Manifestations Of Spirituality Research Articles

A Historical Approach to Understanding Differentiation of RYB vs RGB

This article defines the roles of colors and presents their historical development as a fundamental means of expression within artwork. It also introduces color theorists and practices, including the mixing of pigments, a necessary technique for artists-designers in creating tangible results. Modern artists-designers have used these theorists to express themselves in producing an aesthetic experience in the viewer through their artwork, starting with Sir Isaac Newton’s light-spectrum experiments using a glass prism and a beam of white light, and continuing through Johannes Itten’s color-wheel and creative color-matching exercises. This article objective defines the significance of color, its historical development on the basis of earlier perceptual theorists’ findings that color acquires dimension and meaning in response to cultural-historical context or psychological realities. As a result, this paper also explores how color affects our emotions, our psychic and spiritual manifestations. This psychic-spiritual manifestation is revealed through a process of visual perception and experimenting with color and its symbolic meaning. Artists such as Seurat, Munch, Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Josef Albers, Picasso, Joan Miro, or Mark Rothko demonstrated the expressive power of color-pigment. The authors hope that this paper will bring significant discussion, awareness, will assist general readers and academic researchers and truly advance knowledge.

The actor-network in Herman Melville’s ‘The Apple-Tree Table’

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the actor-network in Herman Melville’s ‘The Apple-Tree Table or Original Spiritual Manifestations’ and argues that the agency of the nonhuman helps human beings to reshape their recognition of the world. In the story, when the narrator comes to the garret which is dominated by animals and things, he encounters a nonhuman-centred world. The movement of the apple-tree table from the garret to the parlour guides the family to experience the descent of anthropocentrism. Then the narrator and his family not only sense the agency of both the table and the bug but also form a network with them. Finally, they are able to think beyond anthropocentrism, thus reconstructing their cognition of the world.

“МАНАС” ЭПОСУНДАГЫ ЭЛДИК САТИРАНЫН КӨРКӨМ ФУНКЦИЯСЫ

When we carefully look at the path of growth and development of Kyrgyz literature, the main ideological and aesthetic trends, an endless and large-scale creative world is drawn before our eyes. Of course, every nation has its own spiritual manifestation. The pure spring flowing from that spring becomes a huge river, which gradually increases in size and rages. Today's Kyrgyz national literature seems to us to be a creative environment. Folk art, the poetry of singers, living in constant movement spontaneously, whose waves smashed mountains, are full of noble thought, wonderful words, songs accompanied by (“Manas”), caustic, flooding cheeks with laughter, is considered a treasure of jokes. Each of them was acquired in its own way by Kyrgyz scientists in special collective studies, but it is still clear that it is impossible to completely solve the above issues within the framework of one dissertation research or textbook.

Periodization of the formation of garden and park landscapes of the Central Europe

Formulation of the problem. During of his activities, man sought to harmonize the territory that surrounded him. The environment had to perform not only utilitarian functions, but also aesthetic ones, to satisfy the needs of man in the contemplation of the «beautiful». This aspiration led to the formation and development of a special group of man-made landscapes – garden and park landscapes. Garden and park landscapes are the «smart» group of man-made landscapes, which constructively combines natural components with components formed as a result of economic, art human activity. The aim of the work. To develop and substantiate the periodization of the formation of garden and park landscapes of Central Europe for their detailed knowledge and rational development. The research methods. The performed periodization is based on two main research principles: historical and on the principle of natural-anthropogenic coexistence. General scientific and specific scientific research methods have been used. Presentation of the main research material. In the history of formation and functioning of garden and park landscapes of Central Europe it is necessary to distinguish the following periods: sacral; regular, in the structure of which the following directions are singled out and justified: residential, sacral-regular, and proper regular; landscape with romantic and realistic directions; constructive and eclectic. Each of these periods is characterized by the dominance in the structure of the landscape of natural or anthropogenic component, regular or landscape style of organization of the landscape, has a different level of transformation of the natural basis, a certain functional load, different owners. The landscape structure is formed by the corresponding types and subtypes of garden and park landscapes, which change according to the selected periods. The article shows the change in the genetic structure of garden and park landscapes in accordance with reasonable periods and directions of formation and development. Garden and park landscapes of Central Europe were organized within the channel, floodplain, floodplain-terrace, slope and watershed types of areas, the landscape structure of which was formed by the corresponding types and subtypes of man-made landscapes, represented by park plantings, regular gardens, ponds, canals, paths, stairs, palace, outbuildings, sculpture, garden furniture, etc. It is established that garden and park landscapes performed various functions, namely: economic, aesthetic, sacred, memorial, medical, are places of short-term rest and material manifestation of power and spirituality of owners.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPIRITUALITY ASSESSMENT OF NURSING INSTRUMENTS IN NURSES AT LABUANG BAJI HOSPITAL MAKASSAR

