Split-plot Analysis Of Variance Research Articles

Magnetic resonance imaging verification of anterior capsular impingement in the hip joint: A three-dimensional analysis

BackgroundThis study aimed to clarify whether the anterior hip capsular ligament is impinged between the acetabulum and femur during hip flexion or adduction and to determine the difference in the distance between the femur and capsular ligament in healthy adults and those with hip pain. MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging of the hip joint was conducted at the following hip positions: 0° of flexion, 60° of flexion, maximal flexion, and maximal flexion with adduction. A three-dimensional model of the capsular ligament and femur was constructed. The minimal distance between the femur and capsular ligament, termed the capsule-femur distance, was computed. Because a capsule-femur distance of 0 mm indicates contact between the femur and the capsular ligament, that is, capsular impingement, the distance in each position was compared for each group using a one-sample t-test. The capsule-femur distance in the various groups and for different positions was compared using a split-plot analysis of variance. FindingsFifteen healthy individuals and sixteen individuals experiencing hip pain were enrolled. The capsule-femur distance was significantly greater than 0 mm in all positions in both groups, and none of the groups had a capsule-femur distance of 0 mm. The capsule-femur distance was significantly longer in the other positions than in the 0° flexion position, and significantly longer in the hip pain group than in the healthy group. InterpretationCapsular impingement did not occur in either group, even during hip flexion or adduction. Furthermore, the capsule-femur distance was longer in the hip flexion and hip pain groups.

Statistical options for the analysis of in vitro gas production profiles illustrated using rumen liquor as the inoculum

AbstractThe use of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) options for the analysis of in vitro ruminal fermentation gas production profiles is illustrated. Because of the different variances and covariance structures among profile observations, ordinary ANOVA for more than two-time points is not recommended. To mitigate this problem, the Greenhouse–Geisser epsilon correction can be applied to reduce the degrees of freedom, inflated by violation of the sphericity assumption, for F ratio probability calculations. After this correction, the Box–Greenhouse–Geisser ANOVA (modified ANOVA) layout appears similar to the layout of a split-plot design ANOVA with whole plots divided into subplots (incubation time). Any F tests in the main plot part are valid but F tests involving the time factor from the subplot part need modification because time factor, by its very nature, cannot be allocated at random. Application of multivariate ANOVA, distance multivariate ANOVA, ante-dependence and mixed model analysis are also considered. All these options lend themselves to wide application in the applied biological sciences.

Regimes hídricos no desenvolvimento de acessos do gênero Manihot

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to select water deficittolerant accessions of the genus Manihot, through morphological characters under different water regimes. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, using a split-plot arrangement with plots consisting of tree water regimes (simulated rainfall and water depth of 100 and 20% crop evapotranspiration (ETc)), and subplots consisting of eight accessions of the genus Manihot (Gema-de-Ovo and Engana-Ladrão from the species M. esculenta Crantz, and BGMS-115, BGMS-110, BGMS-102, BGMS- 79, BGMS-24, and BGMS-48 from Manihot sp.). The accessions were evaluated considering two crop cycles: the first had 120 and 60 days from the application of the treatments. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf lobe length and shoot dry mass production were evaluated. For each cropping cycle, a split-plot analysis of variance was performed. The highest genotypic means were expressed by the accessions BGMS-115, BGMS-102, BGMS- 79 and BGMS-24 for most of the analyzed variables, regardless of the cultivation cycle. For the characteristic shoot dry mass production, accessions BGMS-102 and BGMS-79 showed the best performances under conditions of limited water regime (20% ETc), regardless of the cropping cycle. Accession BGMS-102 was also grouped in the group with the highest genotypic means, for this trait, in treatments with rain simulation and 100% ETc, in the first cycle, demonstrating that, under stress conditions, this accession is an option to tolerate low water precipitation and responds well when higher precipitation occurs.

