Split Family Research Articles

Child Rights Situational Analysis of Children of Families Engaged in the Sugarcane Farming in Maharashtra

Save the Children and Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics jointly launched a study of ‘Child rights situation analysis of children of families working in engaged in sugarcane farming in Maharashtra’ at the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE). The study focusing on the situation of the children of the migrant labourers was launched by Dr. Sanjay Chahande, Director General of Yashada. The study revealed some shocking facts about the apathy of children working on the sugarcane fields such as 97% of them not being able to continue their situation at workplace. Many of the children are forced into child labour for more than eight hours. Many are being exposed to hazardous and laborious tasks such as sugarcane cutting and loading. Dr. Chahande, said, “I had proposed the idea of this study and I am glad that I have the honor of launching this study today. Such empirical studies are important to understand economic and social composition of neglected communities within society and will help Government to draw better policies and programmes for ensuring child rights.” From Save the Children, Latha Caleb, Director of Programmes spoke about the importance of this study. “Hardly any surveys have accurately reported the situation of child labour in agriculture. This study is of immense importance to us, as Save the Children has identified child labour in agriculture as a crucial issue. Poverty and lack of access to quality educations stands in between the better future of these children and we are committed to change this situation.” Professor Dr. Debasish Nandy, Principal Researcher from Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics made a presentation about the study and also provided his recommendations. “There is a need for providing quality education and drawing programmes ensuring rights of the children and both Government and NGOs can play a definitive role in it. Despite the common wisdom: seasonal or circular migration is closely associated with poverty; the study rules out any such possibilities as most of the families are above the poverty line. Bringing children at the work place is not to safeguard the children from the effect of “split families” but is an economic decision as the shadow price of the child labour is substantially high (varies from $4 to $8 per day). The duration of work of these children is no less than principal labourers-majority of them work for more than 8 hours a day. But, as a consequence, they face educational deprivation, poor health condition, non-protective environment and social alienation. This kind of child right violation and child migration can lead to neo-modern form of slavery; Indian policy makers didn’t give any strong directives to improve their situation. The study points out policy lacunae and major gaps in the existing institutional facility and highlights the welfare programmes and legal provisions which can bridge this gap even within the existing framework. The study gives component wise important recommendations for ensuring better livelihood by restoring childhood of these children who are pushed to work to help their parents for extra income (sic!).

No evidence for MHC class II-based non-random mating at the gametic haplotype in Atlantic salmon.

Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are a likely target of mate choice because of their role in inbreeding avoidance and potential benefits for offspring immunocompetence. Evidence for female choice for complementary MHC alleles among competing males exists both for the pre- and the postmating stages. However, it remains unclear whether the latter may involve non-random fusion of gametes depending on gametic haplotypes resulting in transmission ratio distortion or non-random sequence divergence among fused gametes. We tested whether non-random gametic fusion of MHC-II haplotypes occurs in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. We performed in vitro fertilizations that excluded interindividual sperm competition using a split family design with large clutch sample sizes to test for a possible role of the gametic haplotype in mate choice. We sequenced two MHC-II loci in 50 embryos per clutch to assess allelic frequencies and sequence divergence. We found no evidence for transmission ratio distortion at two linked MHC-II loci, nor for non-random gamete fusion with respect to MHC-II alleles. Our findings suggest that the gametic MHC-II haplotypes play no role in gamete association in Atlantic salmon and that earlier findings of MHC-based mate choice most likely reflect choice among diploid genotypes. We discuss possible explanations for these findings and how they differ from findings in mammals.

