Spiritual Well-Being Scale Research Articles

The effect of physical and psychological symptoms on spiritual well-being and emotional distress in inpatient cancer patients.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of physical and psychological symptoms seen in inpatient cancer patients on spiritual well-being and emotional distress. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 98 cancer patients treated in oncology, haematology, and stem cell services at a university hospital between April and June 2022. Socio-demographic characteristic form, Karnofsky performance scale, Nightingale Symptom Assessment Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, distress thermometer and spiritual well-being scale were used to collect data. Statistical analyses were made by taking the descriptive features of the data. It was determined that 55.1% of the patients were diagnosed with cancer for more than one year, 53.1% receiving treatment for more than one year, 61.2% were diagnosed with haematological cancer, and 62.2% were treated only with chemotherapy. Cancer type (p<0.01), treatment (p<0.05) and Karnofsky scores (p<0.01) had an effect on the spiritual well-being and distress scores. It was determined that 39.8% of the patients were in the yellow zone of the distress thermometer, could not manage their stress well and needed psychological support. As the psychological symptoms of the patients increased, their spiritual well-being declined (r=-0.447, p<0.01), and as their physical (r=0.222, p<0.05) and psychological (r=0.311, p<0.01) symptoms increased, their distress scores increased. It is anticipated that identifying the problems that patients have and making interventions to solve those problems by oncology nurses would significantly contribute to the patient's spiritual well-being and emotional distress.

Religious and Spiritual assistance of people in palliative care. Practical Assessment

"The primary purpose of this study is to understand if/how patients of hospice healthcare require ‘Spiritual’ or/and ‘Religious’ assistance and if its involvement in palliative care helps greatly. We have built a correlative of two scales and administrated them on the same sample, along with complete demographics questions to a group of people under palliative care and several people directly connected with patients, relatives- families. This methodological study is designed to assess the reliability and validity of two scales simultaneously for the same terminally ill patients (TIP): Paloutzian and Ellison’s (1982) Spiritual Well-being Scale. The scale was administered to 49 individuals, of which 45 are patients and 4 family members caring for a terminally ill relative. Background: Coping is a multifactorial and individual process related to responding to stressful situations, such as being a caregiver of a person with health conditions or terminal illness [such as in hospice]. Spiritual [S] / religious [R] coping is an essential internal resource used by individuals enduring stressful situations or, in this particular case, confronting imminent death. Instruments: The 14-item Brief RCOPE is widely used to assess religious coping. The other instrument we have used for S/R assessment is the Spiritual Well-Being (SWB) Scale, a general measure of the subjective quality of life. Neither one is available in the Romanian version Ciocan Tudor-Cosmin (2023) developed following Romanian culture. He worked with Professor Ray Paloutzian - author of the latter scale - to translate and validate the use of the translated scales. Objective: To investigate the S/RWB among palliative care patients in Romania and to identify the correlates of Spiritual and Religious Well-Being. Secondary: To translate, adapt and validate both the 14-item Brief RCOPE and SWBS in Romanian for caregivers of palliative patients facing death. Method: The methodological guideline provided by Ray Paloutzian and Craig W. Ellison was used to examine the psychometric properties of SWBS, while the manual provided by Kenneth Pargament on his website helped us accommodate the Brief RCOPE to Romanian culture and understanding. Results: The linguistic and conceptual equivalence of the scales was determined. The internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach’s a = 0.891 for SWBS and a = 0.798 for RCOPE). The Principal Axis Factor (PAF) analysis with varimax rotation identified two factors comprising 13 items, and one item was excluded from the scale (14/RCOPE). The faith subscale (SWBS) showed similar distributions. Christians engaged in religious activities reported higher SWB in the meaning and peace subscale than patients without religious attendance. In the multivariate analysis, religious Frequency (P &lt; 0.001), and individual spiritual activities (P &lt; 0.003) were significantly related to a greater SWB. Conclusion: The Romanian versions of the SWBS and Brief RCOPE are reliable and valid measures for assessing both the spiritual and religious coping of patients in hospice, their families, and their caregivers. Although faith practices may be beneficial to improve spiritual well-being among Orthodox Christians (the majority in Romania), further research is needed to determine what individual spiritual activities can be supported by Orthodox Christians positively engaged – since they are very skeptical about practices other than religious ones, introduced by the traditional Church."