Spiritual care is carried out by nurses for patients, to prevent more severe health effects and warn of their illness, besides fulfilling spiritual needs that are holistic care to improve patient rehabilitation and quality of life when patients are treated. The aim of the study was to find out the development of an instrument for assessing the spiritual aspects of patients. This research is a qualitative research, the researcher synthesizes and constructs an instrument for assessing the patient's spiritual aspects, while the informants are five expert nurses, nursing practitioners and experts in the field of nursing science specifying spiritual aspects. The stages of the instrument development process are the construction stage, the preparation of the grid, the development of variable dimensions and indicators, theoretical and empirical validation, expert panels and review revisions based on input from the expert panel.
 The results show that after carrying out the instrument development process, this research has found five dimensions of spiritual aspects assessment, namely: the dimensions of spiritual experience, positive emotions, the meaning of life, rituals (for non-Muslims) and rituals (for Muslims). While discussing spiritual experience is a manifestation of spirituality within a person in the form of specific and unique experiences related to his relationship with God at various levels, one's spirituality is related to the purpose and meaning of life as a whole as a manifestation of his relationship with God, spirituality has four dimensions, namely the meaning of life, positive emotions, spiritual experiences, and rituals

RESEARCH OF PERSONAL FEATURES OF A MANAGER’S ACTIVITY

The article discusses and confirms such personal qualities as trust, responsibility, emotional balance, self-control, interpersonal relationships, etc., which are the basis for the manager's moral and spiritual manifestations. The application of the mentioned features, along with professional ones, contributes to the moral manifestations of the manager, as well as ensuring the effective management process. In addition to the manager's personal characteristics, the further development of the manager's moral values during managerial activity is also relevant.
 Therefore, the purpose of the article is to study and justify the necessity of spirituality and morality in the professional and psychological preparation and election of the leader. The latter ensure the activities of the manager: the work is carried out in a more orderly, efficient manner, as well as creating a pleasant working atmosphere. This is supported by the presence of such moral qualities of the manager as goodness, truth, sense of duty, responsibility, conscience, justice, strength, free will, the values of prediction and purposefulness.

Two Danish Artists—Two Not So Divergent Paths: C. C. A. Christensen, Carl Bloch, and the Evolution of Latter-day Saint Art and Aesthetics

Two Danish Artists—Two Not So Divergent Paths: C. C. A. Christensen, Carl Bloch, and the Evolution of Latter-day Saint Art and Aesthetics

Metaphysical Aspects of Russian Social Consciousness in Russian Philosophy and Publicity of the beginning of the 20th Century

