Spiral Vessels Research Articles

Cochlear potentials and oxygen associated with hypoxia.

In the guinea pig, during general hypoxia produced by shutoff of respiratory air, oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes detect a decrease in oxygen concentration in the fluids of the tunnel of Corti before detecting a decrease in scala media oxygen concentration. The present experiments were designed to measure the cochlear microphonic (CM) potential generated by the organ of Corti when vibrated by a microprobe on the basilar membrane along with the oxygen decline in both tunnel and scala media to see upon which source of oxygen CM is dependent. Because oxygen concentration in both areas can decrease considerably before CM is affected, the recovery following a brief period of hypoxia is a more accurate measure. Because CM starts a recovery before scala media oxygen, the positive endolymphatic potential (EP) was also measured to determine its role in the generation of CM. Our interpretation of the course of events is that CM is partially dependent upon oxygen supplied to the extracellular spaces of the organ of Corti by the spiral vessels and upon EP that, itself, is dependent upon several factors. The data indicate that EP plays a more complex role than that of providing a current flow for modulation by a resistance varying with vibration.

Direct visualization of living organ of corti and studies of its extracellular fluids.

AbstractOcclusion of all or parts of any of the three separate capillary systems supplying the organ of Corti and its related tissues could result in different audiometric symptoms; however, little is known about the functional relationship between these capillaries and the tissues, so a series of experiments has been carried out to provide some data.Sometime ago we reported an experiment that demonstrated a different role for the capillaries of the stria vascularis than for those underlying the osseous spiral lamina and basilar membrane. These latter capillaries care for the immediate demands of the organ of Corti.Probably the greatest handicap to more complete research has been the inability to observe the cells, spaces, and capillaries of the organ of Corti in the living state. This paper describes an approach to the inner ear of the guinea pig that provides a view of the sensory area without injuring essential capillaries.By means of a surgical approach to the round window a bit of bony promontory is removed to expose the basilar membrane. Removal of the stapes allows light from a cool fiber optics source to reflect from the walls of the vestibule to reveal the cells and spaces of the organ of Corti. Under this direct visualization, electrodes to monitor dc resting potentials or to measure oxygen concentrations are placed in the extracellular spaces. A motion picture shows the technique.Experiments that determined the boundaries of the organ of Corti fluids and capillaries that provide oxygen to these spaces and subsequently to the sensory cells are reviewed. The tectorial membrane seals the fluids of the organ of Corti spaces including the inner sulcus from endolymph, and the spiral vessels provide oxygen to these fluids.Occlusion of the spiral capillaries causes a relatively rapid degeneration of the organ of Corti in that region, whereas occlusion to capillaries of the spiral ligament and its structures may produce altered function of the organ of Corti and perhaps its degeneration over a longer period of time.

The permeability of blood vessels in the guinea pig cochlea. I. Vessels of the modiolus and spiral vessel.

The permeability of blood vessels in the stria vascularis, spiral prominence and spiral ligament has been investigated using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer technique. The distribution of the marker enzyme was studied 1/2-60 min after intravenous injection. The tissue was fixed in situ by vascular perfusion.

Adrenergic innervation in the rabbit cochlea.

The distribution of adrenergic nerve fibres in the rabbit cochlea was investigated with fluorescence and electron microscopic techniques. Interest was focused on the habenula region. After administration of a false transmitter the fine structure of adrenergic nerve fibres and their relationship to other structures were studied. A multitude of adrenergic nerve terminals were found around radiating nerve fibres where they lose their myelin sheaths. Apart from this nerve fibre innervation there was an extensive innervation of the spiral vessel of the tympanic lip, under the inner hair cell. This blood vessel was of capillary size and lacked contractile elements. No adrenergic innervation was observed in the organ of Corti or in the stria vascularis. The cochlear adrenergic innervation was found to have its origin in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. Possible ways of adrenergic influence on sound perception was discussed.

