Splitting Pattern Research Articles

CollabRDL: A language to coordinate collaborative reuse

Coordinating software reuse activities is a complex problem when considering collaborative software development. This is mainly motivated due to the difficulty in specifying how the artifacts and the knowledge produced in previous projects can be applied in future ones. In addition, modern software systems are developed in group working in separate geographical locations. Therefore, techniques to enrich collaboration on software development are important to improve quality and reduce costs. Unfortunately, the current literature fails to address this problem by overlooking existing reuse techniques. There are many reuse approaches proposed in academia and industry, including Framework Instantiation, Software Product Line, Transformation Chains, and Staged Configuration. But, the current approaches do not support the representation and implementation of collaborative instantiations that involve individual and group roles, the simultaneous performance of multiple activities, restrictions related to concurrency and synchronization of activities, and allocation of activities to reuse actors as a coordination mechanism. These limitations are the main reasons why the Reuse Description Language (RDL) is unable to promote collaborative reuse, i.e., those related to reuse activities in collaborative software development. To overcome these shortcomings, this work, therefore, proposes CollabRDL, a language to coordinate collaborative reuse by providing essential concepts and constructs for allowing group-based reuse activities. For this purpose, we extend RDL by introducing three new commands, including role, parallel, and doparallel. To evaluate CollabRDL we have conducted a case study in which developer groups performed reuse activities collaboratively to instantiate a mainstream Java framework. The results indicated that CollabRDL was able to represent critical workflow patterns, including parallel split pattern, synchronization pattern, multiple-choice pattern, role-based distribution pattern, and multiple instances with decision at runtime. Overall, we believe that the provision of a new language that supports group-based activities in framework instantiation can help enable software organizations to document their coordinated efforts and achieve the benefits of software mass customization with significantly less development time and effort.

A Deep Test of Radial Differential Rotation in a Helium-atmosphere White Dwarf.I. Discovery of Pulsations in PG 0112+104

Abstract We present the detection of non-radial oscillations in a hot, helium-atmosphere white dwarf using 78.7 days of nearly uninterrupted photometry from the Kepler space telescope. With an effective temperature >30,000 K, PG 0112+104 becomes the hottest helium-atmosphere white dwarf known to pulsate. The rich oscillation spectrum of low-order g-modes includes clear patterns of rotational splittings from consecutive sequences of dipole and quadrupole modes, which can be used to probe the rotation rate with depth in this highly evolved stellar remnant. We also measure a surface rotation rate of 10.17404 hr from an apparent spot modulation in the K2 data. With two independent measures of rotation, PG 0112+104 provides a remarkable test of asteroseismic inference.

Identified Two-particle Correlations and Quantum Number Conservations in p-p and Pb-Pb Collisions at LHC Energies

In this paper we continue the investigation of the effect of quantum number conservations of pions, kaons, and protons, with very high transverse momenta (up to 25 GeV/c), during parton fragmentation and hadronization in p-p and Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies [1, 2]. The strength of the conservation effects are studied by identified two-particle correlations in Monte Carlo generated events in the mid-rapidity region (|η| < 1). The simulated p-p events were generated with PYTHIA 8 [5], using its main default settings, at , , , and . In parallel to this, HIJING 1.36 [6] was used to generate Pb-Pb events at with centralities 0 – 10%, 30 – 40% and 80 – 90%. The extracted identified associated hadron spectra for charged pion, kaon, and proton show identified trigger-hadron dependent splitting between oppositely charged associated particle species in any nucleus-nucleus collisions. The Pb-Pb data exhibits a peculiar splitting pattern as a function of the transverse momentum of the associated particle pT,assoc both on the near and away side that is different from the patterns observed in p-p collisions. The splitting shows smooth evolution with collision energy and event multiplicity in p-p collisions while in Pb-Pb collisions different trend were observed for kaons and protons.