Developing Mathematics teachers' attitude towards technology integration through school-based lesson design teams

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the development of Mathematics teachers' attitudes towards technology integration through collaborative lesson design activities as part of professional development.Design/methodology/approachThe pre-and post-test for non-equivalent comparison groups quasi-experiment was adopted as the study design where 125 participants were distributed into three groups in Dar es Salaam – Tanzania. Data analysis was done using gain in scores, t-test, split-plot analysis of variance, and eta-squared.FindingsComparison across groups and between pre-intervention and post-intervention showed that collaborative lesson design activities have more potential to develop Mathematics teachers' attitudes than the isolated implementation of such activities. Relevant recommendations are provided.Practical implicationsThe study offers valuable insights for teacher education especially in-service training focussing on effective ways of developing teachers' competencies especially attitudes towards technology integration.Originality/valueAlthough lesson design studies are prevalent, majority have investigated the development of teachers' knowledge rather than attitude for integrating technology. Additionally, the study sheds light on attitude as a multidimensional construct thereby providing more insight into the subject.

Online Yoga and Ayurveda Intervention as Tertiary Prevention of Psychological Comorbidities in COVID-19 Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

About 56% of symptomatic COVID-19 survivors have been found with neuropsychological comorbidities, such as depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), and impaired quality of life (QoL). Alongside, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, regenerative, immunomodulatory, cardio-pulmonary health promotive, and psychological benefits of yogic and Ayurvedic intervention are well documented. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of online Yoga (OYI) and Yoga cum Ayurveda intervention (OYAI) on COVID-19-induced depression, anxiety, PTSD, and poor QoL. Seventy-two participants (males/females: 33/26) with at least a 3-month back history of symptomatic COVID-19 infection and age (mean ± SD: 32.33 ± 9.9 and 33.04 ± 12.9 for males and females, respectively) were recruited from Patanjali Ayurveda Hospital, Haridwar, India, and All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India, before random allocation into an equal-sized control group (CG), Yoga group (YG) and Yoga cum concoction (YCG) group. Split-plot analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni adjusted post hoc comparisons were computed for normal and nonnormal data using IBM SPSS (25th Version, SPSS South Asia Private Limited, Bangalore, India). Both the treatments-the 30-day OYI and OYAI, significantly improved depression (P < .002, ES: -0.99 and P < .001, ES: -2.11), anxiety (P < .001, ES: -1.32 and -1.89), PTSD (P < .001, ES: -1.8 and -1.83) and QoL related constructs (P < .001, ES: 0.63 and 0.76; 0.71 and 0.93 for each OYI and OYAI versus general health and physical health; P < .001, ES: 0.65 for OYAI versus psychological health; and P < .003, ES: 0.54 for OYI versus environment) of the participants compared to the controls. OYAI may better ameliorate COVID-19-induced psychological comorbidities than OYI with no adverse effects.

The effect of acute high-intensity interval exercise on post-exercise blood pressure in post coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients: a pilot study

Coronary artery disease is the main cause of death worldwide. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a preferred treatment option for multi-vessel disease and left main disease patients. Physical training (recovery) enhances exercise tolerance, an activity of daily living, and quality of life in this patient. For this, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of acute high-intensity interval exercise on post-exercise blood pressure in CABG patients. In this study, all patients underwent open-heart surgery at least 1 month before involvement in the study. All Subjects were included after Medical rigorous screening. Participants carried out two experimental sessions of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and mild continuous exercise (MCE) with a minimum of 72 h intervals: This study employed a randomized, cross-over design, Brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured Immediately before (pre) and after (post) and approximately15 min(post-15) and 30 min (post-30) after each exercise bout. The Split-Plot Analysis of Variance with repeated measures (group × time) was used to analyze the data. Significant post-exercise increases in SBP, and HR were seen following each protocol (p&amp;lt;0.05). Following two bouts, SBP decreased at 15- and 30-min post-exercise in two groups but this decline was more in the HIIE group than MCE. Based on the findings of this study, both high-intensity intermittent and continuous exercise can improve heart function in CABG patients by diminishing BP.

