of the spoils-of-war thesis, given the fact that research having shown that C 37 was not spoils of war but either purchased or bequeathed to the Kungliga Biblioteket in the 1720s, which made it possible, at the express political wish of the Danish government in 2009, for the author, as National Librarian and Head of the Royal Library, to undertake negotiations with Sweden on a voluntary, reciprocal, non-prejudicial exchange of C 37 with a corresponding Swedish law manuscript containing Swedish provincial law, Södermannalagen, New Royal Collection 2237, n. 4, that presumably arrived in Denmark in the second half of the 1700s. The thesis deals with the demonstration by recent research that Jyske Lov, proclaimed by King Valdemar the Conqueror in Vordingborg in March 1241, was considered as the first Danish national law (that it became “limited” to regional law for Jutland-Funen is a development from the end of the 14th or the beginning of the 15th century), with its survival and the re-dating of C 37 in 1977 (which thereby became the oldest extant manuscript containing a surviving version of the law, the contents of which are at least 25 and perhaps up to 50 years older than the later surviving version, which had previously been considered as the oldest). The thesis then traces the spoils-of-war notion in professional circles (it dates back to at least to 1976 in the non-professional context), considered to have appeared in 1991, its introduction to politics in 1996 and six subsequent questions raised in the Danish Parliament and at the Nordic Council up to 2009. Finally, the case is carried through to June 2010, when a draft exchange agreement was drawn up between the two Royal Libraries.

Turnier-, Fecht- und Ringbücher in den Bibliotheken der Ernestiner

AbstractInitial attempts to reconstruct private libraries of the Ernestine princes and recent findings shedding new light on the provenance of manuscripts illustrating and describing dual combat in the Late Middle Ages have revealed that members of this dynasty possessed significant volumes of this genre in the 16th century. Due to their enthusiastic interest in noble fighting competitions, the electoral princes of Saxony commissioned magnificently illuminated tournament books and promoted the publication of Fabian von Auerwald’s well-known grappling book. They also collected fighting manuals and claimed some precious manuscripts depicting dual combat as spoils of war. A number of the books were acquired in connection with the education of the young princes. If they indeed served as instructive manuals for learning forms of knightly combat remains speculative. Indisputable, however, is their symbolic function of presenting evidence of the opulence and wealth of the Ernestine court, documenting the participation of the princes in competitions and commemorating the learning of combative skills. Duke Ernest the Pius of Saxe-Gotha inherited a large number of these highly valued manuscripts in the 17th century. In the ducal library that he founded at Friedenstein Palace they continued to serve as media of courtly representation. Due to shifting political developments the majority of these manuscripts are now preserved in other library collections.

O poznańskich rękopisach i starych drukach w zbiorach Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Uppsali

Artykuł jest prezentacją wyników wstępnej kwerendy w Bibliotece Uniwersyteckiej w Uppsali, przeprowadzonej 14–18 maja 2012 roku. Jej celem był ogólny przegląd najstarszej części księgozbioru pod kątem znajdujących się w nim rękopisów i starych druków zrabowanych w 1656 roku z bibliotek poznańskich jezuitów, bernardynów i dominikanów. W części wstępnej artykułu przedstawione zostały szwedzkie grabieże księgozbiorów w XVII wieku, starania rewindykacyjne Rzeczypospolitej oraz badania naukowe nad polskimi księgozbiorami w Szwecji prowadzone od XIX wieku. Podstawę źródłową kwerendy stanowiły przechowywane w archiwum Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Uppsali niepublikowane notatki bibliograficzne Józefa Trypućki (1910–1983), językoznawcy i bibliografa szwedzkich poloników, wieloletniego profesora Uniwersytetu w Uppsali. Materiał ten – efekt kwerendy Trypućki w zasobach Carolina Rediviva – zawiera cenne informacje dotyczące starych druków i rękopisów proweniencji poznańskiej. Zbiory wielkopolskie znajdujące się w Uppsali nie doczekały się dotąd szczegółowych badań. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą nakreślenia kierunku i metod dalszych badań.

