Economic Spheres Research Articles

Integration in development: assessing socio-economic strategies of Kazakhstan and Central Asia

The study focuses on the specifics and peculiarities of the implementation of strategic plans in the sphere of economy and politics of Central Asian (CA) countries in response to the challenges of deglobalisation. The purpose of the article is to analyse and evaluate the socio-economic strategies of Kazakhstan and Central Asian countries in the context of their integration processes and development, and to determine their impact on regional stability and international cooperation. The study was conducted using such scientific methods as systematic literature review, meta-analysis, analytical synthesis, comparative and critical analysis. The scientific significance of the study lies in the systematisation and critical analysis of the strategies of socio-economic development of CA countries through the prism of their participation in regional integration processes, which allows to deepen the understanding of this multidimensional phenomenon. The practical significance of the work is expressed in the formation of proposals for the optimisation of integration processes, which is important for the creation of an effective economic environment in the region. The results of the study are of value for the academic community, politicians and experts dealing with regional integration and international economic relations in general. The recommendations proposed in the article can be used to develop more effective mechanisms of interstate interaction and the formation of sustainable economic policy.

SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MODERN IV WORLD HYBRID WAR

The article is devoted to the socio-philosophical analysis of the types of modern hybrid war, their main characteristics, the disclosure of the factors that influence these modern types of wars. The opinion regarding global transformations in the political, economic and technological spheres is substantiated, which led to the need to revise the concept of K. von Clausewitz. It has been proven that today’s war has its differences from previous wars, its typology, color and methods of conduct; the concept of "modern war" is considered and the modern understanding of war as hybrid is given, the types of modern hybrid war are highlighted. The role of technology, technology and science in modern hybrid war is revealed; justified, due to which the modern military picture of the world is formed.

The social state in Russia and Belarus as a complex constitutional principle

In the modern period, the Russian and Belarusian states have observed the development of social relations related to the implementation of the constitutional principle of a social state, as well as the consolidation of processes aimed at interaction and searching for a balance of interests and responsibilities in the social and economic spheres. The relevance of the topic is determined by the discussion on issues related to the definition of the concept and essence of a social state, the constitutional content of such principles and requirements of a social state as social justice, social equality, a decent standard of living, free development, mutual social responsibility, assessment of the influence of the practice of the constitutional courts of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus for the development and implementation of the principle of a social state in the countries under consideration. It is concluded that the concept of a social state acts as a multidimensional characteristic of the state, reflecting, firstly, the conceptual focus of state policy on ensuring social protection of citizens based on the principles of social equality, social justice, ensuring a decent life, free development, as well as other principles and requirements, reflecting the social orientation of public authority, and, secondly, a model of relations between the state and the individual, functioning on the basis of mutual social and legal responsibility. The principle of a social state is a complex basic constitutional principle - a legal narrative that contains specific principles and requirements for the social nature of the state system and predetermines the system of social human rights and their guarantees, as well as the social responsibility of subjects of public legal relations.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙНІ ЗМІНИ НА РИНКУ ПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА ВИКЛИКИ

