Splitting Mechanism Research Articles

Weakly supervised multi-class semantic video segmentation for road scenes

Weakly supervised multi-class video segmentation is one of the most challenging yet least studied research problems in computer vision. This study aims to investigate two main items: (1) effective feature update for temporal changes combined with feature reuse between temporal frames; and (2) learn object patterns in complex scenes specifically for videos under weak supervision. Associating image tags to visual appearance is not a straightforward learning task, especially for complex scenes. Therefore, in this paper, we present manifold augmentations to obtain reliable pixel labels from image tags. We propose a framework comprised of two key modules: a temporal split module for efficient video processing and a pseudo per-pixel seed generation module for precise pixel-level supervision. Particularly, in our model, we utilize and explore temporal correlations via temporal split module and temporal attention. To reuse the extracted features and incorporate temporal updates for precise and fast computation, a channel-wise temporal split mechanism between successive video frames is presented. Furthermore, we evaluated proposed modules in two additional settings: (1) fully or sparsely supervised road scene video segmentation; and (2) weakly supervised segmentation for complex road scene images. Experiments are conducted on the Cityscapes and CamVid datasets, using DeepLabv3 as segmentation network and LiteFlowNet to compute motion vectors.

Front Cover: Sample plug induced peak splitting in capillary electrophoresis studied using dual backscattered interferometry and fluorescence detection

DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200244 The cover picture illustrates the use of two detection methods, laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and backscatter interferometry (BSI), combined to study mechanisms of peak splitting in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Simultaneous measurements from the same detection volume enable analyte peak splitting at the boundary of the sample plug and background electrolyte to be precisely measured. Systematic studies with dual detection CE are compared with a simple mathematical model to understand the origin of the peak splitting and develop strategies for its mitigation.

An Improved Finite Cloud Method With Uniformly Distributed Clouds and Enhanced Boundary Conditions

Finite cloud method (FCM) employs the fixed kernel reproducing technique to construct the interpolation function and point collocation approach is adopted for the discretization. In this study, an improved FCM is proposed such that a node of interest is approximated with its nearest cloud. This feature enables a set of uniformly distributed clouds of various densities such that all the information in the problem domain is captured and stored in the clouds. Additionally, the instability of FCM near the boundaries is treated by having the boundary nodes also satisfy the governing differential equation. Besides, a splitting mechanism is suggested for the node refinement to improve the accuracy of solution. Parameters are introduced to control the density of clouds and the singularity of the moment matrices associated with the clouds. Thus, a more controllable numerical simulation is developed. Numerical examples are presented and the results have shown that the improved FCM produces a stable and better accuracy of solution.

Structural basis for clearing of ribosome collisions by the RQT complex

Translation of aberrant messenger RNAs can cause stalling of ribosomes resulting in ribosomal collisions. Collided ribosomes are specifically recognized to initiate stress responses and quality control pathways. Ribosome-associated quality control facilitates the degradation of incomplete translation products and requires dissociation of the stalled ribosomes. A central event is therefore the splitting of collided ribosomes by the ribosome quality control trigger complex, RQT, by an unknown mechanism. Here we show that RQT requires accessible mRNA and the presence of a neighboring ribosome. Cryogenic electron microscopy of RQT-ribosome complexes reveals that RQT engages the 40S subunit of the lead ribosome and can switch between two conformations. We propose that the Ski2-like helicase 1 (Slh1) subunit of RQT applies a pulling force on the mRNA, causing destabilizing conformational changes of the small ribosomal subunit, ultimately resulting in subunit dissociation. Our findings provide conceptual framework for a helicase-driven ribosomal splitting mechanism.