P1.02-045 Discordance (FISH+, IHC-) between FISH and IHC Analysis of ALK Status in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): A Unexpected Issue in 7 Cases

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement represents a landmark in the targeted therapy of NSCLC. Several reports showed that IHC is sensitive and specific to detect ALK protein expression, possibly alternative to ALK FISH assay. In this study the concordance between the ALK status by FISH and IHC assay has been determined in a series of 95 advanced NSCLCs; discordant cases were evaluated on the basis of the percentage and the rearrangement pattern of ALK. 95 lung NSCLC specimens were tested for ALK rearrangements by IHC assay (ALK D5F3 antibody Ventana, CE-IVD system) and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Clinical characteristic and response to crizotinib were reviewed. Seven cases (7.3%) showed discordant results with ALK FISH-positive and IHC negative. Among these cases the mean number of FISH positive rearranged nuclei was 40.2% (range 20-54%). All cases showed coexistent split signals pattern positivity with mean percentage 19.1% (range 10-32%.), 5' deletions pattern positivity with mean percentage 21.7% (range 12-34%) and one case also had gene amplifications pattern positivity with percentage of 64%. The polysomy was observed in all cases with mean percentage of 45.7% (range of 16-72%). Five patients with discordant ALK FISH and IHC results received crizotinib; of them, four progressed and one has stable disease. In most of discordant cases, a coexistent complex pattern of rearrangements (deleted, inverted and amplified/polysomic patterns) of ALK positive cells in FISH analysis was observed; these complex rearranged cases were not detectable by IHC, probably due to the lack of protein expression. Considering that crizotinib inhibits the ALK protein and not specifically ALK rearrangements, it could be speculated that NSCLCs without IHC ALK expression could be not sensitive to crizotinib. The ALK FISH+/IHC negative discordant group showed a lower percentage of nuclei positive for ALK rearrangement (19.1% in split signals and 21.7% in 5' deletions) as compared with 64% of gene amplification in one case and with polysomy (45.7%) observed in all cases. These preliminary data highlight the role of IHC analysis and of the percentage of the genetic pattern of ALK rearranged cells in FISH analysis to select patients for anti ALK treatment. Further investigation is suggested about the correlation of complex mutational findings and clinical outcome.

Explaining the symmetry breaking observed in the endofullerenes H2@C60, HF@C60, and H2O@C60.

Symmetry breaking has been recently observed in the endofullerenes M@C60 (M = H2, HF, H2O), manifesting in the splittings of the three-fold degenerate ground states of the endohedral ortho-H2, ortho-H2O and the j = 1 level of HF. The nature of the interaction causing the symmetry breaking is established in this study. A fragment of the solid C60 is considered, comprised of the central C60 molecule surrounded by twelve nearest-neighbor (NN) C60 molecules. The fullerenes have either P (major) or H (minor) orientational orderings, and are assumed to be rigid with Ih symmetry. Only the central C60 is occupied by the guest molecule M, while the NN fullerenes are all empty. The key proposition of the study is that the electrostatic interactions between the charge densities on the NN C60 molecules and that on M inside the central C60 give rise to the symmetry breaking responsible for the measured level splittings. Using this model, the M@C60 level splittings of interest are calculated variationally and using perturbation theory, for both the P and H orientations. Those obtained for the dominant P orientation are in excellent agreement with the experimental results, with respect to the splitting magnitudes and patterns, for all three M@C60 systems considered, pointing strongly to the quadrupolar M-NN interactions as the main cause of the symmetry breaking. The level splittings calculated for the H orientation are about 30 times smaller than the ones in the P orientation.

Unambiguous Determination of Protein Arginine Ionization States in Solution by NMR Spectroscopy.

Because arginine residues in proteins are expected to be in their protonated form almost without exception, reports demonstrating that a protein arginine residue is charge-neutral are rare and potentially controversial. Herein, we present a 13 C-detected NMR experiment for probing individual arginine residues in proteins notwithstanding the presence of chemical and conformational exchange effects. In the experiment, the 15 Nη and 15 Nϵ chemical shifts of an arginine head group are correlated with that of the directly attached 13 Cζ . In the resulting spectrum, the number of protons in the arginine head group can be obtained directly from the 15 N-1 H scalar coupling splitting pattern. We applied this method to unambiguously determine the ionization state of the R52 side chain in the photoactive yellow protein from Halorhodospira halophila. Although only three Hη atoms were previously identified by neutron crystallography, we show that R52 is predominantly protonated in solution.

