Split-plot Analysis Of Variance Research Articles

Empowering Latino families: Effects of a culturally responsive intervention for low‐income immigrant Latino parents on children's behaviors and parental stress

AbstractThis randomized, controlled study examined the effectiveness of Child Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) in school settings with 48 low‐income Latino immigrant parents whose children were identified with behavioral concerns. Results from a 2 (group) × 2 (measures) split plot analysis of variance indicated that parents who participated in 11 weeks of CPRT reported statistically significant decreases (p < .001) in child behavior problems and parent–child relationship stress. Large treatment effects were demonstrated for all dependent variables. Clinical significance of findings and cultural considerations are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Investigation on the effects of ciclosporin (Atopica) on intradermal test reactivity and allergen‐specific immunoglobulin (IgE) serology in atopic dogs

The ability to use ciclosporin (Atopica®: Novartis Animal Health, Greensboro, NC, USA) prior to intradermal testing (IDT) would help avoid exacerbation of clinical disease that can be associated with drug withdrawal. This study evaluated the effects of 30 days of administration of ciclosporin at a dose of 5 mg/kg once daily on IDT reactivity (immediate phase reactions) in a group of dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) with initial positive IDT reactions. 16 dogs diagnosed with AD were included in the study. Eight dogs (group A) were treated with ciclosporin orally at 5 mg/kg once daily for 30 days. Eight dogs (group P) were treated with a placebo orally once daily for 30 days. IDT was performed at day 0 and day 30 on all dogs enrolled using a standardized panel of 45 aqueous allergens (Greer Laboratories, Lenoir, NC, USA) appropriate to our geographical region. IDT reactivity was assessed by both subjective and objective methods at 15 min post-intradermal injection. Serum for allergen-specific immunoglobulin (IgE) serology was obtained at day 0 and day 30. The study was designed as a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Data were analysed using a split-plot analysis of variance with the grouping factor of treatment and the repeat factor of time (SAS System for Windows). At week 4, ciclosporin did not have a statistically significant effect on IDT reactivity or serology results. It therefore appears that, no withdrawal is recommended to evaluate immediate phase reactions.

Determining the subjective and physiological effects of BZP on human females

"Party pills" containing benzylpiperazine (BZP) used to be widely and legally available as recreational drugs in New Zealand. There are only two published trials on human subjects (1973), which suggested that 100 mg of BZP produced subjective and physiological effects similar to 10 mg of dexamphetamine. The purpose of this study is to further investigate the subjective and physiological responses to BZP in females. In a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study, the subjective and physiological effects of BZP were investigated in 27 healthy, right-handed non-smoking females (mean age 22 +/- 3 years). Two groups were tested before and approximately 120 minutes after administration of a single oral dose of either 200 mg BZP (n = 14) or placebo (n = 13). Participants were required to comment on the subjective effects of BZP using three rating scales-the Addiction Centre for Research Inventory, the Profile of Mood States and the Visual Analogue Scale. Participants' blood pressure, heart rate and temperature were also measured. Statistical analysis using a split-plot analysis of variance and t tests revealed that BZP significantly increases blood pressure and heart rate (p < 0.05) Likewise, the subjective reports revealed that BZP has significant stimulant effects, increases euphoria and dysphoria and increases sociability and drug liking (p < 0.05). Physiological and subjective data reflected a clear similarity between the effects of BZP and those of other commonly known stimulants such as amphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.

Time to a 90% Change in Gas Concentration: A Comparison of Three Semi-Closed Anesthesia Breathing Systems