The Association Between COVID-19 Anxiety and Spiritual Health During Pregnancy

Background: The pandemic of COVID-19 affected seriously the health of pregnant women. Pregnant women and their fetuses are considered high-risk populations. Spirituality may enhance the adaptability to illnesses. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between spiritual health and anxiety caused by COVID-19 in pregnant women referred to Chabahar health centers in Iran. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 198 pregnant women participated in 2020 - 2021. Data were collected using Polutzin and Ellison Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (CDAS2). Results: The analysis finds that the mean anxiety score in pregnant women was severe (mean = 32.05; SD = 9.59). Spearman correlation test did not show a linear relationship between spiritual health and COVID-19 anxiety (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: There is probably no link between spirituality and severe anxiety caused by COVID-19. Therefore, it is appropriate to find out other influential factors in cases of severe stress in acute crises.

Attitudes to Violence and Spiritual Well-Being among Married Individuals

The most common domestic violence is spousal violence against women in Turkey. Although spousal violence may seem to be concerning two people in an intimate relationship, it is actually considered as one of the problems that goes beyond the family and affects the peace of the society. Spiritual well-being discusses the relationship between the meaning of life, the pleasure or satisfaction one receives from this life, and the values that can be called spiritual. In this respect, it is a type of well-being and includes both spirituality and well-being. Studies show that religious commitment prevents spousal violences; spirituality and religious commitment reduce violence against married women and increase marital satisfaction. This study aims to examine the relationship between married individuals' attitudes towards violence and their spiritual well-being scores. The research was carried out with married participants living in Muratpaşa, Antalya. Married participants did not participate in the study as couples, but as individuals. 269 (56.8%) participants were female and 205 (43.2%) were male, and thus, the data of 474 participants were studied in the research. Intimate Violence Responsibility Scale (IVRS) and Spiritual Well-Being Scale forms and socio-demographic information form were applied to the participants. SPSS 22.0 was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained from the scales while descriptive statistics T-Test and Anova-Tukey were performed during the evaluation phase. It was determined that the data set showed a normal distribution and parametric tests were used The relationship between dependent and independent variables was tested with Pearson correlation. When the sub-dimensions of attitude towards violence and spiritual well-being are examined in terms of gender variable, the sub-dimension of violence was significantly higher in women while control and abuse sub-dimensions were significantly higher in men. It is observed that gender does not differ between the sub-scores of spiritual well-being. This situation can be evaluated as the factors that create spiritual feelings do not create differences between genders in society as a supra-gender phenomenon. When the sub-dimensions of attitudes towards violence of the participants and their spouses are compared in terms of the age variable, it is seen that the control attitude towards violence of the older age (66 years and over) participants is lower than the younger participants. According to the findings related to education, it was found that those who graduated from high school had significantly less control and abuse mean scores than other education levels. In addition, no significant relationship was found between the education level of high school students and the violence sub-dimension. According to the study, those with a low level of education exhibit more verbal violence than those with a higher education level. It is expected that violence will decrease with the increase in the level of education, but the reason for the contradictory data in the literature may be related to the quality of education. Carrying out new studies on this issue may be useful. According to the research findings, while there was a significant negative relationship between the sub-dimensions of transcendence and violence and the sub-dimensions of control and abuse, a positive relationship was found between harmony with nature, violence, control and abuse. It has been found that spiritual well-being (transcendence) increased, and the scores of attitude towards violence decreased. In this sense, it is suggested that spiritual education programs will be influential in changing the attitudes towards violence. It is suggested that it would be beneficial to include spiritual education in education programs.