WOMAN IN THE SOVIET UNION: INFERNAL FORCED LABOR, STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL

The author of this publication set a modest target under article delivering and consider the new problem of historical science, about the role of the Soviet woman, regardless of her national origin in its extraordinary conditions in the state in the 1940-1950s. At this time, more than 3.5 million citizens, including women, children and the elderly, have been forcibly resettled in such remote places. They had to endure enormous difficulties in the first place the destructive influence from the state. They were forcibly resettled in such distant places from their homes. The woman has no conditions or no choice. Many men were at the front, in the employment columns, or forcibly relocated also, there are many split families, and some time later they were joined by those who had been demobilized from the front, also in the form of forced. In this situation, a heavy burden rested on the shoulders of women. It was especially difficult to those who stayed with children, the elderly without family head. In such a stop had to survive, and by myself, and to think about the children. Often saved the situation only a plot of land allowed, though the minimum way to make ends meet. Many women have become resource productive forces in the rear. The content of the article in summary form reveals this side of life on the example of the truly selfless work women German women, enough of coordenac Koreans. Their work in labour columns were honorable, as well as their participation in the defense of the Fatherland, gains in the state, enhancing the economic potential of the country and preserving the culture of their people. This publication is a kind of the first steps in developing the theme. It attracts scientists, historians and should be the subject of independent research. Its development will provide a significant contribution to the enhancement of our knowledge on the history of Russia, the study of such problems of historical science as forced migration.

The evolution of transnational families: bi-national marriages between Japanese women and Pakistani men

ABSTRACT This article examines transnational family development by drawing on the findings of longitudinal research on bi-national marriages between Japanese women and Pakistani men. This type of marriage increased in Japan during the 1990s after a surge in male labor migrants from Pakistan. Very little attention has been given to bi-national relationships between women of the global North and men from the global South. This article explores the ways in which gender, nationality, and other factors intersect in the creation of transnational families. More specifically, it focuses on transnationally split family dynamics in which Japanese wives relocate to Pakistan with their children while their Pakistani husbands remain in Japan to work. These transnational strategies bring the families various opportunities in terms of economic advancement, children’s education, and the provision of care for the elderly. However, they also encounter various challenges as their life-courses unfold. Thus, this article highlights both the possibilities and limitations of these transnational families and shows how these Japanese women contest and negotiate their roles and positions within transnational households.

TLE1 function and therapeutic potential in cancer.

Groucho (Gro)/Transducin-like enhancer of split (TLE) family proteins act as co-repressors of many transcription factors, and are involved in key signaling pathways. TLE1 negatively regulates inflammation and has potential roles in various diseases, including cancer. Previous studies suggest TLE1 could be used as a diagnostic marker and is a possible therapeutic target in various malignancies. It is therefore important to elucidate the mechanisms underlying TLE1 function during cancer initiation and metastasis. In this review, we highlight the functions of TLE1 in cancer and explore targeted approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment. In particular, we discuss the TLE1 function in pancreatic cancer.

DISTANCE PARENTING – IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

Many families in the Global South are inclined to split in order to survive the complex socio-economic conditions in which they find themselves. Labour migration is entrenched in South Africa and so is parenting from a distance. This paper contests the normalisation of split families and distance parenting, and considers the associated implications for children, their parents and substitute caregivers. It further discusses the persistence of stereotypical gender roles in parenting, even where both parents are absent from home. Finally, some recommendations are made for both practitioners and policy makers in relation to distance parenting

On Generalizations of Separating and Splitting Families

Starting from the well-established notion of a separating family (or separating system) and the refinement known as a splitting family, we define and study generalizations called $n$-separating and $n$-splitting families, obtaining lower and upper bounds on their minimum sizes. For $n$-separating families our bounds are asymptotically tight within a linear factor, while for $n$-splitting families we provide partial results and open questions.

An experimental test of the effect of predation upon behaviour and trait correlations in the threespine stickleback

Benthic and limnetic threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are a classic example of ecological speciation. Behavioural and armour divergence between these species has been predicted to be the result of divergent selection driven in part by differential predation from cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki). To experimentally test this prediction, we reared split families of benthic–limnetic hybrids in the presence or absence of trout predation. Our results show that the presence of trout had little effect upon stickleback behaviour. We then compared performance in behavioural assays among stickleback that varied in armour to test if armour morphology correlates with behaviour. Our measurements revealed trait correlations between several behaviours and components of armour morphology. Trout predation did not result in an increased correlation between traits, therefore differential trout predation between benthics and limnetics is unlikely to be the cause of these correlations. The presence of trait correlations in advanced generation hybrids suggests that pleiotropy or linkage between genes underlying behaviour and armour morphology may be greater than previously appreciated.

