Turpentine Research Articles

Superacid Catalysis: Direct Esterification of Turpentine Oil with Acetic Acid

AbstractTerpenyl acetate, which is used for the production of flavors and fragrances, is industrially prepared from turpentine oil in a two‐step process including hydration and catalytic esterification. Such processes have several shortcomings like too‐large amounts of catalysts, non‐recyclability of catalysts, long reaction times, and serious environmental pollution. Here, a direct one‐step synthesis of terpenyl acetate from a feed mixture of turpentine oil and acetic acid with fluoroantimonic acid as superacid catalyst is described. Only 0.2 mol % of catalyst is necessary for up to 96 % conversion of starting material at room temperature. The desired product was obtained with a selectivity of up to 60 %. Thus, a clean and environmentally friendly strategy for synthesizing α‐terpenyl acetate is provided.

The Analysis of Lean Manufacturing in Waste Reduction During Rosin Ester Production at PT XYZ

Waste are commonly generated during the utilization of raw materials. Therefore, they are become important to consider lean manufacturing to achieve the overall business objectives. PT XYZ is a major company in processing pine resin and its derivatives, including gum rosin, turpentine and rosin ester, mainly used as featured commodities. During production, a certain amount of unwanted materials in the form of defect and in the form of work-in-process (WIP) that caused waiting wastes are obtained, particularly at the rosin ester floor. This study aims to identify the waste types and their dominant factors that caused waste occurred in PT XYZ, as well as recommend improvement strategies in boosting production efficiency. Based on the identification results, two dominant wastes occurred in the form of defects and waiting. The defect and scrap portions were prevalent in gum rosin drops, flakes, brushed dust and products that did not fulfill color and size specifications at 63.72 kg/shift that equal to 2,08% scrap rate per shift. Meanwhile, waiting waste refers to work-in-process (WIP) on Oleo Pine Resin (OPR) storage and delay interval for a complete sampling process. The WIP circumstance was also observed at the packaging workstation. Furthermore, repairing tank leaks, allocating special workers to flaking workstations, extending workers’ supervision, combining flake cooling and transportation processes, procuring cooling conveyors and increasing the quantity of esterification reactors were recommendations for optimum production. These proposed activities have the capacity to enhance the process cycle efficiency (PCE) value from 4.65 to 6.34%.

Terpene resin prepared from renewable turpentine oil as a new type of cold flow improver for soybean biodiesel-diesel blends

The widespread use of biodiesel-diesel blends in society is one of the main ways to alleviate the global petrochemical energy shortage. Cold flow improvers (CFIs) can effectively improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel-diesel blends. Traditional CFIs are specific types of polymers synthesized from petrochemical products such as polymethacrylate, ethylene-vinyl acetate and poly alpha-olefin. To reduce the dependence on these non-renewable resources, terpene resin synthesized from renewable turpentine is used as a new type of CFI for biodiesel-diesel blends, and the effects of terpene resin on improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel-diesel blends are studied for the first time. The results indicate that the depression effects are extensively affected by the molecular weight of terpene resin, their addition amount and volume ratio of diesel and biodiesel in the blends. The terpene resin with an average molecular weight of 1212 presents the best depressive effect at the addition of 2000 ppm, and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of B30 (30 vol%. biodiesel + 70 vol%. diesel) decreases by 10 °C. Furthermore, using a differential scanning calorimeter, polarization optical microscope and rheological analysis, the paraffin crystallisation and morphology of wax crystals for diesel biodiesel-diesel blends before and after treatment with terpene resin are studied, and the mechanism of improving cold flow properties is discussed.

Interleukin-6-Production Is Responsible for Induction of Hepatic Synthesis of Several Chemokines as Acute-Phase Mediators in Two Animal Models: Possible Significance for Interpretation of Laboratory Changes in Severely Ill Patients.

