Spin Mixing Conductance Research Articles

High-efficient spin injection in Co/GeSn with ferromagnetic resonance driven spin pumping

Germanium tin (GeSn) is one of the candidates for spintronic materials owing to its tunable spin–orbit interaction and barrier height with increasing the Sn content. However, as a potential spintronic material, its spin related properties have not been fully understood yet. We investigate the efficiency of spin current detection in GeSn by using the technique of ferromagnetic resonance drive spin pumping. Some fundamental spintronic parameters can be extracted from our experimental results to measure the change of spin injection/conversion efficiency. A Co layer is deposited on the top GeSn thin films to serve as the spin current generator. Here, the effective spin mixing conductance (geff↑↓) and the product of spin diffusion length and spin Hall angle [λsθISHE(%)] represent the spin injection efficiency and the spin-charge conversion efficiency, respectively. geff↑↓ and λsθISHE(%) are 9.3 × 1019 m−2 and 1.39 nm for p-type GeSn; and 7.4 × 1019 m−2 and 2.09 nm for n-type GeSn. The high-efficient spin injection in both p-type and n-type Co/GeSn systems is attributed to a low barrier height at the Co/GeSn interface because the spin current at the interface is proportional to the square root of barrier height. Our experimental results show that GeSn is effective as a spin current sink.

Verdazyl radical polymers for advanced organic spintronics

Spin currents have long been suggested as a potential solution to addressing circuit miniaturization challenges in the semiconductor industry. While many semiconducting materials have been extensively explored for spintronic applications, issues regarding device performance, materials stability, and efficient spin current generation at room temperature persist. Nonconjugated paramagnetic radical polymers offer a unique solution to these challenges. Despite the recent observation of organic magnetism and magnetoresistance phenomena in radical polymers, their spin propagation properties have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we show that a nonconjugated radical polymer is an exceptional spin transport medium. It shows large effective spin mixing conductance of 3.2 × 1019 m–2 and a room temperature spin diffusion length of 105 nm. Its temperature-independent spin diffusion length suggests that exchange-mediated transport governs spin transport. The substantial spin mixing conductance is promising, and these results establish the potential of radical polymers in emerging spin-based applications.

Spin Pumping in Epitaxial Ge1‐xSnx Alloys

AbstractThe use of Ge1‐xSnx semiconductor alloys is generating significant interest in the scientific community due to their precisely tunable Sn content. This tunability makes them particularly attractive for applications in photonics, electronics, and, more recently, spintronics. Room‐temperature emission and detection of spin currents are observed in Ge1‐xSnx/Co hybrids through spin‐pumping ferromagnetic resonance. Experiments conducted over a wide range of compositions and strains show that spin current injection is enhanced in Ge1‐xSnx solid solutions compared to elemental Ge. The magnetization dynamics reveal an intriguing scenario where the Gilbert damping constant and the spin mixing conductance display a non‐monotonic behavior. The maximum spin‐pumping efficiency occurs at a Sn molar fraction of ≈10 at.% and remains unaffected by the elastic strain built up in Ge1‐xSnx films through epitaxial growth on Ge‐buffered Si substrates. These findings highlight the non‐trivial dependence of alloy scattering in defining spin accumulation and relaxation mechanisms, providing insightful information on phenomena at the forefront of spintronics and quantum technology research.

Spintronic Pathways in a Nonconjugated Radical Polymer Glass.

Radical chemistries have attracted burgeoning attention due to their intriguing technological applications in organic electronics, optoelectronics, and magneto-responsive systems. However, the potential of these magnetically active glassy polymers to transport spin-selective currents has not been demonstrated. Here, the spin-transport characteristics of the radical polymer poly(4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) (PTEO) allow for sustained spin-selective currents when incorporated into typical device geometries with magnetically polarized electrodes. Annealing thin films of PTEO above its glass transition temperature results in a giant magnetoresistance effect (i.e., an MR of ≈80%) at 4 K. Additionally, ferromagnetic resonance spin-pumping results in a relatively large effective spin-mixing conductance of 1.18 × 1019 m-2 at the NiFe/PTEO interface. Due to the large spin-density and radical-radical exchange interactions, there is effective propagation of pure spin currents through PTEO in the NiFe/PTEO/Pd multilayer devices. This results in the transport of spin current over long distances with a spin diffusion length of 90.4 nm. The spin diffusion length and spin mixing conductance values surpass those reported in inorganic and metallic systems and are comparable to conventional doped conjugated polymers. This is the first example of spin transport in a nonconjugated radical polymer, and these findings underscore the promising spin-transporting potential of radical polymers.