INTERNAL MIGRATION IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT EVIDENCE

Over the last decade or so, considerable attention has been given to international migration. More recently, the pendulum has begun to swing back, a little, to the more traditional focus upon internal migration. The aim of this paper is to offer a brief overview of some of the drivers of internal migration and the economic consequences of these movements, with particular attention to some of the contributions from the more recent literature.Much of the inter est in int ernal migration in developing countries has focused upon population movements from the rural to urban sectors . The resultant reallocation of labor is key to the structural transformation from agriculture to industry and services that is typical of the economic development process. How efficiently this reallocation occurs is therefore critical to prospects for development. The early dual-economy models argued that too little migration occurs and this acts as a barrier to progress (Lewis, 1954). Some of the subsequent literature maintains that wage setting in the modern urban sector results in excessive migration (Harris and Todaro, 1970). A few, very recent articles claim that the sorting of labor between the urban and rural sectors is actually perfectly efficient and there is no cause for concern in this process (Lagakos and Waugh, 2013; Young, 2013).Our interest in internal migration is, however, not confined only to the efficiency of this process but also how it impacts the distr ibut ion of the benefits fr om devel op ment, and how it sha pes a wide ga mut of social outcomes. Certainly the gap in living standards between the rural and urban sectors of developing economies is very wide; indeed, given the magnitude of this gap an obvious question is why even more migration does not occur. The cumulative dynamics of migration, whereby prior migration engenders mor e migr ation, ca n lea ve pocket s of poverty untouched by migr a tion. Migration of individuals can split families, leading to conjugal separation and de facto single parent families, thus potentially affecting fertility, marital stability, transmission of sexual diseases and the upbringing of children.Nor is rural-urban migration the sole source of interest in these effects; whether this is the dominant direction of relocation varies considerably across countries, depending largely upon the state of urbanization reached. In predominantly rural societies, the most common place-to-place movements are often rural-rural; in Latin America, where urbanization rates are extremely high, most movements are urban-urban.What does the recent evidence t ell us about some of these issues, and what are the difficulties encountered in compiling such evidence? Section 1 begins by looking at some of the limitations of our existing data to investigate internal migration and its consequences, as well as sketching the broad picture suggested by the existing data. Section 2 then turns to evidence on some of the drivers of internal migration, including the search for improved income opportunities and the development strategies shaping these; the role of education and dispersal of amenities; the underlying effects of climate cha nge, natural disast ers a nd violence; as well as the concer n for fa mily unification. The recent claims that migration between rural and urban areas is really quite efficient must, of necessity, involve no effective barriers to mobility. S ection 3 t a kes up some of the evidenc e with r espect t o such potential barriers: notably with respect to credit constraints in financing a move, but also the roles of remoteness and distance, of lack of information and its interaction with social networks, and of int ervening opportunities. Some of the economic consequences of internal migration and associated remittances are then examined in Section 4. While clearly important, the social consequences of migration are, sadly, beyond the scope of this paper which is already too long. …

Hes1 Increases the Invasion Ability of Colorectal Cancer Cells via the STAT3-MMP14 Pathway.

The Notch pathway contributes to self-renewal of tumor-initiating cell and inhibition of normal colonic epithelial cell differentiation. Deregulated expression of Notch1 and Jagged1 is observed in colorectal cancer. Hairy/enhancer of split (HES) family, the most characterized targets of Notch, involved in the development of many cancers. In this study, we explored the role of Hes1 in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer. Knocking down Hes1 induced CRC cell senescence and decreased the invasion ability, whereas over-expression of Hes1 increased STAT3 phosphorylation activity and up-regulated MMP14 protein level. We further explored the expression of Hes1 in human colorectal cancer and found high Hes1 mRNA expression is associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients. These findings suggest that Hes1 regulates the invasion ability through the STAT3-MMP14 pathway in CRC cells and high Hes1 expression is a predictor of poor prognosis of CRC.

Soluble Delta-like ligand 1 alters human endometrial epithelial cell adhesive capacity.