Survival as a clinical outcome and its spiritual significance in a cohort of patients with advanced central pelvic neoplastic disease undergoing total pelvic evisceration: a poorly debated issue.

Patients with either treatment-resistant or relapsing advanced central pelvic neoplastic disease present with a condition responsible for debilitating symptoms and consequently poor quality of life (QoL). For these patients, therapeutic strategies are very limited and total pelvic evisceration is the only option for relieving the symptoms and increasing survival. Of note, taking charge of these patients cannot be limited to increasing their lifespan but must also be aimed at improving the clinical, psychological, and spiritual conditions. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the improvement in survival and QoL, focusing on spiritual wellbeing (SWB), in patients with poor life expectancy who underwent total pelvic evisceration for advanced gynecological cancers at our center. The QoL and SWB were assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), EORTC QLQ-SWB32, and SWB scale, which were repeatedly administered: 30 days before surgery, 7 days after the procedure, 1 and 3 months after surgery, and then every 3 months until death or the last follow-up assessment. Operative outcomes (blood loss, operative time, hospitalization, and incidence of complications) were evaluated as secondary endpoints. The patients and their families were included in a dedicated psycho-oncological and spiritual support protocol, which was managed by specifically trained and specialized personnel who accompanied them during all phases of the study. A total of 20 consecutive patients from 2017 to 2022 were included in this study. Of these patients, 7 underwent total pelvic evisceration by laparotomy and 13 underwent laparoscopy. The median survival was 24 months (range: 1-61 months). After a median follow-up of 24 months, 16 (80%) and 10 patients (50%) were alive at 1 year and 2 years after surgery, respectively. The EORTC-QLQ-C30 scores significantly improved yet at 7 days and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, as compared with the preoperative values. In particular, an early improvement in pain, overall QoL, and physical and emotional functions was observed. With respect to the SWB, the global SWB item score of the EORTC QLQ-SWB32 questionnaire significantly increased after 1 month and 3 months, as compared with preoperative values (p = 0.0153 and p = 0.0018, respectively), and remained stable thereafter. The mean SWB scale score was 53.3, with a sense of low overall SWB in 10 patients, a sense of moderate SWB in eight patients, and a sense of high SWB in two patients. The SWB scale score significantly increased after 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months, as compared with the preoperative value (p = 0202, p = 0.0171, and p = 0.0255, respectively), and remained stable thereafter. Total pelvic evisceration is a valid approach for improving both survival and QoL in selected patients with advanced pelvic neoplasms and poor life expectancy. Our results particularly underline the importance of accompanying the patients and their families during the journey with dedicated psychological and spiritual support protocols.

The relationship between self-care, spiritual well-being and coping strategies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in the world. The most important underlying cause of death in diabetic patients is the lack of self-care and management. However, there is little known about the influence of coping strategies and spiritual well-being (SWB) on self-care in diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-care activities with coping strategies and spiritual well-being (SWB) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this descriptive-analytical study, we selected 236 patients with T2DM referred to the diabetes hospital clinics in the southwest of Iran. Inclusion criteria were patients diagnosed with T2DM, with the age group ranging 20-80 years, literate, not suffering from severe and debilitating complications of diabetes and lacking acute psychological illness. Exclusion criteria included refusing to complete questionnaires and cognitive or emotional impairment. Instruments include the demographic questionnaire, Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities, Lazarus and Folkman's Coping Strategies Questionnaire and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS; developed by Paloutzian and Ellison). To examine the relationship between variables, the Pearson correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used. The findings of this study on 236 patients with T2DM (53.25 ± 10.91) including 76 (32.2%) males and 160 (67.8%) females showed the majority of participants were female, the age group was between 41 and 60 years (68.22%), had a Diploma (63.98%), were insured (63.55%) and had a moderate economic situation (55.93%). There was a direct and significant correlation between self-care activities and coping strategies (r = 0.163, p < 0.05), and only a problem-focused coping strategy was considered as a predictor variable of self-care (p < 0.01). There was a direct and significant correlation between self-care and SWB (r = 0.385, p < 0.01). The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between self-care and the problem-focused dimension of coping strategies and SWB in patients with T2DM.