The state and dynamics of changes in the labor market of Ukraine, caused by the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, require prompt monitoring and their consideration when developing modernization programs focused on the needs of the recovery of the national economy, the priorities of the country's integration into the European Union, taking into account the trends in the functioning of the global labor market. The purpose of the article is to monitor transformational changes in the labor market of Ukraine under martial law. The subject of the study is the trends and challenges of the labor market of Ukraine. Research methods: analysis and synthesis, comparison, grouping and analogies, deduction. The hypothesis of the study is that the effectiveness of the modernization mechanism of the further functioning of the labor market depends on the scale and direction of the trends of transformational changes, which are reflected in the trends and challenges that have a high specific capacity of behavioral aspects. Presenting main material. The article identifies the reasons for the significant increase in the imbalance in the functioning of the labor market, which mainly occurred due to the mass migration of the population and the relocation of enterprises from the occupied territories to the western and central regions of the country, but at the same time, employers feel the presence of personnel hunger, which they seek to cover with little competition in pay labor. It has been established that, in general, the type of labor market functioning with a shortage of qualified personnel persists. The conducted analysis made it possible to determine relevant processes for the wartime functioning of the labor market of Ukraine, which consist in a significant reduction in employment; changes in the structure of the country's labor potential due to the large-scale internal and external migration of the population and the increase of internally displaced persons in the structure of the labor force supply; dissatisfaction with the needs of the working population; activation of mobilization processes provoked negative dynamics of informal employment; manifestations of differentiation in the level of wages and job offers regionally and by gender. Originality and practical significance of the research. The practical value of the research lies in the fact that the obtained results allow to objectify the processes of transformational changes in the labor market of Ukraine in wartime conditions, to characterize the current and prospective challenges of its functioning in the system of the national economy. Research conclusions. The impact of war events on the country's national economy was primarily reflected in the reduction of production capabilities, changes in the structure of the available labor force, the destruction of enterprises, the deterioration of the dynamics of the functioning of the labor market, and the crisis-related deterioration of the regulatory mechanism of labor market institutions. In the context of research perspectives, the monitoring of the consequences of martial law for social and economic spheres, providing spheres of human capital development, market relations, internal and external policy of the state remains an important operational task. In further investigations, the identified threats and risks can be used to develop programs for regulating processes and resources in the labor market.

The Post-2011 Yemen Internationalized Civil War: It’s National, Regional and Global Implications

The purpose of this paper is to make an in-depth analysis of the post-2011 Yemen internationalized civil war and its implications on national, regional, and global social, economic, and political spheres of influence. In this place, the study uses a qualitative research approach. On top of this to achieve the stated objectives of the study the data was collected purposively from published and unpublished materials like articles, magazines, reports, and the materials available online. At the national level, Yemen has failed in worsening social, economic, and political situations portrayed by the civil war crisis. The internationalized Yemen civil war triggered grave consequences on infrastructure, and economic activities, in which trade; investment, and business opportunities were demolished. Besides, it caused thousands of civilians displaced, indiscriminately attacked, killed, flee their homes, and become refugees. Similarly, the intensive Yemen civil war deteriorated the free flows of oil production, commodities as well as maritime trade in the region. Significantly, the fragile conditions pave the way for the network of illegal traffic activities in the region. The Yemen post-2011 internationalized civil war has caused potential risk to international shipping transiting to the Red sea which is the strategic route for oil cargo and other commercial movements to the global market. Furthermore, the Yemen civil conflict caused the world’s largest humanitarian crisis and the European Union has responded to the catastrophes.

Epidemiological evolution of dengue in the pre-pandemic to post-pandemic periods in the Americas and Brazil

Introduction: Dengue is an asymptomatic infection or present symptoms like low fever to disabling high fever, severe headache, retroocular, muscle and joint pain, in addition to skin rashes, and if associated with COVID-19, it can worsen the illness condition. Objective: investigate the epidemiological evolution of dengue in the pre-pandemic, pandemic and post-pandemic periods from an American and Brazilian perspective. Methodology: descriptive study, based on the search for information in epidemiological bulletins, data from DATASUS and the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, in addition to articles available in databases provided by SciELO, ScienceDirect and Pubmed. Results: In the period before the pandemic, the high number of notifications was due to the DENV2 serotype, causing a large epidemic. In the years 2020-2021 there was a drop in the number of notifications due to the introduction of social and public health measures, misdiagnosis between the signs/symptoms of dengue and COVID-19, inaccurate serological tests and underreporting. In 2022 and 2023, the epidemiological scenario again points to increasing notification of dengue cases, mainly due to changes in routine vector control during the pandemic, combined with favorable environmental factors, such as increased rainfall. Conclusion: the neglect of both dengue fever and other diseases has negatively impacted the population today, since in order to mitigate the damage caused by the pandemic, actions to promote and prevent the health of endemic diseases in our territory, when placed in the background, have caused the underreporting of cases, influenced by changes in the political, economic and health spheres of society.

ESSENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF AN INDIVIDUAL EDUCATIONAL TRAJECTORY OF A STUDENT AT A UNIVERSITY

The modern higher education system is at the stage of active modernization of its internal structure as a whole, which is due to new, current requirements of the economic sphere and the state’s “social order” for the training of competitive specialists with developed transversal competencies and the ability to navigate in constantly changing conditions. The purpose of this article is to define the concept of “individual educational trajectory” and related categories; considering the advantages of using an individual educational trajectory in the educational process of higher education. To achieve this goal, leading methodological approaches were used, among which an important place is given to systemic, axiological, personality-oriented and reflexive approaches.

ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF TÜRKIYE WITH THE TURKIC STATES OF SOUTH CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA

In the present era, the Turkic states are experiencing an upward trajectory in the expansion of their relationships, particularly in the economic sphere. After the collapse of the USSR, the Turkic states that regained their independence – Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan – followed different dynamics of economic development. These Turkic states are located in regions of significant geopolitical and geostrategic importance, spanning a wide area from the Adriatic to the Great Wall of China. The purpose of the study is to examine the dynamics of the development of economic relations between Türkiye and the Turkic states of South Caucasus and Central Asia in the modern era. The main objectives are to examine the economic potential of the Turkic states and Türkiye’s economic policy towards the Turkic states of the South Caucasus and Central Asia, to analyze the development dynamics and characteristics of the economic relations between Türkiye and the Turkic states of these two regions.

CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CHINESE AND KAZAKH MEDIA: COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

In the last decade, with the increasing international status of China and its “exit”, namely the implementation of the geo-economic strategy “Belt and Road Initiative” on the Eurasian continent, as well as the increasing strategic importance of Kazakhstan, cooperation between our countries is dynamically developing in various fields. The interaction between Kazakhstan and China in the automotive industry is a new and most dynamically developing area of cooperation. The conducted content analysis of publications in Chinese and Kazakh media dedicated to cooperation in the automotive industry from 2015 to 2023 includes both qualitative and quantitative assessment of the content of news articles from countries, reviews, and interviews with press services of Chinese auto companies. The purpose of this study is to identify key topics and trends in the field of cooperation in the automotive industry through an analysis of publications about cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in state and non-state media of both countries, identifying their similarities and differences. This research has the potential to actively contribute to a deeper understanding and promotion of cooperation and dialogue between Kazakhstan and China, especially in the economic and political spheres.

CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT ORIENTATION IN THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EDUCATION SECTOR IN THE STATE OF MÉDÉA, ALGERIA (OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT MODEL)

The vocational training and education sector in Algeria faces numerous challenges due to its roles in both economic and social spheres. Therefore, this study aims to determine the extent of outstanding performance management practices in vocational training institutions in the state of Médéa, Algeria. The quantitative analytical approach was used on a sample of 21 vocational training institutions, relying on the questionnaire as a data collection tool, which was distributed to 51 (institution directors, sub-directors, and heads of departments). The study reached several results, the most important of which is the application of outstanding performance management in the studied institutions, where it was proven that the dimensions of performance management exist, and the institutions’ application of performance planning and feedback was at a high level. As for the institution’s application of the dimension of improving and developing performance and after measuring and evaluating performance, there was a medium level of application.

Peran dan Kontribusi Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Pemberdayaan Perempuan di Lingkungan Masyarakat

Through current approaches in the social, economic and political spheres, recent research suggests Islamic religious education can provide a strong foundation for women in developing their potential and achieving gender equality. This research aims to explore the important role of Islamic religious education in empowering women socially, economically and politically and to provide a deeper understanding of its contribution to enhancing women's participation in public life. This research is a qualitative type of literature study by making library materials as the main data source, using the main reference to the phenomenon of the prophetic era and then correlating it with the related verses and stories listed in the Qur'an. The results showed that Islamic Religious Education has an important role in improving the quality of individuals. In addition, Islamic religious education does not provide rejection of the role of women in any aspect. Therefore, the Qur'an also explicitly says about equality between men and women.