The article notes that for an in-depth analysis of the worldview and socio-political exhortations of the "Russian world" ideology carriers, it is insufficient to identify only the natural and historical prerequisites for the formation of these exhortations. It is necessary to reveal the deep metaphysical foundations of the Russian ethnic group spirituality. The fact these foundations have transformed into one of the essential elements of the "Russian world" aggressive spiritual substance, increase the relevance of this problem in modern conditions. The author of the article offers an overview of understanding of this problem by the representatives of Russian journalism and philosophy of the beginning of the 20th century, Maxim Gorkiy and Nikolai Berdyaev. The article notes that M. Gorky in his essay "On the Russian Peasantry" criticizes the illusory views of Russian writers of the middle and the second half of the 19th century on the nature of the Russian peasantry (and at the same time the Russian ethnic group in general, because Russian society was mostly peasant) as a wise seeker of truth and justice, a person with a broad and generous soul, a carrier of world humanistic values. The specificity of the development of Russian history, the geographical living conditions formed, in Gorky's opinion, the traits of cruelty, aggressiveness, and contempt for the human personality that define the behavior of the Russian peasant. These features, imprinted on the deep supra-individual level of the Russian peasant, are invariant with respect to the class and political affiliation of their bearers. They can be eradicated only through radical social transformations and long educational processes. The article pays special attention to N. Berdyaev's views on the metaphysical roots of historical and spiritual manifestations of the Russian soul. Under this review, he analyzes the existential ideas of Russians about the value of human life, about their attitude to God, to the ideas about good and evil, as well as their attitude to the state and other peoples. Berdyaev considered the main source of aggressiveness, irrationality and unpredictability of Russian deeds to be the underdevelopment of the personal principle in the spiritual and social life of Russian society. He considers the consequences of such underdevelopment in the history of the social structure of Russian society, in the religious practices of Russians. The conviction of Russians in the divine origin and universality of their values gives them confidence that Russia must become the liberator of the nations.The author of the article expresses the opinion that the value orientations of Russians rooted at the metaphysical level regarding the messianic character of their actions in relation to other peoples, confidence in their chosenness do not provide grounds to hope for changes in these orientations as a result of a change in political, spiritual leaders or political power.

A STUDY ON SIMILE AND PURIFICATION IN THE “PHILOSOPHY OF DECORATION” OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC ART FROM IBN ARABI’S POINT OF VIEW

Iranian Islamic art refers to the works of culture and civilization of the Iranian Muslim nation in the Islamic era. In its thinking and epistemological nature, it has a different language from simile and purification and is associated with a rich philosophy called "decoration" based on spiritual manifestations. Therefore, in creating works based on a simile and purification attitude, the existence of truth has never been neglected and the art world has been considered as manifestations of truth. This research is a descriptive and analytical research. Through documents, libraries and field observations, various data were collected by examining the principles and components of simile and purification with emphasis on Ibn Arabi's point of view and analyzing of how the Muslim artist used and his goals of using the combination of the two components in the philosophy of decoration. The results show that "simile and purification", as a mystical approach, has led to the formation of a special language in the structure of Iranian art; therefore, in the philosophy of decoration, the mystic artist has used it as a tool to manifest the beauty and perfection of God in forms through the embodiment of unity.

A STUDY ON SIMILE AND PURIFICATION IN THE “PHILOSOPHY OF DECORATION” OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC ART FROM IBN ARABI’S POINT OF VIEW

Iranian Islamic art refers to the works of culture and civilization of the Iranian Muslim nation in the Islamic era. In its thinking and epistemological nature, it has a different language from simile and purification and is associated with a rich philosophy called "decoration" based on spiritual manifestations. Therefore, in creating works based on a simile and purification attitude, the existence of truth has never been neglected and the art world has been considered as manifestations of truth. This research is a descriptive and analytical research. Through documents, libraries and field observations, various data were collected by examining the principles and components of simile and purification with emphasis on Ibn Arabi's point of view and analyzing of how the Muslim artist used and his goals of using the combination of the two components in the philosophy of decoration. The results show that "simile and purification", as a mystical approach, has led to the formation of a special language in the structure of Iranian art; therefore, in the philosophy of decoration, the mystic artist has used it as a tool to manifest the beauty and perfection of God in forms through the embodiment of unity.

Spiritual component of the students-vocalists’ work (based on the Ukrainian composers’ repertory)