Oxygen Availability in Tunnel of Corti Measured by Microelectrode

A method is presented for the insertion of microelectrodes into the scala media and fluid spaces of the organ of Corti without injury to the capillaries of the membranous labyrinth. Electrode placement is made under complete visual control and monitored on a closed-circuit television system. Capillary blood flow and electrode position are constantly observed. With electrodes so placed, electrode current resulting from changes in oxygen concentration is measured as respiratory air to the animal is cut off and restored. Oxygen concentration in the tunnel of Corti decreases and returns to normal much more rapidly than does that of the endolymph of the scala media. These results furnish evidence that the spiral vessels of the basilar membrane (vas spirale) and spiral osseous lamina supply the oxygen to the fluids in the spaces of the organ of Corti.

Cochlear microvasculature in normal and damaged ears.

AbstractThe minute vessels of the cochlea were examined post mortem in normal guinea pigs and in others exposed to intense noise or treated with the ototoxic drugs gentamicin and quinine. The benzidine stain was used to display the capillary networks, and osmic acid for surface preparations, “thick” sections, and ultrathin sections for electron microscopic examination.The capillaries of the spiral ligament, i.e., the so‐called arteriovenous anastomoses, do not show the characteristics of the muscular shunts described by Chambers and Zweifach. They are divided into two groups, the adstrial capillaries closely applied to the basal surface of the stria vascularis, and the poststrial capillaries which supply the tissue of the spiral ligament. Continuing beneath the floor of the external sulcus they form an alternating pattern with the root cells, and are surrounded by a specialized pericapillary tissue which resembles that found around the capillaries of the spiral prominence. These tissues are readily destroyed by gentamicin and other ototoxic aminoglycosidic antibiotics.Vasoconstriction of the outer and inner spiral vessels in response to noise and quinine appears to involve both contraction of pericytes and swelling of the endothelial cells. After prolonged exposure to noise or treatment with gentamicin, degeneration of capillaries with formation of intervascular strands and avascular channels is found in the suprastrial network of the spiral ligament. Similar capillary changes are seen in presbycusis, and in the deaf Dalmatian dog.

Blood Flow Through the Basilar Membrane Capillaries:With 16 mm Color Motion Picture

A technique has been developed for viewing and photographing the spiral vessels of the basilar membrane and the tympanic lip of the spiral osseous lamina. This report revolves around a motion picture study of the flow through these vessels in the normal animal and under the influence of quinine dihydro-chloride. Occlusion of these capillaries is demonstrated as the result of appropriate dosages of quinine dihydrochloride.

Stone Cell Count Method and Stone Cell Group Method for Estimating Shell in Chocolate Products

Abstract Per cent shell in the chocolate component of cocoa and similar products is determined on the basis of an average stone cell content of 9340 stone cells/mg dry fat-free 250 mesh shell. The sample is weighed and diluted to a weighed suspension in 60% (v/v) glycerine. The total number of stone cells in a weighed drop on a slide are counted microscopically at 100–200X. The per cent shell chocolate component is then calculated. Seven cocoa samples were analyzed and their results were compared to previous results obtained by the spiral vessel count and pectic acid methods. Average results for shell in the chocolate component were 6.5% for the stone cell count method, 6.6% for the spiral vessel count method, and 6.4% for the pectic acid method. Six collaborators studied 4 cocoa samples and compared 3 methods: the stone cell count method, the calculation procedure of Van Brederode and Reeskamp, and the stone cell group method. Five varied less than 1 standard deviation from the average for 3 samples and 4 collaborators were within 1 standard deviation in the stone cell count method for the remaining sample. The stone cell count method is recommended for adoption as official first action for the analysis of shell for cocoa, cocoa press cake, chocolate liquor, and expeller cake; the group method is recommended for other chocolate products.

Temporary threshold shift in rock-and-roll musicians.