Spiritual Well-Being and Psychological Distress among Muslims During COVID-19: An Empirical Analysis

The impact of COVID-19 becoming more serious for most of the people as they are facing challenges in sustaining their financial and emotion stability. Muslims find it even more difficult due to the distractions to perform worship in the mosque during the previous period of Movement Control Order (MCO). The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the level of spiritual well-being and the level of depression, anxiety and stress among Muslims during previous MCO.; (2) To test the relationship between spiritual well-being and psychological distress among Muslim people during previous MCO. This was a non-experimental quantitative research involving 133 respondents of Muslim people who lived in Terengganu, Malaysia during previous MCO. A set of survey questions consisting of demographic information, the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) and the Clinical Scale for Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS-21) were used in this study. Mean descriptive statistics were used to see the level of spiritual well-being and depression, anxiety and stress of the respondents, and correlation analysis was employed to identify the relationship between spiritual well-being and psychological distress among respondents. The findings show that the level of spiritual well-being as well as depression, anxiety and stress among Muslims in Terengganu during previous MCO was at moderate level. There was a negative relationship between spiritual well-being and depression, anxiety and stress (r= -0.103, n=131, p<0.01). This indicates that Muslim people in Terengganu during previous MCO were not much affected from the psychological aspect nor spiritual well-being. However, indeed spiritual well-being play it roles in controlling the depression, anxiety and stress even though many constraints had to be faced such as the limitation of spiritual activities in the mosque and so on. It is recommended for future research to examine deeper through mixed methods including observation and interview, especially involving older respondents.

Critical Care Nurses' Adherence to Ethical Codes and Its Association with Spiritual Well-Being and Moral Sensitivity.

Adherence to ethical codes is a major pillar of nursing care that is affected by various factors. Identifying these factors can lead to better ethical performance. The present study was conducted to determine critical care nurses' adherence to ethical codes and its association with spiritual well-being (SWB) and moral sensitivity (MS). In this descriptive-correlational study, data were collected using the moral sensitivity questionnaire (MSQ) by Lützén et al., Paloutzian and Ellison's spiritual well-being scale (SWBS), and the adherence to ethical codes questionnaire. The study was conducted on 298 nurses working in critical care units of hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in southern Iran in 2019. This study was examined and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The majority of the participants were female (76.2%) and single (60.1%), with a mean age of 30.69 ± 5.74 years. The mean scores of adherence to ethical codes, SWB, and MS were 64.06 (good), 91.94 (moderate), and 134.08 (moderate), respectively. Adherence to ethical codes had a positive correlation with the total score of SWB (P < 0.001, r = 0.25) and MS (P < 0.001, r = 0.27). A positive correlation was also observed between MS and SWB (P < 0.001, r = 0.41). Meanwhile, MS (β = 0.21) had a greater effect than SWB (β = 0.157) on adherence to ethical codes. Critical care nurses showed a good adherence to ethical codes. MS and SWB also positively affected their adherence to ethical codes. Nursing managers can use these findings to devise plans for the promotion of MS and SWB in nurses and thus help improve their ethical performance.