Statement of the problem. The history of Ukrainian culture is a continuous ascending path of trials, on which the mental level of Ukrainian music – its song melos, from crying and lyrics to heroics and jokes – appears as the quintessence of spirituality. A large layer of the Ukrainian folk song tradition and academic genres of music, in particular chamber and opera, from the past to the present, embodies spirituality as a guiding principle. Through the worldview position of its author, artistic images convey the “spirit of the time”. The creativity of a singerperformer is connected with the knowledge of the inner world of a person, its artistic “reflection”, with reliance on a strong spiritual foundation for realizing higher spiritual priorities in the hierarchy of values of national musical culture. So, the topicality of the topic is due to: a) the need to preserve national Ukrainian art at the current stage of development of higher art education in Ukraine; b) the needs of spiritual and personal education of young singers; c) understanding of the spiritual content of vocal works of various genres and styles, which are included in educational programs for solo singing. The significance of the formation of spiritual values of a creative personality is actualized in the scientific works of I. Bekh (2018), O. Oleksiuk (2017), V. Antoniuk (2007), O. Rudnytska (2001); the question of the spirituality of music is considered by L. Shapovalova (2014), S. Ship (2016). The innovativeness of the study is conditioned by consideration of the spiritual component of the vocal students’ creation based on the national musical background. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the role of external and internal levels of manifestations of spirituality as components of the student’s creative experience in the class of solo singing. The study of the problem of the singer’s spiritual education presupposes the application of general and special scientific approaches and methods, including: comparative typological analysis of the interpretation of vocal works; interpretative and instructive understanding of the performance through the reflection of the mentality of the imaginary hero (Shapovalova, 2014: 30); a personal and creative approach in creating a “spiritual circle” in the “teacherconcertmaster-student” system. The results of the study support the necessity of realizing the spiritual content of vocal works of different genres and styles included in the solo singing curricula. The special significance of Ukrainian song examened in the spiritual and personal dimension in the performing work of vocal students is emphasizes. Vocal pieces based on T. Shevchenko’s poems as the embodiment of a deep national idea are presented. L. Kolodub’s opera “The Poet” is given as an example of the genre of tragic-lyrical phantasmagoria, where the figure of Taras Shevchenko himself is presented. Another dimension of folk spirituality continuing of the traditionally funny images of Ukrainian opera, is considered in the example of the V. Hubarenko’s opera “The Reluctant Matchmaker”. Colorful images created on the stage of M. Lysenko KhNATOB by outstanding singers (E. Chervoniuk, V. Grashchenko) are considered in aspects embodying spiritual components of vocal image. The problem of the spiritual experience of creative communication between a teacher and a student in the solo singing class is considered in the individual context (according H. Rickert). The ways of forming a spiritual model of creative relations in the system “teacher-accompanist-student” are analyzed. Conclusion. It is proved that the professional self-affirmation of a vocal student is impossible without spiritual self-improvement and social orientation of his work, without realization the essence of the “inner feat”: during the performance he is both a spiritual reflection of the author and the personification of an imaginary hero. It was revealed that the precondition to form the spiritual foundations of the creative process is the general uplifting mood of the student and teacher, a feeling of festivity and “holiness” of the creative process. Individual manifestations of interpretive independence in combination with models implementing spiritual components within the creative circle “teacher-accompanist-student” become the basis for the formation of spiritual experience of a future singer.

A STUDY ON SIMILE AND PURIFICATION IN THE “PHILOSOPHY OF DECORATION” OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC ART (FROM IBN ARABI’S POINT OF VIEW, WITH EMPHASIS ON TWO BRICKLAYING INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE DOME OF TAJ-AL-MOLK, THE GRAND MOSQUE OF ISFAHAN IN THE SELJUK PERIOD OF THE 5-6TH CENTURY AH)

Statement of the problem. Iranian Islamic art refers to the works of culture and civilization of the Iranian Muslim nation in the Islamic era. It has properties and descriptions, which in its thinking and epistemological nature, have a different language from simile and purification and are associated with a rich philosophy called "decoration" based on spiritual manifestations. According to the type of subject, nature and method, this research is descriptive and analytical. Through documents, libraries and field observations, various data were collected by examining the principles and components of simile and purification with emphasis on Ibn Arabi’s point of view, analyzing how the Muslim artist used and his goals of employing the combination of the two components in the philosophy of decoration, and also recognizing the sacred geometric patterns in Iranian Islamic art (with a sample of studies on two geometric inscriptions from the dome of Taj Al-Molk in Isfahan Grand Mosque). Results. The analysis of the data and the results show that since "decoration" means the refinement and separation of the individual from his/her individuality, and "simile and purification" , as a mystical approach, has led to the formation of a special language in the structure of Iranian art; therefore, in the philosophy of decoration, the mystic artist has used it as a tool to manifest the beauty and perfection of God in forms through the embodiment of unity and expressed his/her immediate and intuitive perception of his/her inner journey without relying on material concepts or purely aesthetic perceptions to manifest the idea of the holy by using symbol and irony in simile and purification. He/she decodes and expresses the most exalted realities of creation and the actual concept of real unity in a mental state, in material and abstract forms, and geometric patterns to be understood by all. His/her art in all its aspects has been based on the monotheism of wisdom and on the emanation issued by the Divine speech. In fact, in his/her art, the Iranian Islamic artist combines the two principles of beauty and spirituality with " simile and purification" in the " philosophy of sacred decoration " and manifests the " sacred art ".