U.S. Court Refuses to Recognize a “Spoils of War” Doctrine to Allow Title to be Transferred in World War II Trophy Art Theft

U.S. Court Refuses to Recognize a “Spoils of War” Doctrine to Allow Title to be Transferred in World War II Trophy Art Theft

The Spoils of War: An Imported Case of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

The Spoils of War: An Imported Case of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Autores ajuglarados y mester de clerecía : filiación retórica y temática entre el Cantar de mio Cid y el Libro de Alexandre

Autores ajuglarados y mester de clerecía : filiación retórica y temática entre el Cantar de mio Cid y el Libro de Alexandre

The portrait of medicine and Gustav Klimt (1862-1918)

Gustav Klimt was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most important representatives of the modernist movement of the Viennese Secession. The most notable works carried out at his golden age were the "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I" and "The kiss". In 1901 he paints "Medicine" where he returns to the entanglement of floating bodies -the lifetime- among which appears the skeleton of death; a female figure stands out from the column to represent freedom from pain. The figure of Hygeia or Hygieia, daughter of Aesculapius, who personifies medicine, is shown in the foreground. In 1911, thanks to "The life and death", a picture related to medicine, he was awarded the first prize at the Universal Exhibition of Rome. A number of his artworks were confiscated by the Nazi dictatorship. During the advance of enemy troops, and fearing that these works would become spoils of war, it was decided to burn the castle where they remained confiscated. Therefore, countless artworks were lost. The progressive development of symbolic or abstract motifs already emphasized the freedom of spirit that permeated all the avant-garde of early twentieth century.

رأى البصریَّة ورأى العلمیَّة فی القُرآنِ الکریم - من البقرة إلى الأنفال - وموقف النَّحویِّین والمفسرین منهما: دراسة وصفیَّة دلالیَّة

This study is entitled Visual 'see' and the Scientific 'see' in the Qur'an, and the Grammarians Attitude towards the Two Positions: A Descriptive Semantic Study The title is designed is based on the problem it deals with, the problem of the attitudes of the grammarians from the semantic use of the verb with reference to the visual vision, and the significance of perception in the various contexts of the Qur'an, with all the differences in their attitudes, arising from the differences in their grammar schools, and their intellectual affiliations which had their effects on these attitudes. This thesis has been chosen according to two important reasons: First: the semantic usage of the verb in the Qur'an is one of the large fields of the work of grammarians and linguists; hence their differences and agreements appear, as well as their methods and intellectual belongings via agreement and difference aspects. Second: the frequency of Qur'anic Structures in which the verb is used with its visual and perceptive significances, with a special stylistic structure like the literary structures which start with you see … Didn't they and Say: did you see… and the conditional structures like: if you see that…, and structures that includes the verb for the addressee in the two forms of present and the past saw. Thus, the objectives of the study are defined as follows: 1- Revealing the Qur'an semantic usage of the verb meaning the visual vision, knowledge and perception. 2- Identifying the attitudes of grammarians from these two semantic usages, to reveal the existence of the aspects of difference and agreement between the two attitudes, as well as the reasons behind these differences and agreements. The study is based on a number of procedural and methodological steps, with the purpose to its objectives, running as follows: First: Defining what is meant by terms of like: visual, perceptive, dreamlike, vision, opinion (Ra'y), and the differences among them through a lexical semantic analysis depending on Qur'anic dictionaries, like Mofradat by el-Raghib el-Asfahani, and the dictionaries which pay attention to figural significances in addition to real meanings, like: Asas el-Balagha by el-Zamkshary. Second: choosing samples from the seven long suras from Al- Baqara (the Cow) to Al-Anfaal (The Spoils of War), for applications, this is based on two criteria: A - The frequency of the verb with its visual, perceptive significance in these Suras, this is evident in the chart attached to the study. B - Variation in the forms of the verb see, as structures ranging from statement to composition, characterized by length in the context of the one 'Aya', which makes it of special linguistic structure. Third: Demonstrating the attitudes of grammarians towards the significance of the verb in the chosen Qur'anic examples, showing their differences and agreements. Fourth: Preference among grammarians in cases of differences. Fifth: Designing statistical charts of the use of the verb in the Suras from Al-Baqara to Al-Anfaal, to include all the uses not mentioned in the study. It has been observed that the structures of the verb have equivalents in the remaining long Suras from At-Tawba (The Repentance) to Al-Israa (The Night Journey). Thus, the researcher preferred to enlarge statistics to include the positions of the verb said in these Suras to demonstrate that the analysis of the chosen samples, and the conclusions leading to them apply to what is mentioned in the study. These procedures are followed within a descriptive semantic approach; as it describes the attitudes of grammarians, as it describes the Qur'anic structures through their analysis of these structures, demonstrating the influence of all this on the verb see. Sixth: due to the fact that the subject is characterized by interrelation between the work of the grammarians and the work of the interpreters, the study is helped b sources that possess this kind of interrelation, that is why the sources of the Qur'anic Syntax, meanings, main controversial issues, are the main sources from which researcher deduces the attitude of grammarians, employing interpretive sources of the Qur'an to demonstrate the structures seen by grammarians, or preferences between them. The study has been limited to applying these sources on the grammarian aspect of the Qur'an seen by grammarians, or preferences among them.