The Role of Spiritual Factors in Predicting Depression in Women with Primary Infertility

Background: Scrutinizing the spiritual factors in human psychological well-being needs to be taken into serious attention. This research intended to examine the role of spiritual factors (spiritual intelligence, spiritual welling-being, God image) in predicting depression in women with primary infertility Methods The design of the research was based on a correlational research study. The study population consisted of all women with primary infertility in Tabriz. Using the convineience non-random sampling method, 270 participants were selected. In the process of collecting data, King's (2008) Spiritual Intelligence Scale, Paloutzian and Ellison's (1982) Spiritual Well-being Scale, Lawrence's (1997) God Image Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (1961) were used. Results: According to the multiple regression, 70% of the changes in infertile women’s depression was due to the combined set of the variables of spiritual intelligence, spiritual welling-being and God image. Also, the spiritual well-being variable with a beta value of -0.44 was a stronger predictor than other independent variables for the infertile women’s depression. Also, the variables of God image and spiritual intelligence have ranked second and third with beta values of -025 and -024, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results, the combined set of predictor variables significantly explain depression of infertile women. The outcomes of the research show that infertility is not a medical problem only, and experts should seriously consider the relationship between primary infertility and the general psychological health of infertile women. In fact, positive human psychological capitals are capable of significantly reducing the difficulty and bitterness of negative psychological experiences and leading a person to experience psychological well-being. Practical Implications: Considering that infertility is a multifaceted problem and adversely affects infertile women’s life, it seems feasible to enrich the lives of these individuals with more training in the dimension of spiritual well-being. Overall, it is concluded that the use of the spiritual dimension of human beings can be considered as a powerful shield to reduce the symptoms of depression and increase psychological well-being; therefore, spirituality-oriented factors in the process of diagnosis and treatment deserve much more attention than it receives.

Spirituality in Parkinson's Disease within a Sample from the USA.

Spirituality and religious beliefs are important for coping with medical conditions. The dopaminergic system is involved in reward behavior, and its dysfunction in Parkinson Disease (PD) raises questions about religiosity and spirituality in people with PD. This study examines the association between levels of spirituality and religiosity and the severity of PD motor and non-motor symptoms. The secondary aim investigates the perceived impact of PD diagnosis on spirituality and religiosity. This was a cross-sectional analysis of demographic, physical, mental, and spirituality and religiosity status in patients with PD recruited for the Health Outcomes Measurement (HOME) Study at the University of Maryland Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Baltimore, USA. Spirituality and religiosity were assessed using the Spiritual Well-being Scale, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Spiritual Religious and Personal Belief field-test instrument. The sample size was 85 PD patients. The mean age (standard deviation) was 65.5 (9.4) years and 67.1% were male. Higher levels of spirituality and religiosity were associated with younger age, sex (female), less education, religious affiliation (Christian), and mental health status. After adjusting for age, education, gender, race, marital status, religion, physical health, mental health, and comorbidity, only anxiety was associated with all of the spirituality/religiosity assessments. The majority of patients reported no change in their religious or spiritual beliefs following diagnosis. Greater spirituality and religiosity were associated with less anxiety. Also, younger women with PD showed higher levels of spirituality and religiosity. Longitudinal studies on more diverse populations are needed.

The effect of spiritual well-being on compassion fatigue among intensive care nurses: A descriptive study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the effect of spiritual well-being of intensive care nurses on compassion fatigue. MethodsIt is a descriptive study. The sample of the study was composed of 167 nurses who were working in the intensive care units of the hospitals in Turkey. Data were collected by using “Personal Information Form”, “The Spiritual Well-Being Scale” and “The Compassion Fatigue-Short Scale” between July and October 2022. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, correlation, and simple regression analysis were used to analyse data. Findings35% (n = 59) of the participants were between 22 and 27 years old; 73% (n = 122) were females; 67% (n = 112) had an undergraduate degree; 57% (n = 96) had an experience of 1 to 5 years in the intensive care. It was determined that intensive care nurses had a moderate level of compassion fatigue and a high level of spiritual well-being. Although especially the educational levels of the nurses contributed to their level of spiritual well-being, a younger age and being single and less experienced in the nursing profession and intensive care were identified as significant factors in determining compassion fatigue. Nurses' Spiritual Well-Being Scale mean score was 113.89 ± 15.50. The mean score of the Compassion Fatigue Scale was 60.15 ± 29.24. A positive correlation was found between the Spiritual Well-Being and the Compassion Fatigue Scales (ß = 0.358, p = 0.000). ConclusionsAlthough intensive care nurses have a high level of spiritual well-being in general, they experience a moderate level of compassion fatigue. Younger and less experienced nurses should get more attention in intensive care units against compassion fatigue. Implications for clinical practiceManagement of feelings of compassion can be a protective factor for compassion fatigue and can be used as a prevention strategy in the context of improving mental well-being among intensive care nurses. Awareness and knowledge of nurses on spiritual needs should be enhanced.