«Розовая волна» в Латинской Америке: стратегия и тактика новых левых

The article examines the main ideological currents of the Lat-in American left, the reasons for the “left drift” of the early 21st century, so as the particularities and consequences of the new “pink wave.” The author notes that despite the radical slogans, the new left is closer to the center-left preaching the ideas of social democracy. Unlike classical Marxists, they do not offer a model of an alternative society. In the economic sphere, priority is given not to economic growth, but to the development of science, innovative technologies and digitali-zation, the social sphere is based on solving pressing prob-lems and greater justice. The new generation of leftists advo-cates strict adherence to democratic principles; the environmental component also occupies a large place in their programs. Priority attention is paid to overcoming the discrimination of various categories of citizens, to social inclusion and gender issues. Foreign policy is based on multivector and mutually beneficial relations with all states.

ENSURING CRIMINOLOGICAL SECURITY OF THE FINANCIAL MARKET IN RUSSIA

With the introduction of the digital economy and new financial products in Russia, changes have taken place in the financial services market. Against this background, illegal financial activities have sharply increased. This was facilitated by the expansion of information and telecommunication technologies, their use in all spheres of activity, including the development of domestic digital platforms, which increased the implementation of financial transactions in the stock markets, securities market, insurance sector, etc. At the same time, the risks of negative manifestations in the economic sphere have increased, which has influenced the growth of economic crime, which has become more organized, professional and, given the development of digital transformation, transnational. We should not fail to note its corrupt nature. The process launched by the state to stabilize and increase the rate of development of the state economy causes only positive reactions from society, but when the rate of development increases, problems arise, which destructive forces use in their own interests, for personal enrichment, where, breaking the law, they do not consider public opinion, do not pay attention to the state structures responsible for the security of this sector of the economy. It is crimes in the financial market that distinguish criminals of a new format from the old mastodons of criminal activity, and such qualities as high cohesion, organization, and competence allow them to establish control over various systems of life of society and the state, entering not only the sector of business and commerce, but also the budget sector, where continuing to establish monopoly control, lobbying their interests in various spheres of economic activity. One of such spheres at the current stage of formation of the digital economy is the financial market of Russia, which is subject to protection from criminal threats and criminogenic risks. In the current situation we cannot do without mechanisms to ensure the criminological security of the financial market, which requires the definition of the conceptual apparatus, the system of ensuring such security, the creation and construction of its structure and the definition of measures aimed at improving the level of such security. In conclusion of the article the author comes to the conclusion that the financial market of the Russian state does not fully use preventive measures, there are gaps both at the legislative level and in the organization of the financial market, which contributes to the growth of crimes in this area.

Impact of digital technologies on the development of insurance activities

Innovative technologies have rapidly entered the life of people and society as a whole, particularly in the economic sphere. One of the economic sectors where the need to utilize digital technologies prevails is insurance. Innovative technologies contribute to the improvement of all processes in the insurance market. The positive development of insurance largely depends on the introduction and use of digital technologies. This article is devoted to analyzing and evaluating the impact of digital technologies on the development of insurance activities. This article examines the impact of digital technologies on insurance activities. The main objective is to describe the main technologies themselves and their application in risk assessment, loss prevention and improvement of insurance services processes. In order to achieve this task, we have reviewed sources on the topic, considered projects and studies in the field of application of digital technologies in insurance activities, and analyzed the data obtained. The work resulted in the presentation of digital science technologies used in the operations of insurance companies, such as artificial intelligence, internet of things, blockchain, and how these technologies can be applied in risk assessment, loss prevention and improvement of insurance service processes. The results can be used by insurance companies applying various digital technologies in their operations, namely online sales of insurance policies, data collection and analysis, artificial intelligence and machine learning to develop the insurance market.