Analysing multivariate storage data of seafood spreads. A case study based on combining split-plot design, principal component analysis and partial least squares predictions

As part of an extended fish product (mixed salmon spread) value chain involving multiple treatment procedures and mixing processes, oxidation and microbial spoilage can be initiated at any number of steps and go on to accelerate product deterioration. This may occur, for example, when salmon rest raw materials are processed to form mixed emulsion products. To investigate the effect of selected variables in the value chain, a model experiment was designed and implemented, consisting of a chain divided into four steps involving fish feed composition, fish processing, fish spread production and storage. By using this case, the objectives of the paper are to 1) show how a complex split-plot design can be analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate statistical analyses, 2) show how an interplay of the methodologies can contribute to improvement in the interpretation and validation of results, and 3) identify the quality markers most affected by the design variables, and then use these to optimise response measurements for different raw material properties. We also propose some new monitoring and control strategies based on the PCA and results obtained. The analysis has indicated in this case that it may be beneficial for the long shelf-life of the spread to use fresh and lean salmon cuts, to store the product under superchilled conditions and to avoid the addition of secondary seafood ingredients. Salmon feed variables do not affect the eating quality of the spreads. The early addition of a smoke component and the rigor status of the salmon at the time of processing had little effect on eating quality. The variables that did not affect eating quality or shelf-life can be optimised based on aspects such as nutritional or health benefits, or production costs. This article demonstrates that PCA is a useful method both for the monitoring of eating quality with storage time, the definition of control limits for product acceptability, and the statistical validation of split-plot ANOVA results. • Identification of significant variables along the mixed salmon spread value chain. • Inability to predict eating quality using measurements taken early in the value chain. • PCA identified as a useful tool for monitoring eating quality development. • PCA identified as a useful tool for validating split-plot ANOVA results.

The Physiologic and Emotional Effects of 360-Degree Video Simulation on Head-Mounted Display Versus In-Person Simulation: A Noninferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial.

A key simulation component is its capability to elicit physiological changes, improving recall. The primary aim was to determine whether parasympathetic responses to head-mounted display simulations (HMDs) were noninferior to in-person simulations. The secondary aims explored sympathetic and affective responses and learning effectiveness. The authors conducted a noninferiority trial. Hospital providers who did not use chronotropic medications, have motion sickness, or have seizures were included. The authors randomized participants to in-person or HMD simulation. Biometric sensors collected respiratory sinus arrhythmia and skin conductance levels to measure parasympathetic and sympathetic states at baseline, during, and after the simulation. Affect was measured using a schedule. The authors measured 3-month recall of learning points and used split-plot analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U tests to analyze. One hundred fifteen participants qualified, and the authors analyzed 56 in each group. Both groups experienced a significant change in mean respiratory sinus arrhythmia from baseline to during and from during to afterward. The difference of change between the groups from baseline to during was 0.134 (95% confidence interval = 0.142 to 0.410, P = 0.339). The difference of change from during the simulation to after was -0.060 (95% confidence interval = -0.337 to 0.217, P = 0.670). Noninferiority was not established for either period. Sympathetic arousal did not occur in either group. Noninferiority was not established for the changes in affect that were demonstrated. The mean scores of teaching effectiveness and achievement scores were not different. Although a parasympathetic and affective response to the video simulation on an HMD did occur, it was not discernibly noninferior to in-person in this study.

Building Mathematics Teachers’ TPACK Through Collaborative Lesson Design Activities

Developing teachers’ competencies in technology integration has recently been one of the areas of attention in teacher training. This paper presents an investigation of the development of mathematics teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) through collaborative lesson design activities. The study employed a pre and post-test for non-equivalent groups quasi-experiment with three groups. Participants were secondary school mathematics teachers from Dar es Salaam -Tanzania who responded to a TPACK questionnaire before and after the intervention. Group 1 participated in collaborative lesson design teams to integrate technology and implemented the designed lesson in the classroom. Group 2 participated in lesson planning and implementation and group 3 operated conventionally. Using paired sample t-test, although all groups appear to have improved their TPACK significantly, the effect size was large for group 1 and group 2 only. When the comparison between groups and across the two points of time for data collection was done using the split-plot analysis of variance, it was found that group 1 improved the most in TPACK. These finding favoured the use of collaborative lesson designs in school-based teacher design teams. The study recommends that professional development needs to be authentic by involving teachers in routine professional activities, optimizing their peer teams to support each other within the real school contexts.

Enhanced long-term dietary change and adherence in a nutrigenomics-guided lifestyle intervention compared to a population-based (GLB/DPP) lifestyle intervention for weight management: results from the NOW randomised controlled trial

BackgroundAdherence to nutritional guidelines for chronic disease prevention and management remains a challenge in clinical practice. Innovative strategies are needed to help optimise dietary behaviour change.ObjectiveThe objective of this study...

