SPICE Software Research Articles

Modeling of air transformers integrating ferrite plates for improved performance

This article proposes a model of an air transformer taking into account the influence of the use of ferrite plates on properties of such a transformer. This model has the form of a subcircuit dedicated for the SPICE software. It takes into account the influence of such parameters as the number of turns of both windings, the distance between them, the parasitic capacitances of the windings and the sizes of the ferrite plates used on the voltage ratio and frequency characteristics of the air transformer. The form of the developed model is described and some results illustrating the practical usefulness of this model are shown. The obtained results of calculations performed with the use of the proposed model are compared with the corresponding measurement results.

Integration of Ag-based threshold switching devices in silicon microchips

Threshold-type resistive switching (RS) is an essential electronic behavior in many types of integrated circuits and can be exploited in multiple applications, such as leaky integrate-and-fire neurons for artificial neural networks (ANNs). Many research articles have shown that metal/insulator/metal (MIM) devices using Ag electrodes exhibit stable threshold-type RS, but all of them presented large devices (>1 µm2) fabricated on unfunctional SiO2/Si substrates. In this article, for the first time we integrate Ag-based threshold-type RS devices at the back-end-of-line interconnections of silicon microchips. The insulator used is multilayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and the size of the devices is ∼0.05 µm2. The devices can switch between a high resistive state (HRS) and a low resistive state (LRS) without the need of any forming process, and we observe a high endurance over 1 million cycles over multiple devices. By performing circuit simulation using SPICE software, we confirm that this electrical behavior is suitable for being used as leaky integrate-and-fire electronic neuron in spiking neural networks for image recognition, and the h-BN artificial neurons operate correctly for 94 % of the images presented. Our study represents a significant advancement towards the integration of Ag-based threshold-type RS devices in silicon microchips.

CC-CBTA-Based Floating Inductance Simulator with CM/VM PID Controllers

This work describes voltage-mode (VM), current-mode (CM) PID controllers and an electrically controllable floating inductance (FI) simulator circuit. Only a single current-controlled current backward transconductance amplifier (CC-CBTA) and a grounded capacitor are used in the proposed FI simulator circuit. One CBTA, one CC-CBTA, two capacitors and one resistor are used in the proposed PID controllers. All of the proposed circuits have appropriate input and output impedance values, allowing them to be utilized in cascade connections without requiring a buffer circuit. There is also no matching constraint between the active and passive values of the proposed circuit. The SPICE software environment and experimental results were used to validate theoretical derivations and associated outcomes. The layout of the CC-CBTA has been built, and the post-layout simulations are carried out using the netlist extracted from the layout. Comparisons were made with similar circuits found in the professional literature.

Experimental admittance-based system identification for equivalent circuit modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesters on a plate

Equivalent circuit modeling is a useful tool for piezoelectric energy harvesters to analyze the electromechanical response of the system especially when complex host structure geometries and nonlinear circuits are used in the harvesting systems. Previous studies have used analytical and finite element models to estimate the equivalent circuit model (ECM) of piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEH) on beam- and plate-like structures. However, those methods require accurate analytical and/or numerical representation of the PEH. Here, we present an experimental admittance-based system identification method that allows us to identify the multi-modal ECM without prior knowledge of the host plate's geometry and/or physical properties of the piezoelectric patches. Using the proposed experimental method, we obtain the electromechanical frequency–response admittance of the PEH system at each vibration mode, and thereby, we calculate the equivalent system parameters. Additionally, a novel experimental technique is presented for the identification of the equivalent voltage sources associated with each LCR branch of the ECM. The derived ECM is experimentally validated for single and multiple piezoelectric patch harvesters on a plate. The electrical frequency response of the system has been validated for standard AC and rectifier circuits using SPICE software. Overall, the proposed admittance-based system identification is an accurate and robust method to identify the equivalent system parameters, making it a practical and reliable tool for modeling piezoelectric energy harvesting systems.

SPICE-Aided Models of Magnetic Elements—A Critical Review

This article analyzes the problem of modeling the properties of such magnetic elements as inductors, coupled inductors, and transformers using the SPICE software (version 17.2). Both the classical models of magnetic elements, built in this software, and the models implemented in the form of subcircuits are described. In particular, attention was paid to the possibility of taking into account the non-linearity of the characteristics of the considered elements and mutual couplings between electrical, magnetic, and thermal quantities. Using the results of thermographic measurements, the need to take into account the differences in temperature values between the individual windings and the core of inductors and transformers was justified. Selected models of the considered elements given in the literature are briefly characterized. The network structures of the electrothermal models of the considered elements elaborated at Gdynia Maritime University are presented. The results of calculations and measurements illustrating the correctness of the described models and their prac-tical usefulness for the elements of different structures are presented and discussed.