Simple SummaryThe release of acute-phase proteins and cytokine storms are considered critical parameters for the progression of COVID-19 disease. The increase in the serum levels of cytokines such as IL6 and IL8 observed in patients primarily infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been used to determine the severity of clinical conditions resulting from infection and for prognostic purposes. Animal models have been used to understand the mechanisms of the changes in homeostasis observed under pathological conditions. In the present study, we therefore report the changes in serum levels and hepatic gene expression of cytokines and chemokines in two different animal models of acute-phase responses. The acute-phase response is a transient emergency response aimed at preserving life and bringing about the changes necessary to reduce and repair tissue damage after the removal of damaging noxious agents. Our data suggest that the liver may be responsible for the increase in the serum levels of cytokines and chemokines as part of the body’s defense response to tissue damage. It is therefore doubtful that inhibiting this response at any stage after infection could improve the prognosis of patients. These results may help to interpret the laboratory changes observed in critically ill patients, as may be the case following SARS-CoV-2 infection.A mild to moderate increase in acute-phase proteins (APPs) and a decrease in serum albumin levels are detected in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A similar trend is also observed for acute-phase cytokines (APC), mainly IL6, besides chemokines (e.g., CXCL8 and CCL2). However, the source of the chemokines in these patients at different stages of disease remains to be elucidated. We investigated hepatic gene expression of CXC- and CC-chemokines in a model of a localized extrahepatic aseptic abscess and in a model of septicemia produced by the intramuscular injection of turpentine oil (TO) into each hindlimb or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally (i.p.) in rats and mice (wild-type (WT) and IL6-KO). Together with a striking increase in the serum IL6 level, strong serum CXCL2 and CXCL8 concentrations were detected. Correspondingly, rapid (2 h) upregulation of CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, and CXCL8 was observed in rat liver after intramuscular TO injection. The induction of the gene expression of CXCL1 and CXCL8 was the fastest and strongest. The hepatic CXC-chemokines behaved like positive APPs that depend on IL6 production by activated macrophages recruited to extrahepatic damaged tissue. Chemokine upregulation was greatly reduced in IL6-KO mice. However, IL6 was dispensable in the LPS–APR model, as massive induction of hepatic chemokines studied was measured in IL6-KO mice.

Caralluma tuberculata exhibits analgesic and anti-arthritic potential by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuating oxidative stress.

Caralluma tuberculata N.E. Brown (Common name: Chongan), belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae is distributed widely in hilly areas of Dir, Swat, Kohat and in plain lands of Punjab, Pakistan. The plant has been used as a source of vegetable as well as home remedy for headache, muscle spasms and rheumatism. The present study was proposed to investigate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential of the aqueous methanolic extract of C. tuberculata (ICE). The dried shoots of plant were used to prepare aqueous methanolic extract (30:70) by 3days thrice maceration and filtration followed by evaporation under reduced pressure. ICE was screened for the presence of phytochemicals using preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC. The antioxidant potential was evaluated through DPPH assay. Analgesic potential of ICE was studied using hot plate and tail immersion methods, and anti-inflammatory activity was performed using turpentine oil and carrageenan-induced inflammation models, in wistar albino rats. Formaldehyde-induced and Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced arthritis models were used for the assessment of anti-arthritic activity of ICE and its effects on serum levels of PGE-2 as well as gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were studied. ICE displayed a dose-dependent (300-1000mg/Kg p.o.) analgesic effect in hot plate (maximum retention time of 10.87 and 13s) and tail immersion (response time of 11 and 13.64s) tests at the doses of 500 and 1000mg/Kg, respectively. The extract exhibited a significant decrease in paw inflammation of rats at the doses of 500 and 1000mg/Kg as compared to the disease control group. ICE also exhibited a remarkable decline in arthritic score and a dose-dependent drop in serum levels of prostaglandin E2. There was a significant suppression in the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB and cyclooxygenase enzyme in treatment groups. This study concludes that Caralluma tuberculata exhibits strong analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-arthritic activities thus upholding the vernacular use of the plant for pain and rheumatism.