No AccessJournal of Speech and Hearing ResearchLetters to the Editor1 Mar 1970Temporary Threshold Shift in Rock-and-Roll Musicians James Jerger, and Susan Jerger James Jerger Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Google Scholar More articles by this author and Susan Jerger Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.1301.221 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Additional Resources FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Hearing Research277:1-2 (78-87)1 Jul 2011A behavioral measure of the cochlear changes underlying temporary threshold shiftsStella Howgate and Christopher J. Plack Stephen A. Falk (2011) Pathophysiological Responses of the Auditory Organ to Excessive Sound Comprehensive Physiology10.1002/cphy.cp090102 Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia68:5 (714-720)1 Oct 2002Avaliação auditiva em músicos de frevo e maracatuAna I.A. Andrade, Iêda C.P. Russo, Maria L.L.T. Lima and Luiz C.S. Oliveira Journal of Sound and Vibration151:3 (447-453)1 Dec 1991Leisure noise exposure in adolescents and young adultsA. Axelsson Acta Oto-Laryngologica111:sup486 (61-65)1 Jan 1991Morphological Changes of the Spiral Vessel after Rock Music ExposureHirofumi Okada, Hideo Yamane and Yoshiaki Nakai International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health56:2 (91-97)1 Aug 1985Effects of record music on hearing loss among young workers in a shipyardTadashige Mori Acta Oto-Laryngologica77:1-6 (51-55)1 Jan 1974Temporary Hearing Losses in Teen-Agers Attending Repeated Rock-And-Roll SessionsR. F. Ulrich and Marilyn L. Pinheiro Environmental Health Perspectives2 (5-22)1 Oct 1972Combined effects of noise and ototoxic drugs.S A Falk Volume 13Issue 1March 1970Pages: 221-224 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library HistoryReceived: Aug 8, 1969 Published in issue: Mar 1, 1970PubMed ID: 5421136 Metrics Topicsasha-topicsleader-topicsCopyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1970 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationPDF downloadLoading ...

Collaborative Study of a Spiral Vessel Count Method for Estimating Shell in the Chocolate Component of Cocoa and Related Products

Abstract Part-I: The spiral vessel count method for estimating pectic acid in cocoa has been modified to replace the saturated borax solution by 4% NaOH, which gives a clearer product to count, and to include a method for preparing the sample dry fat-free and 250 mesh before analyzing, by hand grinding or grinding by two different grinders. Counts have been made on known shell in the chocolate component mixtures. A formula usable in a 1—15% range and standard curves have been prepared for the estimation of shell in the chocolate component. Counts have been taken at 100X and 200x on a 0.2 g/100 ml concentration, and at 200X on a 0.35 g/50 ml concentration; 200X counting of the higher concentration is preferred for 1—15% shell. Cocoas of known pectic acid content were analyzed by the method and per cent shell found by spiral vessel counts compared with per cent pectic acid. These cocoas were also analyzed before being made 250 mesh for comparative purposes. An intralaboratory study was made on two samples. Part-II: A collaborative study for determining per cent shell by the spiral vessel count method was made on four samples of cocoa products by six collaborators; two samples were defatted and ground to 250 mesh, the other two samples were hand-ground. Five collaborators varied less than 1 standard deviation unit from the average on the four subdivisions; one collaborator was just outside the standard deviation on one sample. The precision of the results was within a reasonable range for a microscopic counting procedure, and the method has been recommended for adoption as official, first action.

The spiral vessel and stria vascularis in Shaker-1 mice. Electron microscopic and histochemical observations.

The spiral vessel beneath the tunnel of Corti undergoes involution and loses its lumen at two weeks after birth in Shaker-1 mice. At this stage, and until well into the second month after birth, the stria vascularis appears almost normal by electron microscopy as well as in terms of ATP-ase distribution. Loss of the spiral vessel may well be an important factor in the subsequent degeneration of the hair cells and neural elements of the organ of Corti in Shaker-1 mice.

Adenosine triphosphatase distribution in the organ of corti. Histochemical study by light and electron microscopy.

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) provides energy for active transport across cell membranes by its hydrolysis of Adenosinetriphosphate to Adenosinediphosphate. ATP-ase generally is found where active transport of water and electrolytes occurs. We used a histochemical method to study the location of this enzyme within the organ of Corti. We found that the outer surface of most cells in Corti's organ show enzyme activity. No ATP-ase was found along the side of hair cells where they are in contact with “cortilymph” or between adjacent nerve endings. Supporting cells have the enzyme on their entire surface. The enzyme was found in the basement membrane of the spiral vessel. Tunnel-crossing nerve fibers exhibited enzyme activity on their outer membrane. The enzyme was located on the endolymphatic layer of Reissner's membrane cells, but not on the perilymphatic layer.