Unambiguous Determination of Protein Arginine Ionization States in Solution by NMR Spectroscopy

AbstractBecause arginine residues in proteins are expected to be in their protonated form almost without exception, reports demonstrating that a protein arginine residue is charge‐neutral are rare and potentially controversial. Herein, we present a 13C‐detected NMR experiment for probing individual arginine residues in proteins notwithstanding the presence of chemical and conformational exchange effects. In the experiment, the 15Nη and 15Nϵ chemical shifts of an arginine head group are correlated with that of the directly attached 13Cζ. In the resulting spectrum, the number of protons in the arginine head group can be obtained directly from the 15N–1H scalar coupling splitting pattern. We applied this method to unambiguously determine the ionization state of the R52 side chain in the photoactive yellow protein from Halorhodospira halophila. Although only three Hη atoms were previously identified by neutron crystallography, we show that R52 is predominantly protonated in solution.

Theoretical Study on the Photoelectron Spectra of Ln(COT)2–: Lanthanide Dependence of the Metal–Ligand Interaction

We have performed a theoretical analysis of the recently reported photoelectron (PE) spectra of the series of sandwich complex anions Ln(COT)2- (Ln = La-Lu, COT = 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene), focusing on the Ln dependence of the vertical detachment energies. For most Ln, the π molecular orbitals, largely localized on the COT ligands, have the energy order of e1g < e1u < e2g < e2u as in the actinide analogues, reflecting the substantial orbital interaction with the Ln 5d and 5p orbitals. Thus, it would be expected that the lanthanide contraction would increase the orbital interaction so that the overlaps between the COT π and Ln atomic orbitals tend to increase across the series. However, the PE spectra and theoretical calculations were not consistent with this expectation, and the details have been clarified in this study. Furthermore, the energy level splitting patterns of the anion and neutral complexes have been studied by multireference ab initio methods, and the X peak splittings observed in the PE spectra only for the middle-range Ln complexes were found to be due to the specific interaction between the Ln 4f and ligand π orbitals of the neutral complexes in e2u symmetry. Because the magnitude of this 4f-ligand interaction depends critically on the final state 4f electron configuration and the spin state, a significant Ln dependence in the PE spectra is explained.

Structural and energetic properties of haloacetonitrile – GeF4 complexes

The 1:1 and 2:1 complexes of FCH2CN and ClCH2CN with GeF4 have been investigated by M06/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations, low-temperature, thin-film IR spectroscopy, and an x-ray structure has been obtained for (FCH2CN)2–GeF4. Theoretical structures and binding energies for FCH2CN–GeF4 and ClCH2CN–GeF4 demonstrate that halogen substitution significantly weakens the Ge-N dative bonds. The Ge-N distances for the F- and Cl-complexes (2.447 and 2.407 Å, respectively) are about 0.2 Å longer than in CH3CN–GeF4, and the binding energies (6.5 and 6.9 kcal/mol) are 2–3 kcal/mol less. Furthermore, the Ge-N potential curves are flatter for the halogenated complexes, exhibit a greater response to dielectric media, and thus these systems are more prone to structural change in condensed-phases. For the 2:1 complexes, experimental and theoretical structure and frequency data are consistent with differences in the (calculated) gas-phase and solid-state structures. For (FCH2CN)2–GeF4 the calculated gas-phase structure has Ge-N distances about 0.3 Å longer those in the x-ray structure (2.366 Å vs. 2.059 Å (ave)). Also, low-temperature IR spectra of CH3CN/GeF4, FCH2CN/GeF4, and ClCH2CN/GeF4 thin films are consistent with the presence of 2:1 nitrile:GeF4 complexes, and the splitting patterns of the GeF-stretching bands (∼700 cm−1) match predictions for the corresponding complexes, but are red-shifted relative to the gas-phase predictions, and reflect Ge-N bonds that are compressed in the solid-state, relative to predicted gas-phase structures.