Influence of Parasitic Elements and Operating Conditions of Semiconductor Switches on Power Losses and the Junction Temperature of These Switches

This article presents the results of computer analysis of selected switching networks. In these analyses, the influence of selected parasitic components of electronic switches on the total and active power losses in these switches is considered. Analyses are performed using the SPICE software for two models of semiconductor switches: an ideal switch with RC parasitic components and the SPICE model of an IGBT. The influence of parasitic capacitances and resistances of these devices operating with the control signal of different parameters values on the total and active power dissipated in these switches is analyzed. On the basis of the obtained computations the average and peak-to-peak values of the junction temperature of electronic switches at the steady state are calculated using a compact thermal model. It is shown that parasitic elements visibly influence waveforms of the active and total power. It is proved that the simplified model using the total power in computations of the junction temperature makes it possible to obtain a high accuracy of computations only in a situation when the transistor operates with a resistive load. For an inductive load, such simplification can cause an unacceptably high computation error exceeding even 30%. Such an error is a result of big differences between the active and total powers during switching-on and switching-off processes.

Modelling and simulation of self powered triboelectric nano generator sensor for heart beat monitoring

The triboelectric generators works on the principle of voltage produced by charge accumulation as a result of friction between between heterogenous materials. Self powered sensors is the most needed development in medical industry. Biosensors are power supply dependant.The power supply need for biosensors are catered by using mechanical energy harvesting Triboelectric Nano generators (TENGs) working on mechanical energy harvesting method is applied for developing biosensors. TENGs work on the principle, of producing charges carriers by enabling friction between two distinct materials. The generated electric energy acts as a reservoir to power the device. In bioimplantable sensors, power supply systems replacement is complex, as it needs a surgical intervention. Hence heartbeat energy is harvested for the powering pacemakers. Simulation and modelling of contact separation mode based TENGs with Spice (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) software is discussed in this paper. The signal generation of the TENGs has been simulated by SPICE and analytical samplings have been carried out for the circuit analysis. Recently invented heart rate monitors are not suitable for daily usage. Hence TENGs are identified as cost effective biosensors with unique features such as light weight and high sensitivity.

Design and simulation of high gain two stage operational amplifier using 180n technology with Nano range

In this study, two different types of op-amps were designed and tested at a lower voltage. These op-amps use less power and can be used at a lower voltage than traditional op-amps, which makes them a good option for certain applications. The designer predicted that the power output would be high when there is a high voltage supply, and LT Spice software was used to analyze the design. Today, low-powered operational amplifiers are in high demand for many applications, such as in medical and communication systems. Some of the reasons why op-amps are in high demand are because they are versatile and have a wide range of applications. Additionally, they are often less expensive than more powerful amplifiers, which makes them a good option for certain applications. This op-amp has a good phase margin, so it can handle large loads with ease. It was created using a 180-millisecond process and CMOS technology. A 3-pF compensation capacitor and a 10-pF load capacitor are suitable for it, as the op-amp has a phase margin of 90.84 degrees...

Design and Performance Analysis of Ultra-Wide Bandgap Power Devices-Based EV Fast Charger Using Bi-Directional Power Converters

A widespread introduction of electric vehicles would require an advanced enriched fast-charging infrastructure and battery technology. Currently used silicon (Si) based power electronic devices limit their efficiencies, power density, and switching frequency. Designing fast-charging stations using these materials is not suitable due to low breakdown potential, less thermal stability, and less power handling abilities. The research will propose an off-board DC high-power density fast charging infrastructure with grid tie application. The EV station is designed by using ultra-wideband gap (UWBG) material-based power electronic devices to charge the EV vehicles in a few minutes up to an acceptable state of charge. The study will analyze the characteristics of Gallium III oxide (Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) material power devices by modeling them using SPICE and TCAD software tools. The research presents the Simscape physical modeling of electric vehicle chargers based on Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> power devices. Design analysis of three-phase bidirectional AC/DC converter and DC/DC isolated full bridge converter is present in this paper. Research implements the unity power factor control to improve the power quality requirements of the power grid. The dual active power control of converters provides a wide range of charging power for a variety of EV batteries. The study will provide high current and reliable rapid charging for currently available and upcoming future electric vehicles.