Extraction of two-magnon scattering and detection of inverse spin Hall effect up to 40 GHz in low-damping Fe65Co35/Pt bilayer thin film

Abstract We report an investigation of the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE), as a measure of the pure spin current (J S ), induced by spin pumping in a Fe65Co35/Pt bilayer using coplanar waveguide ferromagnetic resonance (CPW-FMR) in the in-plane (IP) geometry over the broadband microwave frequency range of 8–40 GHz. From the IP-FMR measurements, the defect-induced two-magnon scattering (TMS) contribution is evaluated by analyzing the frequency dependence of FMR linewidth using Arias and Mills approach [Arias R and Mills D L (1999 Phys. Rev. B 60, 7395), Mills D L and Arias R (2006 Physica B 384 147–151)]. Here, we have determined a very low Gilbert damping constant (α G ) for Fe65Co35 bare film around 1.3 × 10−3, which is essential for the high spin current (>107 A/m2) generation. The enhanced value of α G ≈3.2 × 10−3 obtained for Fe65Co35/Pt bilayer film is due to spin pumping damping, α SP = 1.9 × 10−3, confirmed by the ISHE induced DC voltage (V DC ) signal measured across the edges of Pt layer. Out-of-plane (OP) angular ISHE measurements have been performed to disentangle spin pumping from spin rectification effects in the V DC signal. Further, we evaluated the effective spin-mixing conductance g eff ↑ ↓ = 3.33 × 1019 m−2, which is higher than the values reported in FeCo-alloy-based bilayer systems. The present study aims to detect the J S injected by low-damping Fe65Co35 thin films, leading to the realization of energy-efficient spintronic devices.

Unconventional exchange bias and enhanced spin pumping efficiency due to diluted magnetic oxide at the Co/ZnO interface

Exchange bias (EB) is normally created by the interfacial exchange coupling at a ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic (FM/AFM) interface. FM/AFM interfaces have also been proved to perform enhanced spin angular momentum transfer efficiency in spin pumping (SP), compared with typical FM/nonmagnetic interfaces. Here, we report an unexpected EB and enhanced SP between a ferromagnet and semiconductor. Considerable EB has been observed in Co films grown on ZnO single crystal due to the interface antiferromagnetism of the Zn1−xCoxO (x depends on the Co solubility limit in ZnO) layer. Moreover, SP measurements demonstrate a giant spin pumping efficiency at the Co/ZnO interface with a bump (spin mixing conductance Geff↑↓= 28 nm−2) around the blocking temperature TB ∼ 75 K. The enhanced SP is further confirmed by inverse spin Hall effect measurements and the spin Hall angle θISHE of Zn1−xCoxO is estimated to be 0.011. The bound magnetic polarons with s–d exchange interaction between donor electrons and magnetic cation ions in Zn1−xCoxO play a key role in the formation of antiferromagnetism with giant Geff↑↓. Our work provides a new insight into spin physics at FM/semiconducting interfaces.