Exchange interaction in pyrochlore vanadates Lu2V2O7 and Y2V2O7: Ab initio approach

The exchange interaction in vanadates with the pyrochlore structure, namely, Lu2V2O7 and Y2V2O7, has been investigated using the first-principles approach. The isotropic exchange coupling constants have been determined. The calculations have been performed within the unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) approximation, as well as in the framework of the density functional theory (DFT), using hybrid functionals. It has been shown that, in the description of the exchange interaction in the compounds under investigation, the nonlocal Hartree–Fock exchange should be taken into account. The splitting patterns of the 3d1 level of the V4+ ion in the crystal field have been obtained within the model approach. The calculation has been carried out in the approximation of point charges taking into account the spin–orbit interaction. It has been revealed that the “orbital liquid” state cannot be observed in the compounds under investigation, because the exchange interaction energy is significantly less than the energy spacing between the ground state and the first excited state. The orbital ordering has been analyzed, and the spin density maps have been constructed.

Design of transmission-type coding metasurface and its application of beam forming

Transmission-type coding metasurface capable of shaping the transmitted field patterns is introduced in this letter. The metamaterial bits are the basic elements of coding metasurface and are designed as cascaded structures composed of patterned metallic sheets and dielectric substrates. Metasurfaces function as shaping the transmitted field patterns are constructed by assembling those metamaterial bits with different sequences. Experimental studies are carried out at the microwave regime showing required split beam patterns shaped by a fabricated coding metasurface. The measured field characteristics are well agreed with the simulated results. Our work adds another method to design the coding metasurface and exhibits its potential of engineering transmitted electromagnetic field.

Enhancing Privacy and Security in Personalized Web Search

Personalized Web Search is a promising way to improve the accuracy of web search and has been attracting much attention recently. Data classification and prediction using searching are used for many purposes. Privacy and security of Personal information has the more challenging task in web mining. In existing system greedy algorithm is used and it generates decision tree which stores split pattern. If split pattern is disclose then complete tree data can be retrieved. So this can compromise privacy due to which it is unsecured. In proposed system train the system with dataset and calculate the probability of output classes. The probability calculation is personalized to the training dataset and output is secured by providing enhanced privacy. In Proposed Approach, System improve the relevancy and prediction of the information in order to get more accurate result for effective personalized web search. Experimental evaluation shows that, Results obtained by using proposed approach are more precise and relevant than existing approach.

Multi-target trapping in constrained environments using gene regulatory network-based pattern formation

Inspired by the morphogenesis of biological organisms, gene regulatory network-based methods have been used in complex pattern formation of swarm robotic systems. In this article, obstacle information was embedded into the gene regulatory network model to make the robots trap targets with an expected pattern while avoiding obstacles in a distributed manner. Based on the modified gene regulatory network model, an implicit function method was adopted to represent the expected pattern which is easily adjusted by adding extra feature points. Considering environmental constraints (e.g. tunnels or gaps in which robots must adjust their pattern to conduct trapping task), a pattern adaptation strategy was proposed for the pattern modeler to adaptively adjust the expected pattern. Also to trap multiple targets, a splitting pattern adaptation strategy was proposed for diffusively moving targets so that the robots can trap each target separately with split sub-patterns. The proposed model and strategies were verified through a set of simulation with complex environmental constraints and non-consensus movements of targets.

Shear wave anisotropy in northwestern South America and its link to the Caribbean and Nazca subduction geodynamics