Hydrogen production on nano Al2O3 surface by water splitting using gamma radiation

AbstractOBJECTIVESDue to changes in climate and the estimation of fossil fuel exploitation in the future, there is a great demand for green energy. Therefore, hydrogen production was studied by water splitting using Al2O3 nanoparticles as a radiation catalyst with gamma rays irradiationEXPERIMENTALThe effects of different particle sizes, surface area, amounts of radiation catalyst and the time of gamma rays irradiation were studied. The kinetics of hydrogen generated by the water decomposition of the water system with Al2O3 nanoparticles were also studied. It was determined that the hydrogen produced by water splitting with smaller‐sized nanoparticles was 1.4–1.6 times greater than the large‐sized catalysts.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe best conditions were 5 nm particle size, 250 mm2/g surface area, 0.25 g amount and 10 h time (5.97 molecules/100 eV). The equivalent dispersal of radiation nanocatalyst (alumina) in water and greatly more sorption of water on the catalyst surface caused more effective radiolysis. The mechanism of water splitting and radiolysis was also established.CONCLUSIONThe reported method may be used in the future for hydrogen production on an industrial scale. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

LJUBAVNA MRŽNJA: PSIHODINAMIKA ODNOSA VISOKOKONFLIKTNIH PAROVA U RAZVODU

According to the object relations theory, romantic partners are chosen on the basis of similar, complementary emotional needs and that creates a promise on the conscious and unconscious level that all that was missing in the previous relationships of an individual would be repaired through this relationship. However, in any longer relationship the breach of expectations is inevitable (destruction of an idealized image of the partner), which leads to disappointment. The destiny of the relationship depends on the way in which partners will deal with the frustrating knowledge that their idealisations will not be realised, or the level of maturity of the relationship and each partner, which is a test that many do not pass. It is commonly known that divorce rates are higher than ever before, and some divorces become high-conflict relationships in which all emotions caused by the breakdown of the relationship swirl into one common aspect – parental functioning. This paper is focused on the couples who experience a difficult breakdown of their relationship – with a lot of anger, hostility, distrust, and sometimes with the incidents of verbal and/or physical abuse, accompanied by lengthy and distressing court proceedings. It is noticeable that the conflict has a role of redefining the dynamics of their new partnership relation, and at the same time it serves as a defense of a person who does not have to deal with and face with complex unpleasant emotions that are a part of every divorce. Unable to accept, analyse and tolerate the unpleasantness of the emotions brought by divorce, these couples often use defense mechanisms of splitting and projections. The usage of these mechanisms leads to the dynamics which is characterised by a cycle of harassment, retaliation and failed reparation attempts that in turn lead to further splitting and projection, often with the resulting outcome of a high-conflict divorce. Couples remain connected and locked in mutual patterns of conflict interactions, in a kind of a tango of loving hate in a manner which restricts their capacity to separate on emotional and daily practical level. After presenting two cases from practice that describe the outlined psychodynamic terms and the interactions of partners differently, practical implications which are possible in direct work with former partners will be presented.

Sample plug induced peak splitting in capillary electrophoresis studied using dual backscattered interferometry and fluorescence detection.

The appearance of unexpected peaks in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is common and can lengthen the time of method development as assay conditions and experimental parameters are varied to understand and mitigate the effects of the additional peaks. Additional peaks can arise when a single-analyte zone is split into multiple zones. Understanding the underlying mechanism of these phenomena, recognizing conditions that favor its presence, and knowing how to confirm and eliminate the effect are important for efficient method optimization. In this study, we examine how the overlap of analyte zones with the sample plug can lead to peak splitting. This is explored experimentally using dual detection CE, which enables both the sample plug and analyte zones to be independently and simultaneously measured from the same detection volume. Simulations performed via COMSOL Multiphysics confirm the origin of the splitting and help guide experiments to reduce and eliminate the effect. Our findings show that this peak splitting mechanism can arise in separations of both small and large molecules but is, especially, prevalent in separations of slowly migrating macromolecules. This effect is also more prevalent when using a short length-to-detector, as is commonly found in microfluidic applications. A simple diffusion-less model is introduced to develop strategies for reducing peak splitting that avoids modifying the apparatus, such as by lengthening the separation length, which can be difficult. Decreasing the sample plug length and slowing the electroosmotic flow can both reduce this effect, which is confirmed experimentally.