Optimizing spin pumping in Yttrium Iron Garnet/Platinum bilayers under varying oxygen pressure

Here, we study the influence of magnetic properties on the spin-pumping effect of the Yttrium Iron Garnet/Platinum (YIG/Pt) bilayer. YIG films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition under variable oxygen pressures. Using broadband ferromagnetic resonance techniques, the magnetic properties of the YIG films were measured. We analyzed the spin-pumping effect in these films by measuring damping changes in samples with and without Pt layers, enabling the calculation of spin-mixing conductance. Experimental results show that films prepared at high oxygen pressure exhibit lower magnetization and reduced spin pumping, αsp, leading to a decreased spin mixing conductance, g↑↓. We report a variation in g↑↓ ranging from 4.2×1018 to 15.6×1018,m−2. These findings underscore the sensitivity of spin transport properties to deposition parameters in YIG-based spintronic devices.

Room temperature spin injection study across semi-crystalline PVDF-HFP thin films in PVDF-HFP/NiFe bilayers and Ag/(NiFe or Co)/PVDF-HFP/NiFe spin valves

Spin injection across 160 nm thick semi-crystalline Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) is methodically investigated at room temperature in PVDF-HFP/NiFe bilayers and Ag/(NiFe or Co)/PVDF-HFP/NiFe vertical organic spin valves (OSVs) using both the co-planar waveguide ferromagnetic resonance (CPW-FMR: 7-35 GHz) and magnetoresistance (MR) techniques. The structural and microstructural characteristics of PVDF-HFP reveal the formation of mixed non-ferroelectric alpha and ferroelectric beta phases. The spin injection due to the transfer of angular momentum in PVDF-HFP/NiFe is quantified by measuring the spin-mixing conductance (g↑↓) and the enhancement in Gilbert damping (α) parameters from CPW-FMR data. A significant increase inαof 26% andg↑↓of (2.72 ± 0.45) × 1019m-2highlights the efficient spin injection into the PVDF-HFP spacer layer. Further, the MR in OSV structures reveals a room temperature spin injection with a maximum MR of 0.278 ± 0.006% for Ag/Co/PVDF-HFP/NiFe and 0.349 ± 0.039% for the Ag/NiFe/PVDF-HFP/NiFe devices. Furthermore, the spin injection processes are discussed w.r.t to bias voltages, interfaces and microwave frequencies.

Spin Transport Modulation of 2D Fe3O4 Nanosheets Driven by Verwey Phase Transition.

Realizing spin transport between heavy metal and two-dimensional(2D) magnetic materials at high Curie temperature (TC) is crucial to advanced spintronic information storage technology. Here, environmentally stable 2D nonlayered Fe3O4 nanosheets are successfully synthesized using a reproducible process and found that they exhibit vortex magnetic domains at room temperature. A Verwey phase transition temperature (TV) of ≈110 K is identified for ≈3nm thick nanosheet through Raman characterization and spin Hall device measurement of the Pt/Fe3O4 bilayer. The anisotropic magnetoresistance ratio decreases near TV, while both the spin Hall magnetoresistance ratio and spin mixing conductance (Gr) increase at TV. As the temperature approaches 112 K, the anomalous Hall effect ratio tends to become zero. The maximum Gr reaches ≈5 × 1015 Ω-1m-2 due to the clean and flat interface between Pt and 2D nanosheet. The observed spin transport behavior in Pt/Fe3O4 spin Hall devices indicates that 2D Fe3O4 nanosheets possess potential for high-power micro spintronic storage devices applications.

Spin-to-charge conversion via dual-mode ferromagnetic resonance in Ta/NiFe/FeMn/CoFeB multilayer

The precise engineering of microwave absorption frequencies is of paramount importance in the advancement of spintronic-based RF devices. In the pursuit of this objective, magnetic thin films demonstrate unrivaled efficacy in enabling external modulation of their microwave responses in a reconfigurable manner. Here, we demonstrate dual-frequency ferromagnetic resonance modes and corresponding spin-to-charge conversion efficiency in thin film structures comprising Ta/NiFe/FeMn/CoFeB multilayer. A systematic thickness variation of the NiFe layer (i.e., 4–20 nm) has been undertaken to elucidate the impact on both static and dynamic properties across the multilayer structure. The presence of two distinct magnetic layers manifests in the emergence of two-step magnetic hysteresis loops, which are incorporated with unique resonant modes. The separation between the resonant fields shows tunable properties with excitation frequencies, thereby offering a wide range of reconfigurable operating parameters. The effective damping parameter has shown a decrement with increasing thickness of the NiFe layers. The effective spin mixing conductance for the NiFe layer was found to be 7.4 ± 0.6 nm−2. The spin-to-charge conversion within these structures has been demonstrated through measurements of the inverse spin Hall effect. Systematic thickness variation revealed that the prominent voltage drop was observed in the NiFe layer compared to the CoFeB layer. Considering the opposite spin Hall angles of Ta and FeMn layer, the direction of the spin flow and spin-to-charge conversion efficiency are summarized.