Preparation and evaluation of panchagavya and a novel natural termiticidal product for termiticidal activity on Jamun and neem trees

Though termites help in soil fertility they cause huge loss to plants and housing. Panchagavya, a bio pesticide is widely used in agriculture as an insecticide but there were no termiticidal studies on the preparation. In the present work, Panchagavya and a novel natural termiticidal product were prepared and investigated against termite infested Jamun and Neem tree stems. When 10ml of Panchagavya was sprayed on these affected trees termites were died within 3-4 minutes. With 10ml of novel termiticidal product spray on the trees all the termites died within 2minutes and 30seconds. Although Panchagavya was found to be effective as termiticidal the prepared novel, natural termiticidal product was found to be more effective as termiticidal compared to the Panchagavya preparation. The inherent mild termiticidal activity of turpentine oil and the fast- acting irritant nature of red Chilli and black Pepper powders may be responsible for more efficacy of this product.

Synthesis, Herbicidal Activity and Toxicity Evaluation of Secondary Ammonium Salts from Turpentine Oil for Sustainable Weed Control.

Three series of secondary ammonium chloride from turpentine were synthesized and evaluated as botanical herbicides. The preemergence herbicidal activities against ryegrass (Loliun multiflorum) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) were investigated using water as the only solvent. Their toxicity was evaluated by cytotoxicity assays. Preliminary results demonstrated that the herbicidal performance of the prepared salts was similar or much higher than that of corresponding secondary amines and even commercial herbicide glyphosate. Promisingly, compound 14e containing a cyclohexyl-substituted p-menthene skeleton with an IC50 value of 0.0014 mM against root growth of ryegrass showed 39-fold higher herbicidal activity than glyphosate. Besides, this compound was found to be nontoxic to human and animal cells, indicating the potential application as a water-soluble herbicide for ryegrass control.

Cutaneous Myiasis in a Neglected Case of Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Case Report

Introduction: Myiasis is an infestation of the tissues and organs of living vertebrates and humans by fly larvae, usually those belonging to the Calliphoridae family. The larvae feed on the host’s necrotic or living tissue. Here, we report a 58-year-old woman with a 1-year history of biopsy-proven pemphigus vulgaris presented with an acute flare-up. Case presentation: On mucocutaneous examination, the patient had multiple sinus tracts covered with purulent necrotic slough, and cylindrical maggots were crawling out of and around the areas of slough. The patient was diagnosed with wound myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax. Turpentine oil flushes and oral ivermectin were prescribed. Discussion: Cutaneous myiasis can be papular, pustular, furuncular, and nodular. It is more common in people who have poor hygiene and intimate contact with domestic animals, such as people living in rural areas and tropical/ subtropical countries. The chief aim of management is to remove the maggots as soon as possible, kill them to prevent maturation, promote wound healing, and prevent development of secondary complications. Conclusion: In the current case, the patient’s poor nursing and personal care and low socioeconomic condition predisposed her to secondary wound infection and maggot infestation. Such cases require prompt care to prevent secondary infection and septicemia.

Performance and emission investigation of CI engine using blends of corn oil biodiesel and turpentine

During the last five decades, the demand of energy and noxious exhaust emissions have grown rapidly, subsequently researchers are forced to find some substitute fuels to overcome this critical situation. The past scenario reveals that bio diesel can aid in minimizing the utilization of petroleum products and also assists in curtailing the fatal emissions from the tailpipe of the engine. In the current research, work experimental investigation was made on the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using corn seed biodiesel blended with turpentine oil. Biodiesel was extracted from corn seed oil using transesterification process and blended with turpentine oil in 30%, 50% and 70% ratio by volume (CBT-30, CBT-50 and CBT-70). Afterwards, these blends were tested on a four-stroke diesel engine at varying load conditions. The results disclosed that at full load, an enhancement of 2.78% and 15% was observed for brake power and brake thermal efficiency respectively in comparison with conventional diesel when the engine was fueled with CBT-30. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, Brake Specific Energy Consumption, Hydrocarbons, Carbon monoxide and Smoke Opacity were found to be decreased in relation with baseline diesel by using CBT-30 at 100% engine load. Consequently, diesel engine can be energized with CBT-30 fuel blend without any modification and improved performance and emission analysis can be achieved.