Цифрлық трансформация жағдайында персоналды басқару жүйесін жетілдіру

The challenges associated with adjusting to the demands of the digital economy for governments, citizens, and businesses present a range of issues necessitating thorough examination and solution-finding. Organizational process management requires a reevaluation to facilitate the digitization of operations and integrate businesses into the digital economic landscape at both national and global levels. Furthermore, the digitalization of personnel management necessitates a reassessment of HR functions to introduce and utilize new tools, enabling the digital transformation of workforce management systems. In the era of societal digitalization, proficiency in digital skills and competencies has become essential. Information literacy, encompassing effective search engine utilization, mastery of search operators, and the ability to swiftly locate credible information sources, forms the cornerstone. Additionally, adeptness in collecting pertinent data and conducting research based on extensive digital datasets is crucial. Categorizing modern employee skills into Hard-skills, Soft-skills, Digital-skills, and Power-skills provides a framework for implementing competency-based approaches in human resources development within organizations operating in the digital economy sphere. The study aims to analyze and establish clear criteria for assessing project effectiveness, outlining the regulatory framework governing costs and revenues related to enhancing personnel management systems across enterprises of diverse industries, sizes, and profiles. Moreover, the authors aim to identify pivotal aspects and challenging scenarios encountered in economic assessments and decision-making processes regarding project financing and implementation.

Modern Russia in collective consciousness of the country’s inhabitants

The article explores collective consciousness as a theoretical construct, a type of social consciousness and as real attitude of the population towards Russia at the emotional and rational levels. It shows that modern collective consciousness in Russia is a product of mass culture, which actualized during modernization of the Russian society in the economic, political, cultural and everyday spheres of life. Today, it is influenced by mass and high-tech communications, while also reflecting the life experience of different generations. The research methodology is based on the interpretation of collective consciousness as the averaged consciousness of the whole mass of individuals in social groups; it erases individual differences, human characteristics, which in any single case may not be the same as collective consciousness, but impart collective consciousness a qualitative diversity. Empirically, the research is based on representative mass surveys – the Seventh Wave of the Russian Values and Interests Monitoring (Summer 2023), Russian Survey of Young Russian Adults (June 2020), European Social Study (ESS 2018–2019). The research attempts to determine whether the Russian mentality is more emotional than rational towards their “lesser motherland” or birthplace, their oblast/republic/krai, Russia as a country and the author suggests that these properties of mentality constitute characteristics of such a complex psychological phenomenon as Russian patriotism. The article reveals a growing rational perception of the problems of society with outspoken criticism amid high levels of emo tional attitude of the respondents to the country and “lesser motherland”. Such is the evaluation of Russia’s attractive and unattractive characteristics and the importance of civil rights and liberties, among which the rights that ensure people’s basic modern life-supporting needs, such as employment, education, property, security and protection by law, were ranked first with more than 90% of respondents stating their support. There is also a cohort of young people aged 18–24, for whom political rights and democratic freedoms, enshrined in the Russian Constitution, become more important compared to other cohorts.

Evolution of ESG Principles in the Context of a Sustainable Development Strategy: Main Stages and Directions

The study has found that the concept of sustainable development proposed by the United Nations was from the very beginning focused on finding a balance between the current and future needs of the population of different countries, taking into account limited resources. The principles of practical implementation of the concept initially provided for the broad participation of the political, scientific and business community. The authors have identified 2 main stages in the development of ESG principles reflecting the current state of the concept of sustainable development: the first, from 1987 to 2004, consisted in the direct formation of the concept of sustainable development, combining the problems of economic, environmental and social spheres. The second stage, from 2004 to the present, is characterized by the introduction into scientific circulation of the concept of ESG - Environmental, Social, Governance, and substantiation of the principles of its practical implementation. In the second stage, the ESG principles are widely recognized, drawing public attention to environmental, social and managerial aspects. At the same time, it has been revealed that despite the increased interest of the international community in the topic under consideration, there is a significant lag in the implementation of the ESG principles in domestic practice. According to the authors, further research on this topic is required, which should focus on analyzing the practice of implementing ESG standards in Russia and substantiating a national strategy for sustainable development that takes into account the specifics of the country, its management system and the interests of society.