Thermal and Coherent Spin Pumping by Noncollinear Antiferromagnets.

Antiferromagnets attract much interest because of their potential for spintronic applications and open fundamental physics questions, but especially noncollinear antiferromagnets remain relatively unexplored. Here, we formulate the thermal and coherent pumping of spins in noncollinear antiferromagnets|normal metal bilayers. We find that the spin current polarization is a vector with components along both the Néel vector and net magnetic moment. The spin mixing conductance for the coherent spin pumping is a tensor with elements depending on the degree of noncollinearity and interface spin configuration. We explain the controversial sign problem of the antiferromagnetic spin Seebeck effect by interface effects and suggest that interface engineering may enhance the spin pumping efficiency.

Manganite Heterostructures: SrIrO<sub>3</sub>/La<sub>0.7</sub>Sr<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> and Pt/La<sub>0.7</sub>Sr<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> for Generation and Registration of Spin Current

This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the cross section of the boundaries of the SrIrO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 и Pt/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, heterostructures, in which, upon excitation of ferromagnetic resonance in a La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 film, a spin current arises that flows through the boundary in structure. Epitaxial growth of thin films of strontium iridate SrIrO3 and manganite La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 on a (110) NdGaO3 single-crystal substrate was carried out using magnetron sputtering at high temperature in a mixture of argon and oxygen gases. The spin mixing conductance, which determines the amplitude of the spin current and generally has real Re g↑↓ and imaginary Im g↑↓ parts, was determined from the frequency dependence of the FMR spectrum of the LSMO film and heterostructures. It is shown that the Im g↑↓ quantity, can play an important role in determining the spin Hall angle (θSH) from the angular dependence of the spin magnetoresistance. For the SrIrO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 heterostructures, θSH turned out to be significantly higher (almost an order of magnitude) than for the Pt/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 heterostructure.

Enhanced spin pumping in heterostructures of coupled ferrimagnetic garnets

Spin pumping has significant implications for spintronics, providing a mechanism to manipulate and transport spins for information processing. Understanding and harnessing spin currents through spin pumping is critical for the development of efficient spintronic devices. The use of a magnetic insulator with low damping enhances the signal-to-noise ratio in crucial experiments such as spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and spin pumping. A magnetic insulator coupled with a heavy metal or quantum material offers a more straightforward model system, especially when investigating spin-charge interconversion processes to greater accuracy. This simplicity arises from the absence of unwanted effects caused by conduction electrons unlike in ferromagnetic metals. Here, we investigate the spin pumping in coupled ferrimagnetic (FiM) Y3Fe5O12 (YIG)/Tm3Fe5O12 (TmIG) bilayers combined with heavy-metal (Pt) using the inverse spin Hall effect. It is observed that magnon transmission occurs at both of the FiMs FMR positions. The enhancement of spin pumping voltage (Vsp) in the FiM garnet heterostructures is observed. The plausible reason might be the interfacial exchange coupling between FiMs. The modulation of Vsp is achieved by tuning the bilayer structure. Further, the spin mixing conductance for these coupled systems is found to be ≈1018 m−2. Our findings describe a coupled FiM system for the investigation of magnon coupling providing opportunities for magnonic devices.