Is There Singing in the Time of Crisis? Sounding Flood Songs of Coastal and Riverine Malabar in the Indian Ocean

This study examines the flood songs of Malabar written as performative literary texts in the Arabi-Malayalam language that were prevalent among the Muslim community of Malabar in the twentieth century. These songs were written as eyewitness accounts of the historical monsoon floods that afflicted the coastal regions and hinterlands of Malabar on the shores of the western Indian Ocean. Flood songs as a genre offer a combined understanding of ecology, religion and performance of the recurrent floods that occurred in twentieth-century Malabar. They also provide details about the importance of collective memorialisation and the commemoration strategies adopted to record the seasonal disastrous floods which still afflict the region. This paper puts forth two fundamental questions regarding flood songs: first, how did flood songs ideologically define and internalise the origins and causes of environmental disasters in an oceanic-riverine complex? Second, how did these songs aesthetically express the religious experience of the flood, adaptations to them, and ways of managing the risks they imposed? This study investigates the unique manifestations of spirituality, music/sound and nature and the environment in the flood songs of Malabar, topics which remain unexplored in academic literature.

When Spirits Become Therapists: Ethnopsychology and Hypnotherapy in Brazil

The present work seeks to demonstrate through a case study that hypnotherapy, under ethnopsychological inspiration, can combine spiritual manifestations in a person’s therapeutic process. This work highlights, on the one hand, the influence of spiritual beings as part of a larger collective machinery that must be acknowledged in their own references as a working condition. This text proposes a way of understanding the meaning of these beings from the ecology of their machinery, in order to oppose a reductionist and colonialist perspective that translates them into distant categories from their universes, such as imagination, hallucination, brain damage, or defense mechanism. On the other hand, a rereading of hypnotherapy is proposed through its principles of acceptance and utilization, emphasizing the importance of modes of the relationship as therapeutic resources. Using some concepts from semiotics, focus is set on the construction of the relationship between the protagonists in the hypnotic relationship and on their condition as signs of collective universes. Next, there is emphasis on the construction of certain roles, such as prophet-witness, master-disciple, and doctor-patient, and the ways these can be fundamental to establishing a therapeutic contract with a person and accessing their world. The article is concluded by confirming that acceptance must encompass individual and collective knowledges and that the use of hypnotherapy, far from a mechanical and repetitive process, should contemplate the person in holistic terms.

New insights into workplace chaplaincy

Workplace chaplaincy, a concrete manifestation of workplace spirituality, is defined as pastoral care serving the specific needs of people in workplaces. While scientific publications have so far emphasized its beneficial implications, scrutiny of the possible instrumentalization of workplace chaplaincy by the management has been neglected. Workplace chaplaincy can signify a real integration of spirituality implying a debate on the meaning of life and work, as well as a critical analysis of organizational structures and management (critical workplace spirituality). Just as well, it can be instrumentalized as a management technique to impel employees to achieve improved organizational results (positive workplace spirituality).This paper contributes to the management literature by elaborating decisive characteristics of a critical and positive workplace spirituality and discussing those characteristics that pertain to workplace chaplaincy. Furthermore, we provide a qualitative study on workplace chaplaincy illustrating a critical thought-provoking model facing different challenges, allegiances and logics in the secular working world. The elaborated characteristics and the qualitative study extend our understanding of workplace spirituality and chaplaincy as they provide a view beyond traditional management perspectives. Moreover, this paper contributes to the discussion what kind of spirituality and chaplaincy we are referring to in management theory and practice.