EVOLUTION OF THE FORMS OF FUNDING MFA PROGRAMS FOR UKRAINE

Since the first days of Russia's invasion, the European Union has been supporting Ukraine in the humanitarian, economic, military and financial spheres. The purpose of the article is to trace the changes in the conditions for the use of funds raised by the EU in the financial market and provided to Ukraine during the first years of the war under macro-financial assistance programmes (Emergency, Exceptional, Plus), as well as the recently approved Extended Fund Facility for Ukraine. Methodology. The study is based on a comparative analysis of two interrelated attributes: EU loans and grants provided to Ukraine during the full-scale war, and the design of EU bonds issued in 2022-2024. The results of the analysis show that (i) the fundamental differences from previous EU loans to Ukraine are the increase in the volume and maturity of loans and grants, accompanied by the EU assuming responsibility for debt servicing, which reduces these costs for Ukraine to zero; (ii) two modifications were identified in the way funds are raised: (1) in the financing strategy (from back-to-back to a diversified and unified financing strategy) and (2) in the risk management tools and procedures necessary to protect EU bondholders. Overall, all the changes discussed contributed to the creation of a flexible financial instrument adapted to the challenges of supporting a country at war, while ensuring predictability and accountability of the use of funds. Practical implications. The results of the analysis could help to increase the confidence of (i) EU bondholders in the safety of their securities and (ii) investors in Ukraine in the prospects of participating in Ukraine's recovery. Value/Originality. Given that the events are happening in real time, as far as the authors know, there is no published research on this topic.

ENGLISH FOR ECONOMICS: THE CURRENT ONLINE RESOURCES

The article deals with the issue of online resources for English proficiency in economics. Despite distinct evidence of many scholars attention being paid to various aspects of the topic, the online resources for English in the field of economics require more detailed consideration. Due to the actuality of English proficiency in the modern sphere of economics, the aim of the research is to examine the current online resources in this field. The tasks imply distinguishing and analysing the peculiarities of online resources for learning English by the specialists in economics. The object of research is English for economic purposes, and the subject concerns the current online resources for English proficiency in economics. Considering the crucial role of English in the global economy, it is necessary to ensure that contemporary educational resources are easily accessible to sufficient language practice of economics professionals at any part of the world, in particular online.

EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGICАL SYSTEMS OF NEGOTIАTION MАNАGEMENT: THE INFLUENCE OF ONTOLOGICАL ENGINEERING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC DIRECTION NEGOTIАTIONS

This аrticle is devoted to а retrospective аnd prognostic аnаlysis of the evolution of technologicаl negotiаtion mаnаgement systems with а speciаl emphаsis on their economic аpplicаtion. The historicаl pаth of the development of the negotiаtion process wаs considered, аnd the mаin stаges аnd pаrаdigms of negotiаtion mаnаgement were identified.The topicаlity of the topic is explаined by the need to find new аpproаches to mаnаging negotiаtions in the conditions of а constаntly chаnging economic аnd politicаl environment in the context of the technologicаl revolution. The purpose of the study is to systemаtize knowledge аbout the impаct of ontologicаl engineering on technologicаl negotiаtion mаnаgement systems, to аnаlyze their impаct on the development pаrаdigms of the negotiаtion process in the economic sphere, аnd to form а technologicаl vision of the system.The аrticle provides аn in-depth аnаlysis of the impаct of ontologicаl engineering on modern аpproаches to negotiаtion mаnаgement, pаrticulаrly in the context of economic relаtions. The key аspects аnd аdvаntаges of using the ontologicаl аpproаch in the process of conducting negotiаtions in the economic sphere аre highlighted. The аuthors аnаlyze the impаct of these technologies on the development pаrаdigms of the negotiаtion process аnd consider their role in аchieving а higher level of efficiency, reducing conflicts, аnd increаsing the effectiveness of resolving economic disputes. The conceptuаl model аnd mаin pаrаdigms of creаting а system for аnаlyzing аnd conducting negotiаtions in the context of internаtionаl economic relаtions аre derived.