Spin thermoelectric and spin transport in YIG films fabricated by chemical method

Spin transport in heterojunctions between magnetic insulators and heavy metals has garnered significant attention due to its potential in spintronics applications. In this study, we employed the metal-organic decomposition (MOD) method to fabricate high-quality yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12-YIG) films on (111)-oriented gadolinium gallium iron garnet (Gd3Ga5O12-GGG) substrate. We conducted a thorough characterization of the crystallinity, surface morphology, and magnetic properties of the YIG films at various thicknesses. The obtained samples exhibited smooth surfaces with roughness mean-square (RMS) below 0.6 nm. Epitaxial growth was maintained for films up to 116 nm in thickness but deteriorated beyond that. The magnetic anisotropy demonstrated an easy axis in the in-plane direction, accompanied by a low coercivity of 4.8 ± 0.4 Oe. The spin Seebeck effect voltage measurement shows the highest signal for 366 nm thick film and is reduced if the thickness increases. Furthermore, we investigated spin transport across the YIG/Pt interface using spin Hall magnetoresistance. The average spin-mixing conductance (Gr) was determined to be 5.79 ± 0.54 × 1014 Ω−1m−2, a value comparable to those reported in previous studies.

Modulating spin current induced effective damping in β–W/Py heterostructures by a systematic variation in resistivity of the sputtered deposited β–W films

Utilizing the spin-induced pumping from a ferromagnet (FM) into a heavy metal (HM) under the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) condition, we report an enhancement in effective damping in β- W/Py bilayers by systematically varying resistivity (ρ W ) of β-W films. Different resistivity ranging from 100 μΩ-cm to 1400 μΩ-cm with a thickness of 8 nm can be achieved by varying the argon pressure (P Ar ) during the growth by the method of sputtering. The coefficient of effective damping α eff is observed to increase from 0.010 to 0.025 with ρ W , which can be modulated by P Ar . We observe a modest dependence of α eff on the sputtering power (p S ) while keeping the P Ar constant. α eff dependence on both P Ar and p S suggests that there exists a strong correlation between α eff and ρ W . It is thus possible to utilize ρ W as a tuning parameter to regulate the α eff , which can be advantageous for faster magnetization dynamics switching. The thickness dependence study of Py in the aforementioned bilayers manifests a higher spin mixing conductance ( geff↑↓ ) which suggests a strong spin pumping from Py into the β-W layer. The effective spin current (J S(eff)) is also evaluated by considering the spin-back flow in this process. Intrinsic spin mixing conductance ( gW↑↓ ) and spin diffusion length (λ SD ) of β-W are additionally investigated using thickness variations in β-W. Furthermore, the low-temperature study in β-W/Py reveals an intriguing temperature dependence in α eff which is quite different from α b of single Py layer and the enhancement in α eff at low temperature can be attributed to the spin-induced pumping from Py layer into β-W.

Epitaxial Fe/Rh bilayers for efficient spin-to-charge conversion

To address the spin pumping in the conventional ferromagnetic/“normal” metal systems, we fabricated 6 nm Fe/1–15 nm Rh epitaxial bilayers and determined the g-factor, magnetic anisotropy, and magnetization damping by combining both 0–40 GHz CPW-based frequency-dependent and cavity-based 9.56 GHz in-plane angular-dependent ferromagnetic resonance measurements at room temperature. Auger electron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction show that Rh grows epitaxially on Fe. The epitaxial bilayers exhibit a high spin mixing conductance gmix↑↓=(2.9±0.2)×1019 m−2 and a spin diffusion length in Rhodium λsd=9.0±1.3 nm. This makes Rh comparable to Pt and Pd in terms of spin pumping and spin transport efficiency at room temperature.