To investigate the subduction dynamics in northwestern South America, we measured SKS and slab-related local S splitting at 38 seismic stations. Comparison between the delay times of both phases shows that most of the SKS splitting is due to entrained mantle flow beneath the subducting Nazca and Caribbean slabs. On the other hand, the fast polarizations of local S-waves are consistently aligned with regional faults, which implies the existence of a lithosphere-confined anisotropy in the overriding plate, and that the mantle wedge is not contributing significantly to the splitting. Also, we identified a clear change in SKS fast directions at the trace of the Caldas Tear (∼5°N), which represents a variation in the subduction style. To the north of ∼5°N, fast directions are consistently parallel to the flat subduction of the Caribbean plate-Panama arc beneath South America, while to the south fast polarizations are subparallel to the Nazca-South America subduction direction. A new change in the SKS splitting pattern is detected at ∼2.8°N, which is related to another variation in the subduction geometry marked by the presence of a lithosphere-scale tearing structure, named here as Malpelo Tear; in this region, NE-SW-oriented SKS fast directions are consistent with the general dip direction of the underthrusting of the Carnegie Ridge beneath South America. Further inland, this NE-SW-trending mantle flow continues beneath the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Merida Andes of Venezuela. Finally, our results suggest that the subslab mantle flow in northwestern South America is strongly controlled by the presence of lithospheric tearing structures.

Hoffmann’s conjecture for totally singular forms of prime degree

One of the most significant discrete invariants of a quadratic form $\phi$ over a field $k$ is its (full) splitting pattern, a finite sequence of integers which describes the possible isotropy behaviour of $\phi$ under scalar extension to arbitrary overfields of $k$. A similarly important, but more accessible variant of this notion is that of the Knebusch splitting pattern of $\phi$, which captures the isotropy behaviour of $\phi$ as one passes over a certain prescribed tower of $k$-overfields. In this paper, we determine all possible values of this latter invariant in the case where $\phi$ is totally singular. This includes an extension of Karpenko's theorem (formerly Hoffmann's conjecture) on the possible values of the first Witt index to the totally singular case. Contrary to the existing approaches to this problem (in the nonsingular case), our results are achieved by means of a new structural result on the higher anisotropic kernels of totally singular quadratic forms. Moreover, the methods used here readily generalise to give analogous results for arbitrary Fermat-type forms of degree $p$ over fields of characteristic $p>0$. Related problems concerning the Knebusch splitting of symmetric bilinear forms over fields of characteristic 2 and the full splitting of totally singular quadratic forms are also considered.

Evaluation of the Transverse Displacement of the Proximal Segment After Bilateral Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy With Different Lingual Split Patterns and Advancement Amounts Using the Finite Element Method

To evaluate transverse displacement of the proximal segment after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSO) advancement with different lingual split patterns and advancement amounts and to determine the influential factors related to mandibular width. A 3-dimensional finite element model of the mandible including the temporomandibular joint was created for a presurgical simulation and for BSSO with lingual split patterns I (T1; Hunsuck split) and II (T2; Obwegeser split). The mandible was advanced 3mm (A3) and 8mm (A8) and fixated with a conventional titanium plate. Ansys software was used to measure the linear distances of the interproximal segments and to analyze the transverse displacement distribution of proximal segments after applying the load of masticatory muscle force groups. After surgical simulation, T1A3, T1A8, T2A3, and T2A8 showed increased transverse widths (mean, 2.99, 4.70, 2.36, and 4.42mm, respectively). For transverse augmentation, there was a statistically significant difference between the 2 different mandibular advancement amounts in T1 and in T2 (P ≤ .000), but no significant differences was observed between T1 and T2 (P ≥ .058). The maximum transverse displacement distribution in the proximal segment was measured around the gonial area, and the early contact area was found near the border between the horizontal and sagittal osteotomy lines. Transverse displacements of proximal segments occur after BSSO advancement with T1 and T2 and transverse augmentation has statistically meaningful effects depending on the amount of advancement; however, no differences in transverse augmentation between T1 and T2 were identified. The fulcrum caused by the early contact between the proximal and distal segments could be an influential factor related to mandibular width.

Torsionally mediated spin-rotation hyperfine splittings at moderate to high J values in methanol.