Evde Yatağa Bağımlı Hastaya Bakım Veren Bireylerde Bakım Yükü ve Spiritüel İyi Oluş İlişkisi

Bu araştırma; yatağa bağımlı hastalara bakım veren kişilerde bakım yükünü ve spiritüel iyi oluş düzeylerini belirlemek ve her iki durumun birbirine etkisini incelemek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel nitelikteki araştırmanın örneklemini, bir Evde Sağlık Birimine 04.04.2019-15.07.2019 tarihleri arasında başvuran, 154 hasta yakını oluşturmuştur. Veriler, sosyo-demografik bilgi formu, Zarit Bakım Yükü Ölçeği ve Spiritüel İyi Oluş Ölçeği ile elde edilmiştir. Bakım vericilerin Spritüel İyi Oluş Ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması 115,09±18,89 ve Bakım Yükü Ölçeği puan ortalaması 68,11±5,40 olarak bulunmuştur. Bakım vericilerin Spritüel İyi Oluş ölçeği toplam puanı ile Bakım Yükü Ölçeği toplam puanı arasında ile negatif yönde zayıf ilişki saptanmıştır (p

The Effects of Spiritual Wellbeing on Self-Perceived Health Changes Among Members of the Church of England During the COVID-19 Pandemic in England

This paper tests whether changes in spiritual wellbeing were correlated with self-rated changes in mental and physical health after controlling for changes in psychological wellbeing in a sample from the Church of England taken during the third national COVID-19 lockdown in 2021. During the third lockdown in England an online survey, named Covid-19 and Church-21, was delivered through the Qualtrics XM platform from 22 January to 23 July 2021. The responses included 1878 Anglicans living in England. The change in spiritual wellbeing scale was produced using self-reported changes in the frequency of key spiritual practices (prayer and Bible reading), trust in God, the quality of spiritual life, and spiritual health. Changes in mental and physical health were assessed using single self-report items. Changes in psychological wellbeing were assessed using the Index of Balanced Affect Change (TIBACh). After controlling for changes in psychological wellbeing, better change in spiritual wellbeing was positively correlated with better change in both mental and physical health. Negative affect may have mediated the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and both mental and physical health, and positive affect may also have mediated the relationship with mental health. The results suggest changes in spiritual wellbeing, as defined within a Christian religious context, may have had positive effects in promoting better mental and physical health during a sudden crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Validation of the Transpersonal Gratitude Scale (TGS) and the Relationship between Transpersonal Gratitude, Spiritual Well-Being and Distress in India.

This study explores the psychometric properties of the transpersonal gratitude scale (TGS) in the Indian context. It also examines the relationship between transpersonal gratitude, spiritual well-being, and distress. The psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the TGS were evaluated with the help of two studies. In the first study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) reported a four-factor solution. These four factors- expression of gratitude, value of gratitude, transcendent gratitude, and spiritual connection- explained 74.1% of the total variance. Further, CFA results indicated an excellent model fit of four-factor structure derived from EFA. These findings recommended appropriate factorial validity of TGS in the Indian context. In the second study, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability values recommended reliability of TGS among Indians. Also, the average variance explained (AVE) values and the Fornell-Larcker test concluded convergent and discriminant validity of the scale. In addition, positive correlations were reported between TGS, GRAT-16 (gratitude resentment and appreciation scale), and spiritual well-being scale scores. Also, a negative linkage was reported between TGS and distress score. These associations established criterion validity of the scale. Overall, the scale reported acceptable psychometric properties in the Indian context.