Enhanced effective spin Hall efficiency contributed by the extrinsic spin Hall effect in Pt1- x Ta x /CoFeB structures

High effective spin Hall efficiency and low magnetic damping constant are essential to achieve efficient spin-charge conversion for energy-efficient spintronic devices. We report the measurements of effective spin Hall efficiency and magnetic damping constant of Pt1- x Ta x /CoFeB structures using spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) techniques. With the increase of Ta content, the spin Hall efficiency increases and peaks x = 0.15 with the value of θSHeff=0.35 , before decreases for further Ta content. This non-monotonic variation is attributed to the interaction between the contribution of the extrinsic skew scattering mechanism and the spin-orbit coupling (SOC). The weakening of the SOC in the Pt1-x Ta x layer leads to a decrease in the effective magnetic damping constant with increasing Ta concentration. High-temperature ST-FMR measurements confirm the influence of the Ta concentration on the spin Hall effect and magnetic damping mechanism. Additionally, the decrease in spin mixing conductance and the increase in spin diffusion length leads to a decrease in the interfacial spin transparency.

Experimental investigation of the effect of topological insulator on the magnetization dynamics of ferromagnetic metal: and heterostructure

We have studied the spin-pumping phenomenon in ferromagnetic metal (FM) ()/topological insulator (TI) () bilayer system to understand magnetization dynamics of FM in contact with a TI. TIs embody a spin–momentum-locked surface state that spans the bulk band gap. Due to this special spin texture of the topological surface state, the spin-charge interconversion efficiency of TI is even higher than that of heavy metals. We evaluated the parameters like effective damping coefficient (), spin-mixing conductance () and spin current density () to demonstrate an efficient spin transfer in heterostructure. To probe the effect of the topological surface state, a systematic low-temperature study is crucial as the surface state of TI dominates at lower temperatures. The exponential increase of for all different thickness combinations of FM/TI bilayers and the enhancement of effective damping coefficient () with lowering temperature confirms that the spin chemical potential bias generated from spin-pumping induces spin current into the TI surface state. Furthermore, low-temperature measurements of effective magnetization () and magnetic anisotropy field (Hk ) showed anomaly around the same temperature region where the resistivity of TI starts showing metallic behavior due to the dominance of conducting TI surface state. The anomaly in Hk can result from the emerging exchange coupling between the TI surface state and the local moments of the FM layer at the interface without any long-range ferromagnetic order in TI at the interface.

All-optical observation of giant spin transparency at the topological insulator BiSbTe1.5Se1.5/Co20Fe60B20 interface

The rise of three-dimensional topological insulators as an attractive playground for the observation and control of various spin-orbit effects has ushered in the field of topological spintronics. To fully exploit their potential as efficient spin-orbit torque generators, it is crucial to investigate the efficiency of spin injection and transport at various topological insulator/ferromagnet interfaces, as characterized by their spin-mixing conductances and interfacial spin transparencies. Here, we use all-optical time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect magnetometry to demonstrate efficient room-temperature spin pumping in Sub/BiSbTe1.5Se1.5(BSTS)/Co20Fe60B20(CoFeB)/SiO2 thin films. From the modulation of Gilbert damping with BSTS and CoFeB thicknesses, the spin-mixing conductances of the BSTS/CoFeB interface and the spin diffusion length in BSTS are determined. For BSTS thicknesses far exceeding the spin diffusion length, in the so-called “perfect spin sink” regime, we obtain an interfacial spin transparency as high as 0.9, promoting such systems as scintillating candidates for spin-orbitronic devices.

Spin Pumping in Moderately Perpendicular W/CoFeB/HfOx Thin Films

Large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and spin-orbit torques are two essential requirements for high-density and energy-efficient spintronic devices. Recent advances in magneto-electric and magneto-ionic control of PMA and spin-orbit torques have opened a pathway to explore different oxide materials with large dielectric constant and high ion mobility. Motivated by interesting memristive properties of HfOx, here, using broadband ferromagnetic resonance measurements, we study the spin pumping in-plane to perpendicularly magnetized W(5[Formula: see text]nm)/CoFeB(tCFB) system capped with 4[Formula: see text]nm HfOx thin films. We find a large spin pumping and significant PMA strength for HfOx-based thin films. Using ferromagnetic thickness dependence, we also calculate the spin mixing conductance in the trilayer system which is found to be similar to MgO-based thin film stacks. These results will be highly useful for various spintronic applications with electro-static, ionic and memristive gating.