Women for cows: An analysis of abductions of women in South Sudan

abstractThe abductions of women have historically been a part of cattleraiding in South Sudan. Recently the abduction of women has been extensively used as a tool of war. Since 2009, thousands of women have been abducted in Jonglei state in retaliatory attacks in the conflict between the Lou Nuer and Murle communities. Killing and violence aimed at women in the conflict has increased to a point where it could be said to have become normalised practice where women are considered legitimate spoils of war, along with livestock and other chattel. This Profile explores the motivation for and consequences of abductions of women by male cattle-camp youth during violent cattleraids. It uses feminist theory to argue that abductions, sexual slavery, and sexual violence in the current conflict are a result of underlying patriarchal structures that value women solely for their reproductive capabilities and linked to this their role in commanding value for the procurement of cattle. The Profile is based on qualitative research, specifically interviews conducted in South Sudan with stakeholders to investigate the reasons for the abduction of women and interventions that have sought to address the abductions.

MENIMBANG PEMIKIRAN MASDAR FARID MAS'UDI TENTANG DOUBLE TAXS (ZAKAT DAN PAJAK)

The revenue sources of Country in the early days of Islam, such as zakat and taxes they are jizyah, kharaj, max (customs), and 'usyr (export-import customs) and also ghanimah and fai' (spoils of war and confiscated items). For Muslims in Indonesia,in addition they have to pay taxes to the state that include property tax,commercial goods tax, goods consumption tax, fiscal when traveling abroad, income tax, etc., they also have to pay zakat that include zakat fitrah and zakat property. Thus, Indonesian Muslims have to bear double taxs, they are taxation and zakat. This academic anxiety felt by one of the Indonesian Muslim intellectual, Masdar Farid Mas'udi. Departing from that academic anxiety Masdar then pour his fresh ideas and even controversial, especially on the issue of double taxs.

KHUMUS DALAM PERSPEKTIF MAZHAB JA’FARI

In Islamic tradition, khums (literally one fifth of gain) refers to a religious obligation to contribute one-fifth of a certain type of income to charity. The obligatory giving of alms is observed throughout Islam and is one of the Five Pillars of the faith, but the nature of the tax varies considerably between various Islamic traditions. Khums is paid on all items regarded as ganima. There are differing legal traditions within Islam about what constitutes ganima, and thus how far-reaching khums should be. In certain Shia traditions (Ja’fari) ganima is defined as the year’s profit, including all net income and wealth left over at the end of a year. Within these traditions, Khums involves an annual taxation of one-fifth of all gain, and can be compared to a tithe, or an income tax. Khums includes the zakat, or alms required as one of the five pillaras of Islam.In Sunni tradition, ganima is defined as the spoils of war, and the tradition of paying khums has lapsed. However, Sunnis pay zakat, which involves a one-fortieth taxation of total wealth (and is more akin to a property tax). According to the hadiths of the Ahl al-Bayt Imams, the items that are eligible for khums are seven, and they are: (1) the profit or the surplus of income, (2) the legitimate wealth which is mixed with the illegitimate wealth, (3) mines and minerals, (4) the precious stones obtained from sea by diving, (5) treasures, (6) the land which a dhimmi kafir buys from a Muslim, and (7) the spoils of war.in the Ja’fari school, khums should go to six people: Allah, His Messenger, The near relative of the Messenger (Ahlul-Bayt), Orphan, needy, the person who has fallen away from his home-town (and has no money to comeback to his own place).

Concessions and Repression: Can Democratizing Lead to Civil War?

We build a model for predicting civil wars where the government bargains with a rebel group using concessions and repression. The equilibrium is either a state of perpetual peace where there are concessions but no repression, or a state of repressive equilibrium that can lead to civil wars. At the lowest levels of political competition, a move towards open electoral participation decreases the ability of the state to use repression to limit challengers, increasing the likelihood of war. At higher levels, an increase in competition decreases the probability of war by increasing concessions to the rebel group. Increasing concessions makes war less likely because it decreases the spoils of war and provides one explanation for the non-monotonicity found between probability of civil war and democracy. We test the prediction of this non-linearity using the technique in Hansen (2000) and find evidence consistent with the model.