Agreement Among Paper and Electronic Modes of the EQ-5D-5L.

IntroductionWhile the EQ-5D-5L has been migrated to several electronic modes, evidence supporting the measurement equivalence of the original paper-based instrument to the electronic modes is limited.ObjectivesThis study was designed to comprehensively examine the equivalence of the paper and electronic modes (i.e., handheld, tablet, interactive voice response [IVR], and web).MethodsAs part of the foundational work for this study, the test–retest reliability of the paper-based, UK English format of the EQ-5D-5L was assessed using a single-group, single-visit, two-period, repeated-measures design. To compare paper and electronic modes, three independent samples were recruited into a three-period crossover study. Each participant was assigned to one of six groups to account for order effects. Descriptive statistics, mean differences (i.e., split-plot analysis of variance [ANOVA]), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated.ResultsThe test–retest results showed mean differences near zero and ICC values > 0.90 for both the index and the EQ VAS scores. For the electronic comparisons, mean difference confidence intervals (CIs) for the EQ-5D index scores and EQ VAS scores reflected equivalence of the means across all modes, as the CIs were wholly contained inside the equivalence interval. Further, the ICC 95% lower CIs for the index and EQ VAS scores showed values above the thresholds for denoting equivalence across all comparisons in each sample. No significant mode-by-order interactions were present in any ANOVA model.ConclusionsOverall, our comparisons of the paper, screen-based, and phone-based formats of the EQ-5D-5L provided substantial evidence to support the measurement equivalence of these modes of data collection.

The Effect of Nurse Home-Support Program on Self-Management of Patients Receiving Oral Anticoagulation (Warfarin) Therapy.

AimWarfarin, which is widely used for preventing thromboembolic events, can cause major and minor side effects. The aim of this trial is to evaluate the effect of nurse home-support program on self-management of patients receiving warfarin therapy.MethodA randomized, controlled trial was conducted using 36 selected and eligible patients who had 12-month home-visit follow-ups. The bleeding risk score, potential and preventable warfarin-related complications, patients’ self-management behaviors, and anticoagulation satisfaction were examined. Data analyses were performed using parametric and nonparametric tests, split-plot analysis of variance, multiple regression analysis, and Bland and Altman plots test.ResultsThe bleeding risk score was an effective variable for assessing patient satisfaction (p<0.05). The self-management group demonstrated decreased bleeding risk at the end of the trial. The Duke Anticoagulation Satisfaction Scale mean score represents a statistically significant improvement in the self-management group (p<0.05). Patients’ self-management behaviors improved significantly in the self-management group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The number of international normalized ratio values within the target range was significantly higher in the self-management group (174/432) than in the control group (82/432). The self-management group showed significant reductions in both thromboembolic events.ConclusionThis trial demonstrated evidence that use of nursing home care is effective in developing self-management behaviors, improving patient satisfaction, and preventing complications in patients receiving warfarin therapy. This model could be easily adopted and implemented by home care services and health organizations.

Piano-accompanied solfège reading experiences of preservice music teachers

This study examines how piano-accompanied solfège reading practices of preservice music teachers ( N = 28) affect their performance on their musical hearing, reading, and writing (MHRW) classes. A pretest–posttest design with control groups was employed. The data were analyzed by 2 × 2 split-plot analysis of variance (ANOVA) and one-way ANOVA. Consequently, a significant difference was not found between the MHRW performance scores of the experimental and control groups. An analysis of mean performance scores revealed that the scores received by the control group were higher than those of the experimental group after the practice. Follow-up interviews that were held with 14 students after the experimental implementation revealed that students believed piano-accompanied courses were more useful, and they felt more comfortable with piano accompaniment. Although MHRW performance scores indicated that piano-accompanied solfège reading practices did not have a significant effect on preservice music teachers’ MHRW performances, it helped them participate in courses more enthusiastically.