Potential utilization of turpentine oil as an alternative fuel

After the oil price rise in 1973, and increased global pollution; individual, social and national life and economy were largely affected by the increasing cost of energy. Rapidly increasing prices of petroleum, its crisis, and uncertainties regarding the availability of petroleum have serious effect on the development of economy all over the world. The fuel trends for transportation vehicles have been affected greatly by both availability of fuel and environmental factors. To address these energy and environmental issues, it is essential to find some potential alternative to fossil fuel. Biofuels derived from biological materials; basically, renewable sources have emerged as potential alternative to fossil fuel. Turpentine oil is one of the vital biofuels and biodegradable fuel source which has the potential to replace partially the diesel fuel. Commencing from the biofuel generations, the current paper discusses about the production methods of turpentine oil, its important physicochemical properties and application as diesel engine fuel.

Management of Cervico-Vaginal and Rectal Prolapse in a Niang Megha Sow under Farm Conditions: A Case Report

The present study deals with a case of cervico-vaginal and rectal prolapse, and its management in a Niang Megha sow. Treatment was carried out using potassium permanganate for washing, turpentine oil, local anaesthetics, antibiotics, analgesic and antihistaminics following repositioning of the prolapsed organs. A significant and uneventful recovery was observed.

Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor desidustat improves anemia in erythropoietin hyporesponsive state

Many anemic chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are refractory to erythropoietin (EPO) effects due to inflammation, deranged iron utilization, and generation of EPO antibodies. This work assessed the effect of desidustat, an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase (PHD), on EPO-refractory renal anemia. Sprague Dawley rats were made anemic by cisplatin (5 ​mg/kg, IP, single dose) and turpentine oil (5 ​mL/kg, SC, once a week). These rats were given recombinant human EPO (rhEPO, 1 ​μg/kg) and desidustat (15 or 30 ​mg/kg) for eight weeks. Separately, rhEPO (1–5 ​μg/kg) was given to anemic rats to sustain the normal hemoglobin levels and desidustat (15 ​mg/kg) for eight weeks. In another experiment, the anemic rats were treated rhEPO (5 ​μg/kg) for two weeks and then desidustat (15 ​mg/kg) for the next two weeks. Dosing of rhEPO was thrice a week, and for desidustat, it was on alternate days. Desidustat inhibited EPO-resistance caused by rhEPO treatment, decreased hepcidin, IL-6, IL-1β, and increased iron and liver ferroportin. Desidustat reduced EPO requirement and anti-EPO antibodies. Desidustat also maintained normal hemoglobin levels after cessation of rhEPO treatment. Thus, novel prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor desidustat can treat EPO resistance via improved iron utilization and decreased inflammation.

Development of efficient strategies to optimize production efficiency: Evidence from Pine chemical industry

A pine tree, namely Pinus merkusii is an indigenous species from Indonesia which grows extensively in the Island of Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi. This plant produces both timber and non-timber forest products (TFP and NTFP). Resin or oleum pine resin, as the main NTFP of Pinus merkusii, becomes the raw material for the gum rosin and turpentine oil industry. Globally, Indonesia is ranked 3rd as a producer of pine products after China and Brazil, in which Perhutani as a State Owned Forestry Enterprise plays a major role in this industry. On average, Perhutani manufactures 65,000 tons of gum rosin and 14,000 turpentine oil per year. Entire volume of both pine products is produced by nine factories with various maximum capacities. Therefore, this research aims to measure efficiency and/or inefficiency score of each factory using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, which is then complemented by a single bootstrap technique with 2.000 iterations to eliminate bias scores. Cost of raw material, labour, energy, and general affairs are employed as input variables, while the output variables are total revenue and production volume. As result, 27.3% inefficiency (efficiency score = 72.7%) is generally found in all Perhutani’s pine chemical factories. To resolve this inefficiency issue, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) pairwise comparison questionnaire is distributed to 13 expert respondents to determine prioritized operational capability to focus on in optimizing efficiency of production performance. Dimensions of Cost, Quality, Flexibility, Innovation, and Sustainability are selected to construct the AHP questionnaires.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN BIOADITIF MINYAK ATSIRI PADA BAHAN BAKAR BIOSOLAR TERHADAP KINERJA MESIN DIESEL