Tradition, ritual, and art of the "Baliatn"; The conceptualization of philosophy and the manifestation of spirituality among the Dayak Kanayatn

Rapid globalization has slowly eroded the survival of the Baliatn ritual of the Dayak Kanayatn. Nowadays, the locals only rarely perform this ritual which is a manifestation of their culture. This study describes the Baliatn ritual pointing out it is pregnant with the meaningful philosophy of the ancestors. This tradition sets out the relationship between the people and nature; an example of gratitude and spirituality in this modern era. It also discusses the importance of cultural conceptualization through philosophy, art, and spirituality. Importantly, the Baliatn is an expression of the Dayak Kanayatn idea of how to live and appreciate life. They believe their closeness to nature allows them to create a harmonious relationship with God. This culture is founded on ancestral traditions, including literature, art, music, and incantations. The writers claim that a good description of the Baliatn is essential because it is nearly extinct. They are continuing their research on the Baliatn ritual.

Developing the Dead: Spirit Photography, Mormonism, and Noise

Developing the Dead: Spirit Photography, Mormonism, and Noise

Love in the Poetry of Francisco de Aldana: Beyond Neoplatonism by Paul Joseph Lennon

Reviewed by: Love in the Poetry of Francisco de Aldana: Beyond Neoplatonism by Paul Joseph Lennon Imogen Choi Love in the Poetry of Francisco de Aldana: Beyond Neoplatonism. By Paul Joseph Lennon. Woodbridge: Tamesis. 2019. xii+203 pp. £60. ISBN 978-1-85566-336-7. Paul Joseph Lennon's monograph is an important new study of the love lyric of the Spanish Neapolitan soldier poet Francisco de Aldana (c. 1540–1578). The central argument is that Aldana presents a 'hybrid approach to love', both physical and spiritual, based on a 'synthesis of competing elements' (p. 175), thus acknowledging both the complexities and imperfections of sexual relationships and their capacity to bring about fleeting moments of transcendence. The mainstay of the analysis is a series of illustrative close readings of selected poems, which are set in rigorous context. Neoplatonism and Petrarchism loom large, as might be expected, but there is also consideration of imitation of classical and contemporary models, notably Ovid, Lucretius, Garcilaso de la Vega, and Ariosto, erotic and burlesque poetry, intersections with the plastic arts, and philosophical influences such as Epicureanism. A brief Introduction gives a thumbnail sketch of Aldana's life and work, with an illuminating examination of the early modern reception of his poetry through Cosme de Aldana's posthumous editorial interventions. Chapter 1 ('The Complexities of Love') provides a synoptic overview of fifteenth-and sixteenth-century ideas about love and sexuality as shown through a series of Italian Neoplatonic and Petrarchan treatises, followed by their application to some of Aldana's lyric poetry. The discussion stresses the distortions inherent in the syncretic readings of both Plato and Petrarch, which resulted in conceptual strain, as well as the fact that the treatists' approach to sexuality varied. Bembo, Nifo, and Ebreo are singled out for their greater tolerance of physical as well as spiritual manifestations of intimacy between lovers. Throughout the book there are occasional misreadings of Aldana's religious language: here, for instance, the understanding of 'inteligencias' (p. 32) as meaning human souls rather than angels (Aquinas's 'intellectual creatures'), or 'vestir hábito estrecho de religión' as referring to a desire for Neoplatonic union with the beloved rather than entering a religious order (pp. 39–41). Chapter 2 ('The Temerity to Love') assesses in detail a persuasion poem addressed to the lyric voice's beloved, 'Pues tan piadosa luz', via several shorter poems. The central moment is the envisaged union of the two lovers through the metaphor of a storm-tossed ship, a rare depiction of the power of reciprocal love. Chapter 3 ('The Nature of Love') is a masterful analysis of four of Aldana's 'bucolic' dialogue sonnets, two of which, the Damón-Galatea pairing, are among his best-known pieces. Taken together, the poems showcase the frustrations and pleasures of a non-idealized love, with an unusually proactive female persona. Chapter 4 ('(De)Mythologising Love') discusses two varieties of mythological poems: 'Medoro y Angélica', which expands on the consummation of the two characters' marriage in the Orlando furioso, and a sonnet and incomplete poem in octaves on the affair of Venus and Mars. The contextual preamble is perhaps overly [End Page 305] rigid in suggesting that Graeco-Roman mythology was primarily approached in an 'overtly moral' allegorical vein in this period (p. 125), but the real highlight is the close reading of the 'Angélica'. The poem is experimental both in its use of voyeurism, which goes beyond the bounds of decorum in its description of the female body while preserving a 'faux-Petrarchan appearance' (p. 138), and in its indirect portrayal of female sexual awakening. The discussion of Venus and Mars might have benefited from a consideration of Aldana's dialogue with epic and lyric beyond Ovid (the lexis seems heavily inflected with Garcilaso and Ercilla), but is another cogent exploration of the poems' gendered and intertextual dimensions. Finally, a conclusion or 'Coda' analyses a gloss of Garcilaso's 'Pasando el mar Leandro el animoso' to show how Aldana's reinvention of the myth acts as a final 'testament to the intrepid nature of human love' (p. 174). This book will be indispensable to future scholars of...