Study of hydrogen absorption in a novel three-dimensional graphene structure: Towards hydrogen storage applications

The use of a novel three-dimensional graphene structure allows circumventing the limitations of the two-dimensional nature of graphene and its application in hydrogen absorption. Here we investigate hydrogen-bonding on monolayer graphene conformally grown via the epitaxial growth method on the (0001) face of a porousified 4H-SiC wafer. Hydrogen absorption is studied via Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS), exposing the samples to either atomic (D) or molecular (D2) deuterium. The graphene growth temperature, hydrogen exposure temperature, and the morphology of the structure are investigated and related to their effect on hydrogen absorption. The three-dimensional graphene structures chemically bind atomic deuterium when exposed to D2. This is the first report of such an event in unfunctionalized graphene-based materials and implies the presence of a catalytic splitting mechanism. It is further shown that the three-dimensional dendritic structure of the porous material temporarily retains the desorbed molecules and causes delayed emission. The capability of chemisorbing atoms after a catalytic splitting of hydrogen, coupled to its large surface-to-volume ratio, make these structures a promising substrate for hydrogen storage devices.

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Operando Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as Useful Probing Techniques

The urgent need for the clean energy transition of our society is the incentive for the scientific research groups to further advance the development of green hydrogen production. The field of (photo)electrochemical water splitting is currently experiencing a significant expansion of scientific investigations. Despite the technological and material development brought by this technique, the complex reaction mechanisms on the surface of (photo)electrodes during water splitting have led to considerable scientific questions and many contradictions to theoretical expectations. Therefore, a deeper tracking of the surface‐active centers, the experimental reaction mechanisms, and the nature of intermediates requires the use of in situ spectroscopic techniques. In this review, operando Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies in the field of (photo)electrochemical water splitting are presented. In the first section, the environmental challenges and possible solutions are discussed, and then the principle of vibrational spectroscopy and its applications in the field of (photo)catalysis are presented in detail. In the second part, the recent results of operando Raman and FTIR techniques for (photo)electrochemical water splitting, including challenges and reaction mechanisms, are reviewed. To simplify the presentation, the results are subdivided according to the materials used as (photo)electrodes.

Active Materiality as The Basis of Architectural Design in Dealing with Pollution

This paper describes the architectural design process based on an understanding of living materials’ properties and their growth process in response to pollution. The development of the design method was based on the existence of living materials and their potential to be the active unit of architecture. Living materials could actively grow and adapt through their reactions to external factors, in this case, pollution, allowing the material to be in a passive phase temporarily due to the forces. This paper focuses on the development of design methods based on the understanding of algae, fungi, and lichen as the living materials that will detect and detoxify air and soil pollution around Daan Mogot, West Jakarta. By conducting research through design, this paper then proposes architectural design by injecting the active-passive growth process of living materials (algae, fungi, and lichen) into the context using split and absorb mechanisms. In response to pollution, the active and passive schemes of living materials become the foundation of architectural design. This paper then proposes the term "active materiality," considering the existence and capability of the living materials as the active unit. The development of an architectural design method in this study demonstrates the possibility of design ideas to enhance dialogue between humans, other living things, and the environment and to develop programming to respond to environmental issues.

High-specificity molecular sensing on an individual whispering-gallery-mode cavity: coupling-enhanced Raman scattering by photoinduced charge transfer and cavity effects.

Optical whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) cavities have gained considerable interest because of their unique properties of enhanced light-matter interactions. Conventional WGM sensing is based on the mechanisms of mode shift, mode broadening, or mode splitting, which requires a small mode volume and an ultrahigh Q-factor. Besides, WGM sensing suffers from a lack of specificity in identifying substances, and additional chemical functionalization or incorporation of plasmonic materials is required for achieving good specificity. Herein, we propose a new sensing method based on an individual WGM cavity to achieve ultrasensitive and high-specificity molecular sensing, which combines the features of enhanced light-matter interactions on the WGM cavity and the "fingerprint spectrum" of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). This method identifies the substance by monitoring the Raman signal enhanced by the WGM cavity rather than monitoring the variation of the WGM itself. Therefore, ultrasensitive and high-specificity molecular sensing can be accomplished even on a low-Q cavity. The working principles of the proposed sensing method were also systematically investigated in terms of photoinduced charge transfer, Purcell effect, and optical resonance coupling. This work provides a new WGM sensing approach as well as a strategy for the design of a high-performance SERS substrate by creating an optical resonance mode.

Unravelling the interfacial water structure at the photocatalyst strontium titanate by sum frequency generation spectroscopy.