The speed with which gas concentration can be changed in the anesthesia breathing system affects the rate of denitrogenation, anesthesia induction, and emergence. Breathing system design also affects the speed at which gas concentration can be changed during maintenance. In this study, we sought to determine the speed of changes in gas concentration in modern semi-closed breathing systems. We hypothesized that equilibrium would be reached most quickly in breathing systems with smaller volume, and at high fresh gas flows. Three anesthesia workstations were studied in vitro: the ADU (Datex-Ohmeda, now a division of GE Medical, Madison, WI), the Fabius GS with a COSY-1 breathing system (Draeger Medical, Telford, PA), and the Aestiva (Datex-Ohmeda, now a division of GE Medical, Madison, WI). The breathing systems were connected to a test lung and ventilated with air. The fresh gas flow was then changed to oxygen at rates of 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 L/min, and times to 50%, 63%, 66%, 75%, and 90% change in oxygen concentration within the test lung were recorded. Ten trials were performed for each breathing system, at each fresh gas flow. The results were analyzed with a split-plot analysis of variance followed by post hoc tests with a Bonferroni correction. At flows of 6 or 8 L/min, times to equilibration did not differ among the three breathing systems. At flows of 1 to 2 L/min, the gas concentration changed faster with the ADU than with the Aestiva or Fabius (P < 0.001). At 4 L/min, the ADU was faster than Aestiva (P < 0.001), but not Fabius. We concluded that, other than fresh gas flow rate, breathing system volume has the biggest effect on time to equilibrium when the composition of the fresh gas inflow is changed. The position of components (e.g., valves, carbon dioxide absorber, fresh gas inlet, ventilator bellows or piston) within the breathing system has a less pronounced effect.

Short- and Long-Term Vegetation Change Related to Grazing Systems, Precipitation, and Mesquite Cover

Rangeland scientists struggle with how long rangeland experiments must continue in order to detect treatment effects, particularly in semiarid ecosystems characterized by slow responses and high spatiotemporal variability. We compared changes in eight grass and three shrub categories to grazing systems (yearlong vs. seasonal rotation with equivalent long-term stocking rates), and covariates (precipitation and mesquite [Prosopis velutina] gradients) over 12 yr (1972–1984) and 34 yr (1972–2006) on the Santa Rita Experimental Range, Arizona. We used split-plot analysis of variance, with year as the split, to make these comparisons. Grazing systems did not influence plant dynamics as shown by the lack of grazing system by year effect on all response variables in either time period. The absence of a detectable grazing effect on vegetation changes may be due to overriding influences of grazing intensity, pasture size, precipitation variability, and few replicates. Also, more time may be needed to detect the small accumulating and potentially temporary effects from grazing systems. The grazing system main effects present at the beginning and throughout the study suggest that pastures assigned to each grazing system had different potentials to support vegetation. Nearly twice the number of response variables were related to the precipitation covariate than to mesquite cover, but only about half of all the relationships were consistent between time periods. The struggle to know how long to observe before detecting a grazing system effect was not resolved with the additional 22 yr of observation because we cannot definitively reject that either more time is needed to detect small but cumulative effects or that the two grazing systems are not different.

Impact of Group Sandtray Therapy on the Self-Esteem of Young Adolescent Girls

The effectiveness of group sandtray therapy was examined using a pretest-posttest control group design with young adolescent girls (n = 37) identified as having low self-esteem. A split-plot analysis of variance (SPANOVA) revealed statistically significant differences between participants in the treatment and control groups in self-esteem on five of the six subscales of the Self-Perception Profile for Children. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Individual Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Anger

There is growing evidence for the efficacy of programs to reduce inappropriate aggression in people with intellectual disabilities. These have been provided in groups and for individuals in forensic settings. People with intellectual disability and inappropriately expressed anger who were referred to a community psychology service were assigned to either individual intervention or a waiting list control. Participants were assessed both before and after treatment using an anger provocation inventory. Improvements were found in the scores obtained on the Anger Inventory for those receiving individual treatment when compared with the control group using a 2-by-2 split plot Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). These results suggest that individual cognitive behavioral intervention may be an effective treatment option in community settings.

Efeitos do Tai Chi Chuan na força dos músculos extensores dos joelhos e no equilíbrio em idosas