B30 is a blend of 30% biodiesel produced from the transesterification process of vegetable oils and 70% diesel derived from fossil fuels. The use of biodiesel is still facing the problems such as high particulate value, water content, and reduced filter life, so it is necessary to improve the fuel-containing biodiesel with bio-additives. This study aimed to determine the effect of bio-additive addition on the characteristics of B30, performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engines, and to determine the best formula from two types of formulas, namely bio additive A (a mixture of turpentine oil, clove terpenes, and citronella) and bio additive B (a mixture of turpentine oil, clove terpene, and rhodinol). The concentration of bio-additive used in the engine performance test was 0.1%. The experimental data was then analyzed using descriptive analysis and one-way ANOVA on the 95% level of characterization testing. The best formula was found in formula B based on the performance test analysis, which increased the torque and power values by 18.09–24.58 Nm and 3.85–5.04 KW, respectively. Furthermore, fuel consumption increased in the bio-additive A by 1,238–1,546 mL/hour and bio-additive B by 1,215 – 1,515 mL/hour. Intriguingly, the CO2 and NOx emissions values decreased by 6–17.6% and 337–1,205 ppm, respectively. Nevertheless, it was observed that the smoke number increased by 2.85 – 6, 45 FSN in bio-additive B. Keywords: B30, biodiesel, bio-additive; diesel engine; essential oil

Investigation of wetting and hydrophobic properties of bitumen modified with different vegetable oils

In this study, the effects of oils obtained from vegetable products on the physical, mechanical and hydrophobic properties of bitumen were investigated. Within the scope of the study, six different vegetable oils were used for bitumen modification: hemp oil, flax seed oil, laurel ghee, centaury oil, castor oil, pine turpentine oil. These are 100% pure vegetable oils, obtained by using cold press method. The bitumen was modified by adding vegetable oils to bitumen with the proportions of 3%, 5% and 7%. Including the reference group, 19 sample groups were formed with six different vegetable oils by using three different mixing ratios. The physical and mechanical properties of the prepared bitumen samples were determined, according to their contact angles their sensitivity to water, surface wetting and hydrophobic properties were determined by using the IMAGEJ program. As a conclusion of the results of the studies, it has been introduced that different vegetable oils cause serious changes in the physical and mechanical properties of bitumen, and in addition, bitumen modified with vegetable oils can make a significant contribution to removal of water from the road surface which is a major problem for traffic safety.

Profile and Outcome of Childhood Hydrocarbon Poisoning: An Observational Study.

Background: Accidental poisoning, though preventable, has continued to be one of the most prevalent medical emergencies among children in developing countries.Objective: To describe the clinico-demographic profile and outcome of children with hydrocarbon poisoning at a tertiary care teaching hospital from Eastern India.Methods: A retrospective analysis of the hospital case records of all children <15 years of age admitted with hydrocarbon poisoning from January 2015 to October 2018 was performed.Results: Out of 2658 total admissions, 21 children were admitted with hydrocarbon poisoning during the study period. The median age was 2.6 years (range, 1 to 14 years). Majorities (76%) were <5 years of age. The male/female ratio was 5:2. The majority belonged to rural areas (80.9%) and low socioeconomic status (71.4%). In all the cases, poisoning was accidental in nature. Kerosene (71.4%) and turpentine oil (24%) were the most common agents implicated. Majorities (95.3%) were symptomatic requiring hospitalization. Fever and vomiting were the most commonly observed symptoms (57%). Neutrophilic leucocytosis was observed in 62% of cases. Abnormal chest radiography was observed in 67% of cases. There was no mortality.Conclusions: The majority of the children with hydrocarbon poisoning are under five years of age with the accidental mode of poisoning in the current study. Kerosene was the most common agent. The outcome was excellent without any mortality.