Spiral Vessel Count Method for Estimating Pectic Acid in Cocoa and Related Products

Spiral Vessel Count Method for Estimating Pectic Acid in Cocoa and Related Products

LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES OF THE PRIMARY XYLEM OF RICINUS COMMUNIS

Scott, Flora Murray, Virginia Sjaholm, and Edwin Bowler (U. California, Los Angeles.) Light and electron microscope studies of the primary xylem of Ricinus communis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(3) : 162‐173. Illus. 1960.–The development of annular and spiral vessels in Ricinus communis has been examined under light and electron miscroscopes. Under the light microscope it is seen that spiral elements make up the bulk of the primary xylem. Pits and plasmodesmata are ubiquitous and are demonstrable in vertical and end walls. Plasmodesmata are evident in spiral thickenings. During tissue growth, intercellular spaces are formed between surrounding cells and developing vessels. These circum‐vessel spaces are first lined with and later occluded by suberinlike substances. Traces of a material similar in microchemical reaction are laid down in the middle lamella. A suberin‐like lining, termed in this paper the lipid lining, stainable with dimethylaminoazobenzene, occurs in mature living vessel elements. Innumerable minute fat‐like droplets, refringent, and stainable with Sudan III, Sudan Black and also with osmic acid, occur in the outer cytoplasm and appear to be attached to the vessel lining by fine protoplasmic strands. They presumably are the source of the wall deposits. After the death of the protoplast, the vessel walls appear completely suberized. When contiguous cells are removed by treatment with I2ki‐H2SO4, their site and the site of the intercellular spaces remain marked by linear suberized ridges on the vessel wall. Annular and spiral thickenings arise as cellulose strands and begin to lignify only when the vessel reaches maximum diameter. In transverse section, the broken end of an extracted spiral thickening appears stratified. Under the electron microscope, pits and plasmodesmata are evident in procambial and in differentiating xylem elements in all walls. Annular and spiral thickening are distinguishable first as closely woven microfibrillar cellulose bands. As lignin is deposited in the microfibrillar mesh, the thickenings become dense to the electron beam. Irradiation with the full strength of the electron beam distinguishes between spiral thickenings in younger and older vessels. Older spirals remain apparently unchanged. Younger spirals instantly swell, volatilize in part, and assume a moniliform outline. The bead‐like swellings consist of a matrix partly transparent to the electron beam and an internal framework of a material comparatively dense to the electron beam. Similar intense irradiation differentiates between younger and older vessel linings. Older linings appear unchanged, while the younger react violently, volatilize in part and stabilize as an irregular coagulum set in a basic mesh. The volatilized substances appear as granules on lining surface or on substrate. The changing microfibrillar pattern of the cell wall is observed from the procambial stage to the final deposition of the lipid vessel lining.

Sporulation of Fungi inside the Plant Host Cell

THE sporulation of fungi usually occurs when suitable conditions of nutrition and aeration are provided. It appears that whereas the conditions inside plant cells commonly admit of the formation of resting spores, they are, in general, less suitable for the formation of non-resting ones. Thus in Plasmodiophorales, the plasmodia develop into resting spores within the host cells, whereas the active swarm spores are typically formed outside the host. Again, in Pythiaceae, Albuginaceae and Peronosporaceae, the resting spores (zygotes) may be formed inside the host tissue; but the zoosporangia and conidia are usually formed outside it. The powdery mildews, smut and rust fungi, in different ways, exemplify this same phenomenon. So far as I know, conidia as defined by Mason1 are rarely reported to be formed inside plant cells and, more particularly, at some depth in a tissue matrix. In these few cases where they have been reported, they typically occur inside the vessels, for example, microconidia of Fusarium oxysporum cubense inside the spiral vessels of banana plants2, and the presence of microconidia of Fusarium oxysporum conglutinans has been described in the xylem of the cabbage plant3. It may be that it is not uncommon in the experience of pathologists to encounter conidia in plant cells; but the phenomenon does not appear to have been given much attention and it has not been dealt with in standard texts.