BACKGROUND: Some studies have indicated that Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is capable of improving physical fitness, muscle strength and balance in elderly people. This improvement could prevent falls, fractures and physical dependence. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of TCC on balance and knee extensor muscle strength among elderly women. METHODS: Seventy-seven healthy women who were not engaged in any guided physical activity participated in this study. There were 38 volunteers (68 ± 5 years) in the Experimental Group and 39 volunteers (69 ± 7 years) in the Control Group. The Experimental Group practiced 24-movement Yang-style TCC for 12 weeks, consisting of 50-minute sessions three times per week. The Control Group did not perform any guided physical activities. Strength was measured using the one maximum repetition test in an extensor chair and balance was evaluated using the unipodal support test with the eyes closed. The statistical analysis consisted of the normality test, split-plot analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The Experimental Group presented increases of 17.83% in knee extensor muscle strength and 26.10% in balance. The Control Group did not show any significant changes in these variables. No significant correlation was observed between these two variables in the Experimental (r= 0.09; p= 0.554) or in the Control Groups (r= 0.07; p= 0.660). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that TCC improves knee extensor muscle strength and balance among elderly women. However, knee extensor muscle strength was not necessarily linked to balance in this activity.

Growth response of major USA cowpea cultivars: II. Effect of salinity on leaf gas exchange

In an effort to elucidate the physiological processes involved in cowpea differential growth response of four major USA cowpea cultivars (CB5, CB27, 8517 and 7964) to increasing salinity, we investigated the effect of salinity on leaf gas exchange of net photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass (Pnm) and per unit leaf area (Pna), and stomatal conductance (gs) of the four cowpea cultivars. The experiment was set up as a standard split-plot design in which cowpea plants were grown in greenhouse sand tanks irrigated with nutrient solutions. Seven salinities ranging from 2.6 to 20.5 dS m −1 were constructed based on Colorado River water salt composition with NaCl, CaCl 2 and MgSO 4 as the salinization salts. Light-saturated Pnm, Pna and gs of fully expanded trifoliage were examined at the vegetative growth and flowering stages, and the data were analyzed using a split-plot analysis of variance (ANOVA) model. We found a highly significant ( P ≤ 0.0001) reduction of Pnm, Pna and gs due to salinity. The responses of Pnm, Pna and gs to salinity could be further described by a general model of log( y) = a 1 + a 2 x + a 3 x 2, where y represents either Pnm, Pna, or gs; a 1, a 2 and a 3, empirical constants; x, salinity. We found that Pnm was more sensitive to salinity than Pna. Additionally, we found that increasing stomatal closure with increasing salinity might limit Pnm or Pna. While we did not find any significant difference ( P > 0.05) of Pnm and Pna among the four cultivars, we did find a significant difference ( P ≤ 0.05) in gs. No significant salt × cultivar interaction effect ( P > 0.05) was found with Pnm, Pna and gs indicating that the four cowpea cultivars have the same response pattern of their leaf gas exchange to salinity.

Genomic Survey of Gene Expression Diversity inArabidopsis thaliana

Differential gene expression controls variation in numerous plant traits, such as flowering time and plant/pest interactions, but little is known about the genomic distribution of the determinants of transcript levels and their associated variation. Affymetrix ATH1 GeneChip microarrays representing 22,810 genes were used to survey the transcriptome of seven Arabidopsis thaliana accessions in the presence and absence of exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA). These accessions encompassed approximately 80% of the moderate- to high-frequency nucleotide polymorphisms in Arabidopsis. A factorial design, consisting of three biological replicates per accession for the two treatments at three time points (4, 28, and 52 hr post-treatment), and a total of 126 microarrays were used. Between any pair of Arabidopsis accessions, we detected on average 2234 genes (ranging from 1428 to 3334) that were significantly differentially expressed under the conditions of this experiment, using a split-plot analysis of variance. Upward of 6433 genes were differentially expressed between at least one pair of accessions. These results suggest that analysis of additional genetic, developmental, and environmental conditions may show that a significant fraction of the Arabidopsis genome is differentially expressed. Examination of sequence diversity demonstrated a significant positive association with diversity in gene expression.