This paper presents an explanation based on torsionally mediated proton-spin-overall-rotation interaction for the observation of doublet hyperfine splittings in some Lamb-dip sub-millimeter-wave transitions between ground-state torsion-rotation states of E symmetry in methanol. These unexpected doublet splittings, some as large as 70 kHz, were observed for rotational quantum numbers in the range of J = 13 to 34, and K = - 2 to +3. Because they increase nearly linearly with J for a given branch, we confined our search for an explanation to hyperfine operators containing one nuclear-spin angular momentum factor I and one overall-rotation angular momentum factor J (i.e., to spin-rotation operators) and ignored both spin-spin and spin-torsion operators, since they contain no rotational angular momentum operator. Furthermore, since traditional spin-rotation operators did not seem capable of explaining the observed splittings, we constructed totally symmetric "torsionally mediated spin-rotation operators" by multiplying the E-species spin-rotation operator by an E-species torsional-coordinate factor of the form e(±niα). The resulting operator is capable of connecting the two components of a degenerate torsion-rotation E state. This has the effect of turning the hyperfine splitting pattern upside down for some nuclear-spin states, which leads to bottom-to-top and top-to-bottom hyperfine selection rules for some transitions, and thus to an explanation for the unexpectedly large observed hyperfine splittings. The constructed operator cannot contribute to hyperfine splittings in the A-species manifold because its matrix elements within the set of torsion-rotation A1 and A2 states are all zero. The theory developed here fits the observed large doublet splittings to a root-mean-square residual of less than 1 kHz and predicts unresolvable splittings for a number of transitions in which no doublet splitting was detected.

The excited spin-triplet state of a charged exciton in quantum dots

We report on spectroscopic studies of resonances related to ladder of states of a charged exciton in single GaAlAs/AlAs quantum dot structures. Polarization-resolved photoluminescence, photoluminescence excitation and photon-correlation measurements were performed at low (T = 4.2 K) temperature also in magnetic field applied in Faraday configuration. The investigated resonances are assigned to three different configurations of a positively charged exciton. Together with a singlet ground state and a conventional triplet state (involving an electron from the ground state electronic s-shell), an excited triplet state, which involved an electron from the excited electronic p-shell was identified in single dots. The appearance of an emission line related to the latter complex is due to a partially suppressed electron relaxation in the investigated dots. An analysis of this emission line allows us to scrupulously determine properties of the excited triplet state and compare them with those of the conventional triplet state. Both triplets exhibit similar patterns of anisotropic fine structure and Zeeman splitting, however their amplitudes significantly differ for those two states. Presented results emphasize the role of the symmetry of the electronic state on the properties of the triplet states of two holes + electron excitonic complex.

Enhanced Broadside Gain of an Ultrawideband Diamond Dipole Antenna Using a Hybrid Reflector

This communication studies the effect of a hybrid reflector on the radiation pattern of an ultrawideband diamond dipole antenna. The cause of a split radiation pattern in the broadside direction appearing when using a uniform artificial-magnetic-conductor-based reflector is investigated and is found to be due to destructive interference in the broadside direction produced by surface currents localized in certain areas of the reflector. A hybrid reflector is then proposed to mitigate this problem using both electrical and magnetic conductors. This solution enhances the gain in the broadside direction of the ultrawideband antenna. A complete antenna with a feeding system and a hybrid reflector has been fabricated and the measurement results are presented.

Three-dimensional fracture pattern analysis of the Obwegeser and Dal Pont bilateral sagittal split osteotomy

The Obwegeser and Dal Pont modification of the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) is a well-established procedure in orthognathic surgery. The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the actual fracture patterns achieved with BSSO by Obwegeser and Dal Pont modification using postoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) datasets from 100 patients. A total of 200 split osteotomies were assessed, which could be categorized into nine different split patterns. Only one of the observed split fractures (0.5%) followed exactly the fracture line described by Obwegeser and Dal Pont, whereas 40% followed the fracture line according to the Hunsuck and Epker modification and 13.5% were seen as unfavourable splits mainly running over the buccal plate. A significant correlation was found between unfavourable buccal splits and both horizontal osteotomies reaching the buccal surface at the dorsal ramus (P=0.001) and a vertical caudal bone cut end at the corpus with a buccal position (P<0.001). These results show that a complete antero-posterior horizontal osteotomy at the mandibular ramus does not lead to the intended fracture pattern, which rebuts the argument of a greater amount of bony overlap using the Obwegeser and Dal Pont modification.