Plasmodesmata in Xylem Vessels

FIGS. I-4. Figs. I-3, Acanthus mollis, leaf. Fig. I, protoplast of unlignified differentiating spiral vessel separated on destruction of cell wall in IKI-H2S04 shonTing spiral arrangement of plasmodesmata. Fig. 2 protoplast of semilignified vessel, a later stage in differentiation, from same prepara,tion, showing remains of partially lignified spiral thickening between projecting plasmodesmata. Fig. 3, paradermal section in midplane of leaf, showing spiral vessels at vein fork with plasmodesmata between adJacent vessels and parenchy ma (approximate size of vessel segments 70 X I5 p). Fig. 4, Echinocystis acrocarpa, young stem. Transection of part of vascular bundle, showing lignified and unlignified differentiating spiral vessels with plasmodesmata (approximate size of vessel segments IOO X 509). DSV, diSerentiating spiral vessel, PD, plasmodesmataPDR, remains of plasffiodesmata; SP, spiral vessel segmWnt; SV, spiral vessel; XP, xylem parenchyma.

Development of the Node in Ricinus communis

1. The differentiation of the complex vascular network of the node in Ricinus communis is traced throughout the stem apex. 2. The development of the vascular elements of the septum in general parallels that in the axis. The network differentiates from provascular strands. Spiral vessels in the axis precede those in the septum, while secondary thickening is initiated in both at the same time. 3. It appears that leaf traces entering the stem run downward through only two internodes without change. Thereafter they may either anastomose, diverge right or left of the incoming traces and continue downward, or be deflected horizontally across the nodal septum. Thus it is possible that all leaf traces take part in the formation of at least one nodal network.

Size of Nuclei in the Shoot of Ricinus communis

1. During differentiation of the primary spiral vessels of Ricinus communis the nuclei of the coenocytes become extremely large. The volume of typical meristem nuclei is 38 cu. μ, that of spiral vessel nuclei may range up to 59,000 cu. μ, a 1550-fold increase in volume. The nuclei of maximal frequency do not fall into the size groups of Monschau, K1:K2:K3:K4 of volume ratios 1:2:4:8, in which each class is a multiple of the preceding. Nuclear and vessel diameter are interdependent except in the largest vessels. The nuclei attain their maximum size at the beginning of the process of spiral thickening, remaining intact and presumably functional for some time after lignification is complete. 2. In the younger internodes of the pith the nuclei fall into a series approximating Monschau's size groups, with a maximum frequency at 332 cu. μ, an eightfold volume increase. In older internodes they range in size up to 4000 cu. μ. 3. In regard to the material responsible for nuclear size, it is seen that: (a) In mitotic divisions the nucleus remains diploid and the chromosomes are not significantly greater than those of the meristem. (b) The nucleolus does not keep pace with the increasing size of the nuclei, and in the largest nuclei the nucleolar-nuclear ratio is highly variable. (c) Karyolymph increases 200- to 400-fold in volume. Water removable by the addition of absolute alcohol may constitute as much as 80 per cent of nuclear volume. Increase in volume is therefore attributable to these two factors. 4. Meristematic activity and nuclear water content appear to be interdependent. 5. It seems improbable that the vessel nuclei of Ricinus are unique in their nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. Re-examination of thicker sections of fresh and fixed material of other large-vesseled plants may reveal conditions similar to that in Ricinus.

Differentiation of the Spiral Vessels in Ricinus communis

1. The development of the spiral vessels in Ricinus communis may be observed in the young internodes of the growing shoot. 2. Multinucleate coenocytes differentiate from uninucleate procambial cells. These increase in size in successive internodes and may be observed in macerated material. The coenocytes range in length from 90 to at least 2500 μ, and the maximum number of nuclei observed is twenty-three. 3. As the developing vessel expands, the cell wall does not thicken measurably. When the maximum expansion is reached, a fine spiral of cellulose is laid down throughout the entire length of the vessel. This increases in thickness and begins to lignify when about 2 μ wide (in transverse section). 4. The development of the spiral and the initial lignification is presumably a rapid process, since the intermediate stages of semilignification are relatively rarely observed. Lignification is presumably a periodic process and may occur most actively in the early morning. The lignified spiral continues to thick...

The Cytology of the Differentiating Spiral Vessel in Ricinus communis

The Cytology of the Differentiating Spiral Vessel in <i>Ricinus communis</i>