Statistical analysis of modified complete randomized designs:applications to chemo-orientation studies

Often experimental scientists employ a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to study the effect of treatments on different subjects. Under a 'complete randomization', the order of the apparatus setups within each block, including all replications of each treatment across all subjects, is completely randomized. However, in many experimental settings complete randomization is impractical due to the cost involved in re-adjusting the device to administer a new treatment. One typically resorts to a type of 'restricted randomization', in which multiple subjects are tested under each treatment before the apparatus is re-adjusted. The order of the treatments as well as the assignment of subjects to each block are random. If the data obtained under any type of restricted randomization are treated as if the data were collected under an RCBD with complete randomization within each block, then there is potential to increase the risk of false positives (Type I error). This is of concern to animal orientation studies and other areas such as chemical ecology where it is impractical to reset the experimental device for each subject tested. The goal of the research presented in this article is twofold: (1) to demonstrate the consequences of constructing an F-statistic based on a mean square error for testing the significance of treatment effects under the restricted randomization; (2) to describe an alternative method, based on split-plot analysis of variance, to analyze designed experiments that yield better power under the restricted randomization. The statistical analyses of simulated experiments and data involving virgin male Periplaneta americana substantiate the benefits of the alternative approach under the restricted randomization. The methodology and analysis employed for the simulated experiment is equally applicable to any organism or artificial agent tested under a restricted randomization protocol.

Statistical tests for QTL and QTL-by-environment effects in segregating populations derived from line crosses

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies in plants frequently employ phenotypic data on a population of lines (doubled haploid lines, recombinant inbred lines, etc.) tested in multiple environments. An important feature of such data is the genetic correlation among observations on the same genotype in different environments. Detection of QTL-by-environment interaction requires tests which take this correlation into account. In this article, a comparison was made of the properties of several such tests by means of simulation. The results indicate that a split-plot analysis of variance (ANOVA), being an approximate method, tends to be too liberal under departures from the Huynh-Feldt condition. A standard two-way ANOVA, which ignores genetic correlation, yields inappropriate tests and should be avoided. In contrast, mixed model approaches as well as univariate and multivariate repeated-measures ANOVA yield valid results. This supports the use of a flexible mixed model framework in more complex settings, which are difficult to tackle by repeated-measures ANOVA. .

The breaking of seed dormancy of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray.) by treatment with gibberellic acid and smoke water solution

Guayule seed exhibits poor germination due to natural dormancy that can last from six- to twelve months after seed-set. In an attempt to stimulate seed germination, four guayule seed lines (AZ101, AZ-3, N565 and 11591) were treated with smoke water as well as gibberellic acid, both separately and in combination. The split-plot analyses of variance showed no significant interaction between cultivar and treatment factors (P = 0.71), but when the time factor was included interaction was highly significant (P < 0.0001), indicating that some treatments influenced the rate of germination. Seeds of cultivar AZ-3 treated with the smoke water-gibberellic acid mixture required the shortest number of days for maximum germination to occur. However, treatment of seeds with gibberellic acid resulted in the highest germination of seeds of all four cultivars. These results showed that guayule seed can be stimulated to germinate faster and better by treatment with gibberellic acid and/or smoke water solutions.

Different aerobics exercise’s intensities in overweight men’s fat free mass

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 14 wks of high intensity versus moderate intensity aerobics exercise of equal work output on fat free mass (FFM) in overweight men (BMI between 25 - 29.9 kg/m 2 ). Sixteen sedentary military men (18 - 33 yrs) were randomized in 2 equal groups (n = 8): 1) moderate intensity exercise (MIG; 60 - 70% of their maximum heart rate-HR max ), and 2) high intensity exercise (HIG; 75 - 90% HR max ). The aerobics exercise (jogging/running) training program was performed three days/ wk. The jogging/running distance was 3-km during the fi rst 5 wks and 4-km during the last 9 wks. Relative body fat (%BF) was assessed by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (Lunar DPX - IQ). To better control internal validity all the subjects slept and had their meals inside the military base. Signifi cant differences between and within the groups were analyzed using a two-way split-plot analysis of variance (SPANOVA). Statistical signifi cance was accepted at an alpha level of p< 0.05. Although, there was a decrease in FFM on both groups, there were no signifi cant differences on LBM between after de treatment. After the 14 wks of the aerobics exercise program the mean FFM of the HIG signifi cantly (p< 0.05) decreased to 55.09 ± 3.03 kg (D = 2.49 kg). The decrease in mean LBM (D = 1.39 kg) in the MIG was also signifi cant (p < 0.05). Therefore, the results suggest that the aerobics physical exercise of moderate intensity (60 to 70% HR max ) and high intensity (75 to 90% HR max ) it seems to induce FFM loss in individuals with physical characteristics similar to the present study.