Projevy spirituality při zvládání stresu z vysokoškolských zkoušek – případová studie

The article describes the mechanism of spiritual coping as a coping strategy for dealing with stress during an exam period in university students. The study emphasizes various manifestations of inner spirituality or religiosity and its effects on the perception of the academic locus of control (ALOC). This is a case study of perceiving the influenceability of the exam in correlation to spirituality. The study is a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews using the constructivist methodology. Twelve students of psychology from the Faculty of Education at Charles University were interviewed about their coping mechanisms. The study explores the mechanism of transforming spiritual believes into a form of spiritual coping in an academic environment. The design of the study is single-blinded, meaning that the participants did not know in advance that their spiritual coping is studied. Thanks to this, authors were able to interview a sample of students including those who do not consider themselves spiritual. A concept of “equation of exam” was discovered during the qualitative analysis. The equation of exam means that controllable and uncontrollable factors were assessed by participants and the result of the equation is a feeling of gaining maximum control. Spiritual coping helps participants to cope with the uncontrollable factors by a belief that these are actually influenceable. This way, participants increased their inner locus of control over the result of the exam. Forms of spiritual coping using an external locus of control were rejected by all participants as undesirable. More complex spiritual believes lead to more sophisticated ways of increasing internal locus of control and subjective preparedness for the exam. The methodology used in this study leads to a finding that unspiritual people can use spiritual coping to a certain extent. The results indicate that while the use of spiritual coping varies, the form remains the same in all situations. But using spiritual coping in other life situations does not necessarily mean it will be used in an academic environment too. Two people can use the same strategy, but it does not mean it has the same meaning. A talisman is a good example. About half of the participants have experience with using a talisman. However, it serves as social support rather than spiritual. It reminds them of the close ones. Only one participant stated that they believed the talisman had power by itself. None of the participants use maladaptive coping, so it cannot be disputed that spirituality leads to a preference for adaptive coping. Even though the results of this study cannot be generalized, they could serve as a foundation for new research. Spiritual individuals do not necessarily use spiritual coping in an academic context, and at the same time, non-spiritual individuals may resort to this behavior. The results may also be correlated to anxiety caused by uncontrollable factors. This idea is worth considering in follow-up studies.

Imagens da Via Crucis: cenários de ritualização, sacralização e devoção, no norte e centro de Portugal

Passionist religiosity was gradually established from the 12th and 13th centuries onwards, encouraged by the Franciscan ideals of imitation, meditation, and devotion to Christ, with St. Francis becoming the very image of sorrowful humanity as he received the stigmata of Christ. The medieval cult of the Passion, reiterated in the Council of Trent, continued into the Modern Age, and is preserved today in manifestations of spirituality and popular devotion, experienced through artistic images of the Passion of Christ, as well as the veneration of relics of Vera Cruz, the shroud, among others. The liturgy and devotion have used and still use these images in religious solemnities, of which the Holy Week ceremonies stand out, as well as in theatrical performances in which the image serves as a vehicle mediating between two worlds, the earthly and the celestial, following the itineraries of the Stations of the Cross which, from the 15th century onwards, allow us to relive the final stages of Christ’s earthly life in the Holy Land.