The endometrium undergoes substantial morphological and functional changes to become receptive to embryo implantation and to enable establishment of a successful pregnancy. Reduced Delta-like ligand 1 (DLL1, Notch ligand) in the endometrium is associated with infertility. DLL1 can be cleaved by 'a disintegrin and metalloprotease' (ADAM) proteases to produce a soluble ligand that may act to inhibit Notch signalling. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify soluble DLL1 in uterine lavages from fertile and infertile women in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. We also determined the cellular location and immunostaining intensity of ADAM12 and 17 in human endometrium throughout the cycle. Functional effects of soluble DLL1 in receptivity were analysed using in vitro adhesion and proliferation assays and gene expression analysis of Notch signalling targets. Soluble DLL1 was significantly increased in uterine lavage samples of infertile women compared with fertile women in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. This coincided with significantly increased ADAM17 immunostaining detected in the endometrial luminal epithelium in the mid-secretory phase in infertile women. Soluble DLL1 significantly inhibited the adhesive capacity of endometrial epithelial cells via downregulation of helix-loop-helix and hairy/enhancer of split family member HES1 mRNA. Thus, soluble DLL1 may serve as a suitable target or potential biomarker for receptivity.

Genome-wide errant targeting by Hairy.

Metazoan transcriptional repressors regulate chromatin through diverse histone modifications. Contributions of individual factors to the chromatin landscape in development is difficult to establish, as global surveys reflect multiple changes in regulators. Therefore, we studied the conserved Hairy/Enhancer of Split family repressor Hairy, analyzing histone marks and gene expression in Drosophila embryos. This long-range repressor mediates histone acetylation and methylation in large blocks, with highly context-specific effects on target genes. Most strikingly, Hairy exhibits biochemical activity on many loci that are uncoupled to changes in gene expression. Rather than representing inert binding sites, as suggested for many eukaryotic factors, many regions are targeted errantly by Hairy to modify the chromatin landscape. Our findings emphasize that identification of active cis-regulatory elements must extend beyond the survey of prototypical chromatin marks. We speculate that this errant activity may provide a path for creation of new regulatory elements, facilitating the evolution of novel transcriptional circuits.

Family migration from Mexico to the United States and from Peru to Italy

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an investigation of a psychosocial nature, made with transnational families who migrate from Mexico to the United States and from Peru to Italy. These families are known in the literature on migration as transnational families, because they are characterized by the separation of its members in two countries and live, as a result of this split family in their internal structure, changes and alterations in the mental health of any of its members. The methodology used in this study was qualitative (ethnography and in-depth interview) with fifty families (twenty five Mexican and twenty Peruvian). The results obtained in this investigation indicate that the traditional structures of Mexican families can be modified, as a result of male migration, resulting in a new form of transnational family characterized by the distance of the couple, the peripheral father's absence and adjustment problems of both children and wife at the time of family reunification.In the case of the traditional families of Peru, the results indicate that the transformation process begins with the separation from the mother's home, which assumes the role of provider and manager of the family still in the distance, while the father remains as caretaker of the children in the place of origin. When family reunification is achieved, by the wife becomes more employment and economic role, leaving the husband to a position of distance and passivity. The experience of living apart, husband/wife and daughters/sons long-living "here" and "there" - are circumstances which may favour the disappearance of traditional patriarchal structures of the past that have shaped the family life of the countries of Latin America. In such circumstances, members of transnational families – both Peruvian and Mexican – are exposed to the deterioration of their mental health. Economic gains migration have provided an emotional toll, as evidenced in certain conditions such as depression, stress and psychological pain, conditions that are maximized by the conditions of secrecy, solitude, racial discrimination, rejection, job segregation and overcrowding migrants living in the host society.