A Comparison of Psychological Well-Being, Coping Strategies, and Emotional Problems Between Taiwanese and Australian Nursing Students.

Nursing professional health courses have been reported to be very exhaustive and stressful, with most nursing students reporting moderate levels of stress. This study was designed to compare the spiritual well-being, coping strategies, psychological well-being, anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation between Taiwanese and Australian nursing students. Three hundred eighty-one nursing students (180 from Taiwan and 201 from Australia) were recruited for this cross-sectional comparative research study. The Psychological Well-being Scale, Spiritual Well-being Scale, Coping Strategies Inventory Short-Form, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Zung Depression Scale, and Brief Screen for Adolescent Depression Scale were used to collect data. SPSS 27.0 was used for data analysis. Descriptive data analysis, chi-square tests, independent t test, Pearson correlations, and stepwise multiple regressions were used to examine the research questions. Students in Australia had higher mean scores than Taiwanese nursing students for psychological well-being, life satisfaction/self-actualization, and using problem-focused disengagement coping strategies, whereas Taiwanese students had higher mean scores for using emotion-focused engagement coping strategies and depression than their Australian nursing students. Spiritual well-being and problem-focused disengagement were shown to be significantly and positively related to psychological well-being and significantly and negatively related to anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in both groups. No significant difference between Australian students and Taiwanese students was found in anxiety, suicidal ideation, and negative-emotion-related alcohol use. The multiple regressions performed in this study support life satisfaction/self-actualization and the emotion-focused disengagement coping strategy as significant predictors of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in both student groups. The findings of this study help nursing program faculty better understand the key factors of influence on nursing student mental health and provide a conceptual framework for using problem-focused coping strategies and spiritual education on students.

The Role of Spirituality and Social Support in Iranian Elderly Happiness: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Spiritual well-being and social support are important factors in reducing loneliness and depression, improving the quality of life, and successful aging in elderly people. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being, social support, and happiness among elderly people. Methods: This cross-sectional research was performed on 434 elderly people recruited from the health centers of Saveh University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Eligible participants who matched the selection criteria were selected through a multi-stage random sampling method. Socio-demographic information, the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, social support, and the Oxford Happiness Scale were used as tools for data collection. Finally, all data were analyzed by SPSS, and a multiple linear regression analysis was employed to determine factors associated with happiness. Results: The mean scores of happiness, spiritual well-being, and social support were 64.0±13.2, 96.4±18.6, and 42.8±10.9, respectively. Overall, 211 (48.6%) elderly people had high levels of spiritual well-being. The findings indicated that 43% (R2=0.43) of the variance of change in happiness could be attributed to spiritual health, social support, and socio-demographic variables, including membership in non-governmental organizations, age, underlying disease status, marital status, and physical activity. Conclusion: Spiritual well-being and social support play an important role in elderly happiness. The results of the current study might be considered a basis for planning health promotion programs among the elderly. It is recommended that authorities assist in meeting the social and spiritual needs of the elderly to increase their overall happiness.

Effectiveness of a transactional model-based education programme for enhancing stress-coping skills in industrial workers: a randomized controlled trial

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a stress management educational intervention programme based on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC) among industrial workers. Participants were 106 employees of a power plant in Iran, randomly assigned into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention comprised active and participatory methods to enhance employees coping skills and it was delivered in six face-to-face sessions. Data was collected using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale at baseline and three months after the intervention. We found mean scores of distancing, self-controlling, seeking social support, escape-avoidance, planned problem-solving, positive reappraisal, total coping skills, perceived social support, and spiritual well-being significantly differed at follow-up compared to baseline in the intervention group, but not in the control group. There was also a significant difference in the mean score of perceived stress between the two groups. We conclude that the educational intervention based on the TMSC was effective in improving coping skills and reducing perceived stress. We suggest that interventions based on the TMSC model can be supportive in workplaces where job stress is common.