Designing of a quantum TIA to improve FSO signal reception

Free Space Optic Communication (FSO) is one of the communication systems chosen for 5G + / 6G backhaul. Many works were done to improve signal quality either at emission, transmission channel or at reception through photodetector. The aim of this work is to design a new transimpedance amplifier (TIA) to improve Free Space Optic Communication (FSO) photodetector performance. To achieve our purpose, a negative electrical resistance was introduced into conventional TIA. SPICE software and Kirchhoff's laws were used to design and analyze the circuit. The obtained results show that the new TIA has a better amplitude gain response and lower equivalent noise than conventional TIAs. High bandwidth and flat amplitude response in the pass band characterize our TIA. This characteristic is one of the two criteria for a photodetector to be considered as a quantum device. A 3D gain representation highlights different regions of positive and negative feedback resistors and frequencies to be used or avoided in order to ensure TIA stability.

Circuit Simulation of the DC-DC Converter with Variation of PWM Load in Solar Panel Electrical Energy Storage

In storing solar energy as an alternative energy source, we need a control system called a DC-DC converter. This system can optimize the transmission of energy from solar panels to be stored in the battery. This research aims to develop a high-efficiency control system for transmitting electrical power from solar panels to batteries. The circuit simulation of a DC-DC converter, with a buck topology, was carried out using the LT Spice software to determine the noise value at the system output voltage. The DC-DC buck converter circuit simulation is carried out by optimizing nine load resistor values (R) variations. The resistor variations used are 10 Ω, 50 Ω, 100 Ω, 150 Ω, 200 Ω, 250 Ω, 300 Ω, 350 Ω, and 400 Ω. The input voltage is set at 20 Volts. Meanwhile, the duty cycle is selected at 60%. The simulation results show that the smallest noise is 2.83 mV, derived from a circuit with a load of 400 at the filter design of L is 33.8 mH and C is 750 nF. The system output voltage obtained is 12.17 V.

Circuit Modeling and Simulation of the ESD Generator for Various Tested Equipment According to the IEC 61000-4-2

The existing IEC Standard for Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) contains a general and simplified circuit for the generator that produces ESD discharges, without entering into details. The present work tries to fill this gap and proposes a circuit which will generate the ESD current in the limits that the current Standard defines. Two circuit models are examined through simulations with SPICE software, with the one to be the most suitable. This circuit model is also examined for various loads that simulate the Equipment under Test (EUT) and useful conclusions derive up to what type and size of equipment can be safely tested by ESD generators so that the test results are reliable.

Design of CMOS Circuit Based on NAND Function at 150nm Channel Length for Low-Power and High-Speed IC Fabrication

Abstract: In this paper the low-power and high-speed design approach of one Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) circuit based on NAND function has been reported. The CMOS design methodology has been followed to construct the circuit. The design has been carried out at 150 nm channel length of Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) transistor. Average power consumption and gate delay of the circuit has been measured. Power-delay product (PDP) of the circuit has been calculated for optimized operation. The simulation of the circuit has been carried out with the help of Tanner SPICE (T-SPICE) software.

Impact of a Punching Process on the SyRM Iron Loss: SPICE Model as an Effective Tool for Iron Loss Modeling

Many technologies for cutting the magnetic laminations, from which electric motors cores are built, change material properties, among which are magnetizability and iron loss, thus affecting the motor parameters such as motor efficiency. This problem is particularly important for low-power motors, in which the dimensions of the magnetic circuit elements are relatively small. The correct estimation of the motor efficiency is important as early as at its design stage. This is possible when the correct material characteristics are used. This knowledge and analytical model enabling fast estimation of material properties (depending on the actual size) are necessary for engineers, who design electrical motors by analyzing many solution variants in a short time. The author proposes an analytical model of changing material properties, implemented in SPICE software. Its effectiveness was compared with measurement results while being a competitive solution in relation to other analytical models. The proposed SPICE model allowed evaluating material properties for lamination of any width. In the end, the knowledge concerning the material properties was used to calculate the iron loss in the stator of the SyRM motor, showing the need to use the material characteristics calculated for the specified width of the core piece.