Acculturating non-traditional expatriates: A case study of single parent, overseas adoption, split family, and lesbian assignees

While much has been written and studied about traditional expatriates – typically senior, Western males in their late 40s or early 50s, with an accompanying female spouse and children – very little is known about non-traditional expatriates and the extent to which their hyper-diversity shapes and impacts on their international assignment experience. In this article, I examine the acculturation experiences of non-traditional expatriates in relation to: (a) the stressors they face when relocating abroad, including the barriers and challenges that arise in deciding whether or not to relocate; (b) how these stressors can be mitigated both by the companies employing them and expatriates themselves; and (c) how their hyper-diversity translates into reality, that is, meaningful outcomes that impact on their international assignment experience. Using case studies of four non-traditional expatriates, including single parent, lesbian, split family, and overseas adoption assignees, I engage in a debate as to whether current theories about acculturation hold true in the case of non-traditional expatriates and where future research on this important topic needs to be directed.

Mechanisms for Child Protection with Focus on Child Custody: Islamic Law and Case Studies of Pakistan and Jordan

Islamic law has made the welfare of the child the criteria for settling the issue of custody in case of split family. The welfare criterion is at the center of all schools of Islamic law as well as Pakistani and Jordanian legal systems. The same criterion is used for determining other rights of the child under both legal systems. Under Pakistani law the minimum age in the province of Sindh and Punjab is 18 years for both boys and girls and 18 for boys and 16 for girls in the rest of the country. In Jordan the legal age for marriage is 18 but the court can reduce the same. Both Pakistani as well as Jordanian laws have provided various mechanisms for protection of the child.

Representations of familial intimacy across the Taiwan Strait: The reinvention of homeness among Taiwanese wives in documentaries

This article investigates the cinematic representation of Taiwanese businesspeople’s ( taishang 台商) family relations in China, and the concomitant transformation of homeness. The emergence of Taiwanese enterprises in China began in the late 1980s, and the attendant migration has resulted in the separation of families and a change in women’s roles as their husbands travel between Taiwan and China. This article sheds light on how documentary film portrays cross-Strait migration, as seen through the lens of taishang wives. Two documentary films – Chang’e’s Monthly Visit (嫦娥月事, 2003) and A Wife’s Stage (太太的舞台, 2003) – respectively produced by Taiwanese and PRC filmmakers are discussed to demonstrate the transformation of women’s roles within the domestic sphere and the reinvention of homeness. Homeness is used as a trope of representational politics on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, and as a site of cultural production impacted by migration. This article argues that in Taiwanese documentary filmmaking, home is associated with the split family structure through the portrayal of wives as subordinated victims, whereas PRC filmmakers present China as an ideal and harmonious homeland.

Dynamic reprogramming of chromatin: paradigmatic palimpsests and HES factors.

Temporal and spatial control of transcription in development is dictated to a great extent by transcriptional repressors. Some repressor complexes, such as Polycomp-group proteins, induce relatively long-term non-permissive states, whereas others such as hairy/enhancer of split (HES) family repressors are linked to dynamically modulated chromatin states associated with cycling expression of target genes. The mode of action and specificity of repressors involved in mediating this latter form of epigenetic control are unknown. Oscillating expression of HES repressors controlled by signaling pathways such as Notch suggests that the entire ensemble of HES–associated co-repressors and histone modifying complexes readily cycle on and off genes. Dynamic interactions between these factors and chromatin seem to be crucial in maintaining multipotency of progenitor cells, but the significance of such interactions in more differentiated cells is less well understood. We discuss here how genome-wide analyses and real-time gene expression measurements of HES regulated genes can help decipher the detailed mechanisms and biological importance of highly dynamic transcriptional switching mediated by epigenetic changes.

Free sets for set mappings satisfying some intersection conditions

Let f be a set mapping from a set X into the power set of X. A subset A of X is said to be free for f if x∉f(y)∀x,y∈A and x≠y. For cardinals η and θ, we say that f satisfies the intersection condition C(η,θ) if |⋂f(x):x∈Y|<θ for every subset Y of X of cardinality η. We prove that if f:ω1⟶P(ω1) satisfies the intersection conditions C(ω1,ω) and C(ω,ω1), then f has an infinite free set provided that the cardinality of every splitting family in [ω]ω is greater than ω1. Under MA+¬CH, such a function has an uncountable free set. In the above statement if one of the conditions C(ω1,ω) or C(ω,ω1) is dropped, then f need not have a free pair. However, if C(ω1,ω) and C(ω,ω1) are replaced by C(ω,ω), then f has an infinite free set without having the cardinality condition for the splitting family.