A Descriptive Study of Spiritual Well-Being and Foot Care Practices Administered to Turkish Patients Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes.

The aim of the study is the determination of factors affecting the moral well-being of individuals with type 2 diabetes, their foot care behaviors, and the relationship between their spiritual well-being and foot care behaviors. This is a descriptive and relationship-seeking study. The population of the study was comprised of patients with type 2 diabetes who continued their treatment in the same hospital. The sample group consisted of 157 people determined by power analysis (0.05 margin of error, 0.85 power, and 0.447 effect size). Fordata collection, the Participant Information Form, Spiritual Well-being Scale, andthe FootCareBehavior Scale were used. The mean age of the participants was 59.50 ± 4.858, the body cure index was 29.97 ± 4.233, the foot care awareness score was 51.04 ± 9.884, and the spiritual well-being score was 19.44 ± 7.423. The spiritual well-being subdimension scores were as follows: meaning: 5.17 ± 3.226, belief: 9.79 ± 4.277, and peace and tranquility: 4.48 ± 2.608. Foot care awareness and spiritual well-being scores of the patients were moderate. Individuals' awareness of foot care is affected by their willingness to use medication and to receive education about diabetes; while the income level affects their moral well-being. There is a weak and positive relationship between the two scale scores. It would be appropriate to address the patients spiritually and to provide care with an integrated understanding of care. The adoption of foot care by nurses will make nursing more visible and will be effective for the protection of public health.

A study of COVID anxiety, spiritual well-being and resilience levels in patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in the south of Iran

BackgroundPatients with cancer are at higher risk of contracting COVID-19 with poor prognosis. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate anxiety, spiritual well-being, and resilience levels in patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic in the south of Fars Province, Iran.MethodsThis is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design conducted on the patients undergoing chemotherapy at Dr. Ali Shariati Hospital in Fasa from November 2021 to February 2022. Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were included in the study by census method. Out of 210 patients, 155 participated in the study. Data were collected electronically using the standard instruments of Ellison’s Spiritual Well-being Scale, COVID-19 anxiety questionnaire, and Connor-Davidson resilience scale. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS 22 using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation tests, T-test, ANOVA and multivariate linear regression at a level of significance of P < 0.05.ResultsThe participants’ resilience mean score was 46.35 ± 26.51 and their spiritual well-being mean score was 69.58 ± 9.32. In addition, their COVID anxiety mean, score was found to be 16.85 ± 10.51. The results showed a significant direct correlation between the patients’ spiritual well-being and resilience (r = 0.47, P < 0.001) and a significant inverse correlation between the patients’ spiritual well-being and COVID-19-related anxiety (r = − 0.275, P < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant inverse correlation between the variables of resilience and COVID-19-related anxiety (r = − 0.637, P < 0.001). Based on multivariate linear regression, the most common predictors in resilience were age and history of infection with COVID-19, and in spiritual health and anxiety, was a history of infection with COVID-19.ConclusionEnhancement of spiritual well-being and resilience in patients should be an integral part of care as these qualities are valuable resources in fighting cancer and lowering patients’ anxiety, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Examining the Psychological and Spiritual Well-Being of Older Adult Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Turkey.

This study examined the psychological well-being (PWB) and spiritual well-being (SWB) of older adult individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who experienced the difficulties of both aging and RA. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in two centers located in the capital city of Turkey. A total of 136 individuals with a diagnosis of RA who met the inclusion criteria constituted the sample group of the study. Participant Information Form, SWB, and PWB Scales were used for data collection. The results showed that participants' PWB score was positively and significantly difference with marital status, presence of children, and regular participation in social activities. It was concluded that pain severity was not significantly difference with PWB and SWB. However, there was a significant negative correlation between PWB score and total SWB score and its two sub-dimensions, transcendence and anomie. Results emphasize the necessity of supportive interventions to increase psychological and spiritual well-being of older adult individuals with RA.