Rape: Weapon of War and Genocideedited by Carol Rittner and John K. Roth

The need to discuss rape as an element of foreign policy is alarming. Rape during armed conflict has historically been considered a part of the spoils of war and its victims “collateral damage.” On...

The Muslim invasion of the Iberian peninsula in the year 711 and the fleet of Ifriqiya

The invasion of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo came about through the expansion of the Muslim Empire, but the real possibility and ease with which it occurred was brought about by the pact made with Count Julian and the help of the Witizan faction. Everything seems to indicate that the Muslim fl eet of Ifriqiya did not participate initially, despite the interpretation made by some, of several references from certain Muslim authors. We believe that the ships in which Ayyash (Abbas) Ibn Sharahil (Ujayl, Akhyal) sailed from Al-Andalus to Ifriqiya were those that Musa Ibn Nusayr had built in vast numbers on the shores of Africa, after Tariq Ibn Ziyad set sail for the Iberian Peninsula, and which were used to send him reinforcements, so that Musa himself could cross the Straits of Gibraltar in the year 93 of the Hegira, and also to transport the spoils of war that Musa took to Tangier in the year 95 of the Hegira.

Amenhotep III: Egypt's radiant pharaoh

Prologue: the birthplace of Amenhotep III 1. An heir unapparent: reign of Amenhotep II, years 15-25, c.1411-1401 BC 2. The making of an heir apparent: reign of Thutmose IV, years 1-5, c.1401-1396 BC 3. Thutmose IV and King's Son Amenhotep in Nubia: reign of Thutmose IV, years 5-8 c.1397-1393 BC 4. Le roi est mort, vive le roi!: Reign of Amenhotep III, year 1, c.1391 BC 5. Establishing divine might and divine right: reign of Amenhotep III, years 1-4, c.1391-1388 BC 6. Year 5, 'The First Campaign of Victory', Amenhotep III's river war: reign of Amenhotep III, year 5, c.1387 BC 7. The spoils of war: reign of Amenhotep III, years 6-9, c.1386-1383 BC 8. The king's first two wives: reign of Amenhotep III, years 10 and 11, c.1382-1381 BC 9. The lost years: reign of Amenhotep III, years 12-19, c.1381-1370 BC 10. Bringing heaven and Earth to see the living gods: building the king's religious monuments at Thebes: reign of Amenhotep III, years 20-29, c.1369-1360 BC 11. Per Hai ('The House of Rejoycing') Palace at Malkata: reign of Amenhotep III, years 25-29, c.1364-1360 BC 12. Beneath the divine falcon's wings: a new world takes shape: reign of Amenhotep III, years 26-29, c.1363-1360 BC 13. The first jubilee festival (heb-sed): reign of Amenhotep III, year 30, c.1361 BC 14. Raising up old officials and buying a new bride: reign of Amenhotep III, years 30 and 31, c.1361-1360 BC 15. International trade in princesses and other goods: reign of Amenhotep III, years 32-33, c.1359-1358 BC 16. A mixed forecast: dazzling sun and dark clouds: reign of Amenhotep III, years 34-36, c.1356-1355 BC 17. The last hurrah: reign of Amenhotep III, years 37-38, c.1354-1353 BC 18. Year 38. Whose heaven is it? The reign of Akhenaten and beyond Epilogue: one god left standing.

Sham of the Moral Court? Testimony Sold as the Spoils of War

This paper analyses the critical influences on witness-based truth-telling for judicial decision-making in the international criminal tribunals. The judicial fixation on witness testimony reflects the weight and legitimacy given to personal testimony before international courts. This weight must be balanced by the awareness that a witness may provide false testimony intentionally, or may be coaxed by third parties to provide such testimony, as has been evidenced recently before the ICC. If witness testimony is tainted then its capacity to endorse the truth-finding function of the court is compromised. As a consequence the ability to assert that the tribunal is a ‘moral court’ based on empirical truth in such circumstances is jeopardized. The nexus between witness testimony, truth, the morality of judicial determinations, and the legitimacy this affords is explored in what follows. We question whether simple assertions that witness testimony, tested through adversarial examination, produces truth and resultant morality, are all they seem. The analysis also critiques the forensic reality of witness testimony before the international tribunals. Ultimately the paper suggests that while truthful testimony is crucial if international criminal trials are to produce legitimate judicial determinations, the naïve claim to a moral court as a consequence of tested witness testimony is problematic at least and unsustainable at best.