Effect of Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda citri-folia L.) in CitrateYolk Diluent on The Boer Goat Spermatozoa Motility Stored at Temperature 5℃

This study was conducted to determine the best level of noni fruit extract (Morinda citrifoliaL) addition into citrate-yolk extender on the motility of boer goats spermatozoa preserved at 5℃. Semen was collected using artificial vagina once a week from 1 healthy male aged ±7 years,. The treatments were citrateyolk administrated by noni fruit extracts (P0: 0 g, P1: 2 g/100 ml, P2: 4 g/100 ml, P3: 6 g/100 ml, P4: 8 g/100 ml) and stored at 5℃. The parameters were motility spermatozoa percentage. Observations were made at 2, 24, 48, 72 96 hours after refrigeration. The data obtained was analyzed with split plot analysis of variance (ANOVA) follo wed by Duncan test. The average percentage of sperm motility after refrigated for 96 hours in the groups P0; P1; P2; P3; and P4 respectively was 24,20±0,83%; 34,40±4,61%; 40,20±5,71%; 14,64±21,63%; and 9,54±21,33%. The results showed that giving of noni fruit extract significantly affected (p&lt;0,05) on the percentage of motility spermatozoa of boer goat after refrigeration. It was concluded that the administration of 4 g/100 ml noni fruit extract in citrateyolk after stored at 5℃ resulted a greater sperm motility for up to 96 hours.

Effects of flipped teaching method integrated with corrective feedback on EFL learners' grammar learning and retention

This study investigates the effects of the flipped teaching method (FTM) while using two types of corrective feedback (CF), explicit and implicit. A total of 80 Iranian EFL learners participated in the study. Of the participants, 40 studied grammar using the FTM, and the other 40 in a traditional manner. Each group was divided into two groups of 20 receiving different types of CF (explicit vs. implicit). The data were collected over time through three achievement tests (pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 3-week follow-up). A split-plot analysis of variance (SPANOVA) revealed a significant main effect for time and feedback types in the flipped classes. In the traditional classes, although time had a significant impact, the effect of feedback type was not significant. In terms of the integrated effect of feedback and method, it was found that flipped teaching integrated with explicit feedback was beneficial, yielding a significant improvement in students' grammar learning and retention over time.

Effectiveness of Counseling on Chronic Pain Management in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders.

To evaluate the effectiveness of counseling on pain intensity and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients. Fifty female patients diagnosed with TMD were divided into two groups: a group of waiting list patients (control group) and a group of patients who received counseling therapy (experimental group) involving education about etiologic factors, avoidance of parafunctional habits, and sleep, as well as dietary advice. All patients were evaluated at baseline and 7, 15, 30, and 60 days later. Patients reported pain intensity using a visual analog scale (VAS), and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was used to assess the impact of pain on OHRQoL. Statistical analyses were performed using the split-plot analysis of variance (SPANOVA) design, with post hoc Student t tests for independent samples and for dependent samples, adopting a significance level of P < .05. The control group consisted of 24 female patients with a mean age of 39.96 ± 13.93 years, and the experimental group consisted of 26 female patients with a mean age of 35.15 ± 10.78 years. Counseling was considered effective for reducing pain intensity, with a significant improvement observed at 7 days (P < .001). Counseling was also responsible for a significant improvement in the impact of TMD on OHRQoL at all follow-up time points analyzed (P < .001). When comparing the groups, a significant difference was observed for both pain intensity and TMD impact on OHRQoL during follow-up (P < .05). Counseling seems to significantly improve pain and OHRQoL in patients.

Effect of Heavy Metals Contamination from Cigarette Smoke on Sound and Caries-Like Enamel.

In this study, we sought to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoke and pH cycling on the chemical composition and surface/cross-sectional enamel microhardness. A total of 40 dental blocks obtained from bovine incisors were divided into four groups (n=10): no treatment (control); exposure to cigarette smoke (CS); exposure to pH cycling (PC); and exposure to cigarette smoke and pH cycling (CS-PC). The samples were analyzed by synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence, bench mode X-ray fluorescence, as well as surface microhardness (SMH) and cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) testing. The SMH results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. The CSMH results were evaluated using split-plot ANOVA and Tukey's test. A high amount of Cd and Pb and traces of Ni and As were observed in enamel and dentin after exposure to cigarette smoke (CS and CS-PC). The SMH and CSMH of CS were statistically higher when compared with the control. The PC and CS-PC showed lower SMH and CSMH. We conclude that exposure to cigarette smoke promoted heavy metal deposition in enamel/dentin. In addition, it increased the enamel microhardness but did not promote a protective effect on the in vitro development of caries. The clinical significance of this work is that there is significant bioaccumulation of heavy metals from cigarette smoke on the surface and in the enamel and dentin.