Persistence of differences between sheep in methane emission under generous grazing conditions

Four low and four high methane (CH4) emitters were selected from a flock of 20 Romney sheep on the basis of CH4 production rates per unit of intake, measured at grazing using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique. Methane emissions from these sheep were monitored at grazing for four periods (P): October, November, January and February 1999/2000. All measurements were carried out on perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture under generous herbage allowance, and the sheep were maintained on similar pastures during non-measurement periods. The tracer technique was used for all the CH4 measurements and feed DM intake was calculated from total faecal collection and estimated DM digestibility. Data for liveweight (LW), gross energy intake (GEI) and CH4 emission were analysed using split-plot analysis of variance. In addition, a between-period rank order correlation analysis was carried out for CH4 emission data.Low CH4 emitters were heavier (P&lt;0·05) than the high emitters in all the periods, but they did not differ (P&lt;0·05) in their gross energy intakes (GEI: MJ/kg LW0·75). Low and high CH4 emitters consistently maintained their initial rankings in CH4 yield (% GEI) throughout the subsequent periods and the correlation analysis of rank order for CH4 yield showed strong between-period correlation coefficients, although this was weaker in the last period. It is suggested that feeding conditions that maximize feed intake (e.g. generous allowance of good quality pasture under grazing) favour the expression and persistence of between-sheep differences in CH4 yield.

Effects of Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on Growth and Seed Production of Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmengin (Scrophulariaceae)

Abstract The impact of the ovary-feeding beetle Brachypterolus pulicarius on the growth and reproduction of Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria genistifolia spp. dalmatica, was evaluated in greenhouse and field experiments. Studies were conducted with paired plants (with and without B. pulicarius) in the greenhouse and field. Plants from three different age groups (3, 6, and 12 months old) were used. Results of both split-plot analysis of variance and path coefficient analysis indicated that B. pulicarius feeding reduced the height of Dalmatian toadflax plants by up to 23 cm; increased the number of primary and secondary branches by 77 and 95%, respectively; reduced the number of flowers produced per plant by 44 to 49%; and decreased seed production by 43 to 93%. Brachypterolus pulicarius affects reproduction allocation, seed production, and dispersal and may reduce the potential for rapid adaptation by Dalmatian toadflax because fewer seeds will limit the chance of successful mutations. Therefore, B. pulicarius may prove to be an important component in the integrated weed management of Dalmatian toadflax.

Seminal plasma addition attenuates the dilution effect in bovine sperm

Dilution of semen to low cell numbers/dose can result in a bull-dependent reduction in the post-thaw viability of cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa. It is possible that essential seminal plasma components are lacking at the greater dilution rates, thereby contributing to the deleterious effects of semen dilution. Ejaculates of 6 Holstein bulls were diluted to 120 × 10 6 sperm/mL in an egg yolk citrate extender (EYC). Split samples were further diluted to 80, 40, 20 and 4 × 10 6 sperm/mL in EYC extender with (+SP) and without (−SP) the addition of frozen/thawed seminal plasma previously obtained from a vasectomized bull. Serial dilutions for the +SP treatments were calculated and performed such that each dilution contained a volume of seminal plasma equal to the original 120 × 10 6 sperm/mL dilution. Samples were then loaded into 0.5-mL French straws yielding final sperm concentrations of 30, 20, 10, 5 and 1 × 10 6/dose. Straws from each dilution were analyzed using 2 stain combinations: the sperm viability stain, SYBR-14 and propidium iodide (PI); or the mitochondrial-specific, membrane potential-dependent stain JC-1 along with PI. Split-plot analysis of variance indicated that within bulls, there were greater proportions of viable spermatozoa in aliquots containing added seminal plasma than in aliquots without added seminal plasma (P < 0.05). Contrast analyses showed that sperm viability significantly decreased as sperm concentration decreased in the −SP samples. Although the dilution effect was also observed in the +SP samples, the magnitude of the effect was less than in the −SP samples. At most sperm concentrations, the proportions of spermatozoa that stained with JC-1 were correlated (r > 0.84; P < 0.05) with the percentages of SYBR-14 stained spermatozoa. Furthermore, the proportions of JC-1-stained spermatozoa were greater in the +SP aliquots than in the −SP samples at a concentration of 10 × 10 6 sperm/0.5 mL. These results suggest that the addition of seminal plasma can be beneficial to sperm viability when semen is diluted to low cell numbers/dose.