Recent insights into Groucho co-repressor recruitment and function

Gene expression is often controlled by transcriptional repressors during development. Many transcription factors lack intrinsic repressive activity but recruit co-factors that inhibit productive transcription. Here we discuss new insights and models for repression mediated by the Groucho/Transducin-Like Enhancer of split (Gro/TLE) family of co-repressor proteins.

Working Contextually and in Solidarity with Others

Working Contextually and in Solidarity with Others Grace Y. Kao (bio) I am grateful to Nami Kim and Anne Joh for drawing attention to the place of Asian/Asian North American feminist theological reflections within the larger discourse of feminist studies in religion. I affirm many things they write in their lead-in essay, most especially their use of and invitation for an intersectional analysis to social problems. Space constraints, however, prevent me from providing an exhaustive commentary, so I will respond only to two of the four topics they have identified as meriting further analysis: gender, sexuality, and violence against Asian/Asian North American women and the politics of solidarity, after first engaging the theme of class that recurs throughout their essay.1 The Socioeconomic Realities of Many Asian Americans I appreciate Kim and Joh’s acknowledgment of notable economic disparities among Asian Americans. While recent nationwide studies have touted Asian Americans as the “highest-income [and] best-educated” racial group in the United States, a different picture emerges—one that includes poverty and significant high-school dropout rates—if we disaggregate the data, thus undermining the persistent myth of across-the-board “model minority” success.2 Like Kim and Joh, I welcome greater attention by scholars to the socioeconomic struggles of disparate ethnic subgroups, including pursuit of theo-ethical questions such as these: Might some groups be more susceptible to the false lure of the “prosperity gospel” than others? What factors lead some Asian American [End Page 115] Christian subcultures to conflate the kin-dom of God with the “American Dream” and discipleship with upward mobility?3 In what ways might wealthier Asian American groups be complicit in the economic exploitation of others, including co-ethnics or co-racials (a point to which I return below)? I am also grateful for Kim and Joh’s mention of the “invisibility of undocumented Asian immigrants in the current political debate on immigration reform” (110). Indeed, the latter is not solely a Latina/o issue as widely perceived: five out of the top ten countries of origin for “unauthorized” immigrants in the United States are Asian (the Philippines, India, Korea, China, and Vietnam) and the Asian region accounts for 11.4 percent of the total undocumented population.4 Some undocumented Asians are smuggled or trafficked across the border by “snakeheads” (she tou, slang for Chinese gangs) and others become deportable through participation in marriage or other kinds of document fraud, but the vast majority of undocumented Asian noncitizens enter the United States legally through tourist, student, or other temporary visas and then overstay their time.5 All of these facts in my judgment cry out for theo-ethical examination. Is the image of Jesus that some Asian American theologians have offered as a “border-crosser,” “immigrant par excellence,” and underprivileged ethnic minority who himself moved from the margins (Galilee) to the center (Jerusalem) sufficient or do we need other theological imaginings?6 What can justice-seeking people do within or outside of Christian churches to ease the fear, mistreatment, and marginalization of the undocumented? To be clear, I would encourage further critical reflection on immigration to include several legal avenues adopted by some Asian subgroups as well, so as simultaneously to make more visible and problematize these lesser-known migratory paths. For example, the growing phenomenon of “parachute kids” (shaio liu shuesheng, or “little students abroad” in Chinese), where minors are “dropped off” to live and attend school in the United States under the watch of a distant relative or paid caretaker while their wealthy parents stay home, raises a host of serious questions about the nature and obligations of transnational families, the value of and sacrifices for education (particularly to learn the hegemonic [End Page 116] language of English), and children’s well-being. The growing trend of “maternity tourism,” wherein a cottage industry of hotels-with-health care has arisen to service affluent women from Chinese-speaking countries wishing to give birth to American babies (as per the Fourteenth Amendment) raises a different set of issues (including the rights and obligations of citizenship), as does “split family migration” (kirogi kajok, or “goose” families in Korean; taikongren, or “astronaut” families...