Clinical research coordinators' instructional preferences for competency content delivery.

A lack of standardized clinical research coordinator (CRC) training programs requires determining appropriate approaches for content delivery. The purpose of this study was to assess CRCs preferred training delivery methods related to the 8 designated Joint Task Force Clinical Trial Competency domains. Repeated measures analysis of variance and split-plot analysis of variance were adopted to compare the group means among 5 training delivery methods by 8 competency content domains and to examine whether demographic variables caused different preference patterns on the training delivery methods. Participants reported a preference for online video; mentoring/coaching was the least preferred. Significant training delivery method preferences were reported for 3 content domains: participant safety considerations, medicines development and regulation, and clinical trials operations. Observed statistical differences in the training delivery methods by the content domains provides guidance for program development. Ensuring that standardized educational training is aligned with the needs of adult learners may help ensure that CRCs are appropriately prepared for the workforce.

Effect of Mouth Rinse Treatments on Bleached Enamel Properties, Surface Morphology, and Tooth Color.

To evaluate, in vitro, the effect of mouth rinse exposure on bleached enamel. Enamel/dentin bovine blocks (4×4×2 mm) were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and were submitted to immersion twice daily for 14 days with different rinses (n=10), including those involving: distilled water (C [control]), 225-ppm NaF (FM, Colgate Plax Classic), essential oil (EM, Listerine Tartar Control), 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HPM, Colgate Plax Whitening), and 2% hydrogen peroxide, pyrophosphates, and 225-ppm NaF (HPM+P, Colgate® Luminous White). The specimens were stored in a remineralizing solution during all experiments. Analyses of color (ΔE, L*, a*, b*) and roughness (Ra) were performed at the baseline, after HP, and after exposure to the rinse. The cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) and images by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were assessed at the end. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) (ΔE), repeated measures ANOVA (Ra), and split-plot ANOVA (CSMH), followed by the Tukey test. The L*, a*, and b* values were analyzed by generalized linear models (α=0.05). Color changes were not statistically different in the groups. Ra increased in all groups after bleaching; however, it was reestablished in C, FM, and HPM+F and increased in EM after 14 days of the rinse. EM and HPM reduced the CSMH values differing from C and promoted alterations on the enamel surface visualized by SEM. The mouth rinses did not affect the whitening efficacy or promote benefits on bleached enamel properties. Moreover, the 1.5% hydrogen peroxide- or essential oil-based mouth rinses affected the bleached enamel properties, promoting an alteration in morphologic surface and mineral loss in depth.

The influence of sleep hygiene education on sleep in professional rugby league athletes

ObjectiveTo examine the usefulness of sleep hygiene education on the sleep of professional rugby league athletes during a 10-week period of the competitive season. DesignCase study. ParticipantsTwenty-four professional rugby league athletes. MeasurementsInitially, participants were monitored for a 2-week period using wrist activity monitors allowing baseline estimation of sleep. Following this, 12 athletes attended two 30-minute sleep hygiene education seminars delivered over successive weeks, whereas the remaining 12 athletes received no education. Sleep was monitored in all athletes across the 2-week education period and for a 2-week period 1 month following the end of education. Split-plot analysis of variance and paired t tests were used to examine differences in sleep across the duration of the investigation. ResultsAn initial sleep hygiene education seminar resulted in an earlier bedtime (effect size [ES] = 0.53 ± 0.48), more time in bed (ES = 0.53 ± 0.49), and increased sleep duration (ES = 0.47 ± 0.44). A second sleep hygiene education seminar resulted in more time in bed (ES = 0.84 ± 0.50) but a reduction in sleep efficiency (ES = 1.15 ± 0.48). One month following sleep hygiene education, sleep behavior was comparable to that observed at baseline. ConclusionThis study shows that sleep hygiene education can lead to positive changes in sleep behavior. However, changes in sleep from education may not be sustained following the initial intervention.