The direct conversion of solar energy to hydrogen is considered as a possible method to produce carbon neutral hydrogen fuel. The mechanism of photocatalytic water splitting involves the chemical breakdown of water and re-assembly into hydrogen and oxygen at the interface of a photocatalyst. The selection rules of a suitable material are well established, but the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms, occurring at the interface between the catalyst and the water, remains missing. Using surface specific sum frequency generation spectroscopy, we present here characterisation of the interface between water and the photocatalyst strontium titanate (SrTiO3). We monitor the OH-stretching vibrations present at the interface. Their variations of intensities and frequencies as functions of isotopic dilution, pH and salt concentration provide information about the nature of the hydrogen bonding environment. We observe the presence of water molecules that flip their orientation at pH 5 indicating the point of zero charge of the SrTiO3 layer. These water molecules are oriented with their hydrogen away from the surface when the pH of the solutions is below 5 and pointing towards the surface when the pH is higher than 5. Besides, water molecules donating a H-bond to probably surface TiOH groups are observed at all pH.

Enhanced Electron-Hole Separation in Phosphorus-Coordinated Co Atom on g-C3N4 toward Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting.

Revealing the decoration mode of g-C3N4 and understanding the physical mechanism of overall water splitting is important for the further improvement of the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4-based materials. With core level shift and molecular dynamics simulations based on first-principles calculations, Co1(PHx)3 anchored on the triazine of g-C3N4 is determined as a stable single-atom catalyst with high efficiency for photocatalytic overall water splitting. The separated spin-polarized charge density distribution of valence-band maximum and conduction-band minimum states is beneficial for the long lifetime of photoexcited electrons and holes. An anchored Co single atom site is the active site for oxygen evolution reaction, and nitrogen atoms act as active sites for hydrogen evolution reaction. This new decoration mode of g-C3N4 opens a possible way to functionalize g-C3N4 on both triazine and void sites to realize the separation of OER and hydrogenation reaction by water splitting.

Split payment mechanism and STIR – selected tools for improving the efficiency of tax collection on goods and services in the Republic of Poland

The article describes two selected tools for improving the efficiency of tax collection on goods and services in Poland, which were introduced in 2017, namely split payment and STIR. The introduction of these tools was connected with the Ministry of Finance’s intensification of actions related to so-called treasury frauds. The article presents the normative structure of split payment and STIR and also discusses the influence of these tools on the tax on goods and services.

Mathematical modeling and solution trajectories of complex chemical mechanism based on Monte Carlo methods

The main purpose of this article is introducing the method of Spectral Quasi Equilibrium Manifold taking different model, simple and complex mechanism to find solution curve. Before that discussing reaction kinetic, reduction of system, chemical equilibrium, QEM technique. As in complex reaction we need to split reaction mechanism in different route to reduce the complexity of higher dimensional system.in this article SQEM technique is apply to different route and comparison of route is also discussed. In previous years, the depiction of existing method based on chemical reaction kinetics has become a standard approach, for which estimation of involved parameters become challenge. For the model developments and standardization, Sensitivity analysis is powerful tool. Influence of parameters on target output is discussed through graphical results.

A high-precision image classification network model based on a voting mechanism

ABSTRACT With the development of satellite remote sensing technology, image classification task, as the basis of remote sensing data interpretation, has received wide attention to improving accuracy and robustness. At the same time, in-depth learning technology has been widely used in remote sensing and has a far-reaching impact. Since the existing image classification methods ignore the feature that the general image semantics are the same as the semantics of a single pixel, this paper presents an algorithm that uses the semantics of an image to achieve high-precision image classification. Based on the idea of partial substitution for global, this algorithm designs a split result voting mechanism and builds a Vgg-Vote network model. This mechanism votes on the semantically segmented result of an image and uses the maximum filtering function to select the category containing the most significant number of pixels as the prediction category of the image. Experiments on UC Merced Land-User complete datasets and five types of incomplete datasets with varying degrees of interference, including noise, data occlusion and loss, show that the Vote mechanism dramatically improves the classification accuracy, robustness and anti-jamming capability of Vgg-Vote.