Study the Effect of Many Medications in Ophthalmomyiasis Treatment and the Possibility of Using these Medications Instead of Mechanical Removal

This study was aimed to find the most suitable method to treat ophthalmomyiasis cases in Iraq, especiallyin diwanyia city. So that the study was conducted on 30 cases, where the drug xylocaine was droppedto the eye eight of them, and turpentine oil was dropped to eight others, while both anesthetics wereapplied to four of the patients, Then wait for 20 minutes and remove the larvae using forceps and bya specialist ophthalmologist .ten of patients were given ivermectin orally without any ivermectin togather can immobilize the larvae thus facilitate their removal, it also found that using ivermectin is veryeffective in the treatment and can be used for clearing eye from larvae even after mechanical removalwithout any danger from side effect.

Artificial abscess. G. CANUT. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. No. 10. 1932.

The author used an artificial abscess for septic infection and establishes the indications for it and the technique. Artificial abscess is a method, the purpose of which is to artificially induce, through irritation with turpentine oil, the formation of an abscess in the subcutaneous tissue.

The Effect of Oxygenated Turpentine Oil Additive in Diesel Fuel on the Performance and Emission Characteristics in One-Cylinder DI Engines

A study on the application of oxygenated turpentine oil as a bio-additive in diesel fuel was conducted. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of oxygenated turpentine oil additive in diesel fuel on the performance and emission characteristics in diesel engines. Oxygenated turpentine oil is obtained from the oxidation process of turpentine oil. In this experimental study, the influences of oxygenated turpentine oil-diesel blended fuel OT0.2 (0.2% vol oxygenated turpentine oil and 99.8% vol diesel) were compared with pure diesel on engine performance, and emission characteristics were examined in a one-cylinder four-stroke CI engine. The test was performed at two engine loads (25% and 50%) and seven engine speeds (from 1200–2400 rpm with intervals of 200 rpm). The physiochemical characteristics of test fuels were acquired. The engine indicated power, indicated torque, fuel flow rate, and emissions (carbon dioxide, CO2; carbon monoxide, CO; and nitrogen oxide, NOX) were examined. The results revealed that the engine power shows slight increments of 0.7–1.1%, whereas the engine torque slightly decreased with oxygenated turpentine usage compared to pure diesel in most conditions. Furthermore, a reduction in NOX emission decreased by about 0.3–66% with the addition of oxygenated turpentine in diesel compared to diesel. However, usage of OT0.2 decreased fuel flow rate in most speeds at low load but gave a similar value to diesel at 50% load. CO emissions slightly increased with an average of 1.2% compared to diesel while CO2 emissions increased up to 37.5% than diesel. The high-water content, low cetane number, and low heating value of oxygenated turpentine oil were the reasons for the inverse effect found in the engine performances.

Synthesis of Myrtenal-Based Nanocellulose/Diacylhydrazine Complexes with Antifungal Activity for Plant Protection

In search of novel bioactive compounds with excellent and broad-spectrum antifungal activity and nanopesticides with sustained releasing property, a series of novel myrtenal-based diacylhydrazines were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The preliminary bioassay showed that myrtenal-based 2-picolinyl hydrazide exhibited better or comparable antifungal activity than that of the commercial fungicides boscalid and chlorothalonil against the tested fungi. Furthermore, myrtenal-based nanocellulose was designed as a nanopesticide carrier and prepared from two biomass materials, bleached bagasse pulp and turpentine oil. Drug-loading capacities (LCs) of these carriers and sustained releasing properties of corresponding complexes were also evaluated, and the results indicated that the esterification reaction in the different solvents would affect the micromorphology of carriers, which was the important influential factor for loading or releasing drugs. To our delight, complex VIII-3 (LC = 0.32, total releasing amount/time = 99.8%/168 h) showed a macroporous framework with the drug evenly distributed across the opening network and staged drug-releasing performance that deserved further study as a nanopesticide.