Noise and sensitivity comparison for different BP filter designs

In this paper, the analysis of noise and sensitivity for different BP filter designs is observed. Calculation of the voltage noise spectral density, root mean square (RMS) value of the noise voltage, Schoeffler sensitivity and the multi-parameter sensitivity is done for the simply designed (SD) active RC, noise and sensitivity optimized (NO and SO) active RC, operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA-C) and switched capacitor (SC) filter designs. This is observed for the fourth-order Chebyshev band-pass filter, with central frequency fc = 4 kHz, bandwidth 1 kHz and pass-band ripple αmax = −0.1 dB. Cascade of two second-order sections is used for fulfilment realization of all four observing designs. Programming tools, such as MATLAB and SPICE (LTspice), are also used for the analyses. Highlights We used three different designs and optimization (noise and sensitivity) procedure for design and optimize the fourth-order Chebyshev band-pass filter Our results suggest which design is best to use for improving noise and sensitivity of this filter MATLAB and SPICE software were used for calculations and simulations of different band-pass filter designs and analysis of noise and sensitivity

Leakage Power Reduction in CMOS VLSI Circuits using Advance Leakage Reduction Method

Recently, consumption of power is key problem of logic circuits based on Very Large Scale Integration. More potentiality consumption isn’t considered an appropriate for storage cell life for the use in cell operations and changes parameters such as optimality, efficiency etc, more consumption of power also provides for minimization of cell storage cycle. In present scenario static consumption of power is major troubles in logic circuits based on CMOS. Layout of drainage less circuit is typically complex. Several derived methods for minimization of consumption of potentiality for logic circuits based on CMOS. For this research paper, a technique called Advance Leakage reduction (AL reduction) is proposed to reduce the leakage power in CMOS logic circuits. To draw our structure circuit related to CMOS like Inverter, inverted AND, and NOR etc. we have seen the power and delay for circuits. This paper incorporates, analyzing of several minimization techniques as compared with proposed work to illustrate minimization in ratio of energy and time usage and time duration for propagation. LECTOR, Source biasing, Stack ONOFIC method is observed and analyzed with the proposed method to evaluate the leakage power consumption and propagation delay for logic circuits based on CMOS. Entire work has done in LT Spice Software with 180nm library of CMOS.

A Practical Fractional-Order Sinusoidal Oscillator Design and Implementation

In this study, a new sinusoidal fractional oscillator circuit in which the fractional low-pass filter and fractional differentiator form a closed loop has been introduced. The single series [Formula: see text] pair and Valsa method have been used to imitate the fractional-order capacitor. Two different sinusoidal signals with different phases are available at output ports. An integer version of the proposed oscillator is not possible, only the fractional version is valid, that is a noticeable feature. The introduced circuit has been simulated by employing SPICE software. The proposed fractional oscillator is also verified by implementing circuit with AD817ANs and passive components, experimentally.

Design of logical expression for high speed applications

In this paper delay is the major focus of the circuit. Circuit is designed to reduce the delay time of the device. Delay depends on the speed of the device delay and speed is inversely proportionate to each other so basically this circuit is designed to reduce the delay of the circuit so the speed of the device is very high. For high speed device application this will play major role. All the simulations are carried out on LT SPICE Software at 90 nm technology for high speed and low delay circuit.

A hybrid LED sink driver using a nesting-type switched-inductor/switched-capacitor buck-boost converter

This paper presents a novel light emitting diode (LED) sink driver with a high voltage gain for LED-based lighting applications. Unlike conventional LED sink drivers, the proposed driver has the nested switched-inductor/switched capacitor (SI/SC) topology consisting of an SI buck-boost converter block and a nesting-type SC cell. Owing to the nested SI/SC topology, the proposed driver offers not only a high voltage gain but also a flexible controllability of the LED currents and transformer-less structure. The effectiveness of the proposed driver is justified by some simulation results in SPICE software environment and laboratory experimental tests. In the performed simulations, the proposed driver in comparison of conventional drivers improved almost 6% power efficiency when the output power was 500 mW. Furthermore, in the performed experiments, the feasibility of the proposed topology is confirmed by demonstrating a high voltage gain and the output controllability.

A Combination of Mixed FETD Method and SPICE to Simulate Nonlinear Multiport Circuits

A combination of the mixed finite-element time-domain method (MFETD) and SPICE solver is proposed in this letter to analyze the circuit response and crosstalk effects in complex microwave circuits with linear/nonlinear, passive/active components. The MFETD method in the EM part is adopted as an unconditionally stable time integration scheme to account for the low-frequency breakdown problem. SPICE is introduced to solve the nonlinear circuit equations in the circuit part by taking into account the coupling between multiport circuits. A microwave circuit based on an AD633 chip and an MCP3221 board is simulated to verify that this hybrid MFETD-SPICE method not only is superior in mesh flexibility to the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)-based method but also exploits the well-developed open-source software SPICE to solve the nonlinear equations.