Synergistic effects of Fe and C on microstructure and properties of Nb-Ti-Si based alloys

Nb-silicide in situ composites have been considered as alternatives applied for nickel-based superalloys in aerospace field. The synergistic effects of Fe and C on microstructural evolution, properties and hot deformation behavior of Nb-24Ti-16Si-2Al-3 V-xFe-yC alloys are investigated. Results show that the microstructure of 4Fe-1 C alloy consists of Nbss/β-(Nb, X)5Si3 eutectics and γ-(Nb, X)5Si3 blocks, while the TiC particles precipitate with the increase of C content. For 6Fe-yC alloys, a new silicide phase Nb4FeSi is formed around the (Nb, X)5Si3 phase. Element Fe is mainly distributed in Nb4FeSi and part of Fe-rich (Nb, X)5Si3, while C is mainly dissolved in TiC particles, followed by Nbss. The orientation relationship of Nbss and TiC in accordance with {110}Nbss//{111}TiC. The room temperature fracture toughness and compressive strength exhibit a trend of enhancing first and then reducing with the co-addition of Fe and C. The KQ value of the 4Fe-3 C alloy reaches the highest with a mean of 14.49 MPa·m1/2. Element C can effectively promote the high temperature compressive strength, and Fe can improve the hot deformability. The initial eutectic coupled structure has evolved into a continuous Nbss matrix with dispersed silicides during hot deformation. Furthermore, the splitting mechanism of silicides during hot deformation is determined.

Water Splitting: Recent Scientific and Technological Advances

Hydrogen is a green fuel and has great potential as a sustainable and renewable energy carrier. It can be produced by electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical water splitting. It is essential to develop highly effective catalysts for economic and large-scale hydrogen production. Currently, phosphorus-containing catalysts have gained a lot of attention because of their unique properties such as different oxidation states, tunable structure, and exceptional physiochemical properties. In this review paper, the topics discussed are part of numerous research carried out to date in water splitting by phosphorus-containing photocatalysts and electrocatalysts that include phosphorus in elemental form, metal phosphonates, metal phosphates, transition metal phosphides, metal phosphorus trichalcogenides, and phosphorus-doped materials. A detailed mechanism of water splitting and the activity origin of phosphorus-containing catalysts are presented. Lastly, there are some challenges in water splitting listed below that we need to overcome shortly.

Research of Frequency Splitting Caused by Uneven Mass of Micro-Hemispherical Resonator Gyro.

In practical engineering, the frequency splitting of Hemispherical Resonator Gyro (HRG) caused by uneven mass distribution seriously affects the precision of HRG. So, the inherent frequency is an important parameter of micro-Hemispherical Resonator Gyro (m-HRG). In the processing of hemispherical resonator, there are some morphological errors and internal defects in the hemispherical resonator, which affect the inherent frequency and the working mode of m-HRG, and reduce the precision and performance of m-HRG. In order to improve the precision and performance of m-HRG, the partial differential equation of the hemispherical resonator is solved, and the three-dimensional model using ANSYS software accurately reflected the actual shape is established in this paper. Then, the mode of hemispherical resonator in ideal state and uneven mass distribution state are simulated and analyzed. The frequency splitting mechanism of the hemispherical resonator is determined by calculation and demonstration, and the frequency splitting of the hemispherical resonator is suppressed by partial mass elimination. The results show that the absolute balance of energy can ensure the high-quality factor and the minimum frequency splitting of the hemispherical resonator. Therefore, during the processing of hemispherical resonator, the balance of mass should be achieved as much as possible to avoid various surface damage, internal defects and uneven mass distribution to guarantee the high-quality factor Q and minimum frequency splitting of hemispherical resonator.

A mechanism of tunable frequency splitting in electrostatically actuated circular plates

In this paper, we address a new mechanism of frequency splitting of vibration modes in electrostatically actuated perfectly flat submicron circular nanoplates. The splitting is generated by actuating the nanoplate through asymmetric electrostatic force. We have found that the same natural frequency of two degenerated modes of a circular nanoplate splits into two distinct natural frequencies after applying asymmetric electrostatic force. Further, the frequency difference of the splitted modes can be tuned by varying the magnitude of electrostatic actuation force. Finite element analysis has been used to demonstrate this frequency splitting behaviour. The nature of this type of splitting phenomenon is also compared with frequency splitting of imperfect plates and found significantly different. We also study the effects of geometrical parameters and residual stress on this voltage actuation based frequency splitting behaviour.