Response of Planted Ponderosa Pine Seedlings to Weed Control by Herbicide in Western Montana

Abstract The effects of competing herbaceous vegetation on the growth of ponderosa pine seedlings with and without the herbicide Pronone were characterized in this 1987-1990 study. Study areas were established in 36 plantations across western Montana on Champion International Corporation's timberland (currently owned by Plum Creek Timber Company). The study sites were divided into three precipitation classes: low, medium, and high. Mean percent stem volume growth was calculated for 3 yr by precipitation class. Split-plot analyses of variance for precipitation class, treatment, and interaction were conducted across sites between treated and untreated seedlings to test for significant (a = 0.05) differences in growth. A two-dimensional plot of precipitation class by treated versus untreated trees was constructed to show growth rate trends. After 3 growing seasons, the treated seedlings showed significantly higher stem volume growth than their untreated counterparts regardless of precipitation class. The difference between treated and untreated seedlings was statistically significant. West. J. Appl. For. 14(1):48-52.

Origins of coordination and team effectiveness: A perspective from game theory and nonlinear dynamics.

Coordination occurs when 2 or more people do the same or complementary tasks at the same time; it takes several forms. The form of coordination studied here was similar to behavior at a 4-way stop traffic intersection. The performance task involved 12 4-person groups and a special card game. Split-plot analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that coordination rules were implicitly learned and then transferred successfully to new rules of similar difficulty and that coordination can occur without verbal mediation or leadership actions. Transfer of coordination was less positive to a task of greater difficulty. Nonlinear regression showed that fixed-point attractors could be extracted from all learning curves. The difficult shift contained a second chaotic process and a critical utility threshold at which the difficult rule could be mastered ar not. Work-group effectiveness has been studied from a variety of perspectives; central themes have included cooperation, cohesion, incentives, task structure, size, and leadership attributes. In this project we focused on the dynamics of group coordination and traced its conceptual origins; here we report new theory, an experiment, and analytic techniques that explore the origins of coordination in groups. Coordination occurs when two or more people do the same or complementary tasks at the same time. Coordination is vital to group effectiveness in situations where a successful outcome for the entire group is the end result of numerous contributions or efforts by all group members and where successful contributions by one participant are contingent on a correct and timely contribution by another participant. Coordination among team members has been recognized as an important correlate of team performance (Bowers, Baker, & Salas, 1994; Brannick, Prince, Prince, & Salas, 1995; Brannick, Roach, & Salas, 1993; Cannon-Bowers, Tannenbaum, Salas, & Volpe, 1995; Coovert, Campbell, Cannon-Bowers, & Salas, 1995; Daily, 1980; Leedom & Simon, 1995; Stout, Salas, & Carson, 1994). Coordination has been operationalized

Wheat Emergence and Yield as Related to Cultivar and Seed Treatment

Fungicide seed treatments may be recommended for protecting winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings from seedborne pathogens. However, effects of these seed treatments on stand establishment (emergence) and grain yield under field conditions are not clear. A 3-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of various fungicide seed treatments on emergence and grain yield of several commercial winter wheat cultivars in the south-central Great Plains. The research was conducted at Hutchinson and Caldwell, Kansas. Treatments consisted of six cultivars (main plot) and six seed fungicide treatments (subplot). The split-plot analysis of variance revealed no interaction between seed treatment and cultivar. A nonsignificant trend toward reduced emergence of seedlings from treated seeds was evident across all cultivars. This trend, however, had no consistent effect on grain yield at either location. In areas of limited postemergence disease pressure, plants in plots where the seed is treated may compensate for reductions in stand (reduced emergence), such that grain yields will be similar to those from untreated seed. Thus, seed treatments should be considered when seed/soilborne pathogens are suspected or seed with poor or low germination or a reduced seeding rate is used.