Economic Spheres Research Articles

CAPACITAÇÃO DOCENTE PARA A INTEGRAÇÃO EFICAZ DAS TICS NO PROCESSO EDUCATIVO

New Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have triggered a series of profound transformations in contemporary society, affecting sociocultural, historical, economic and political spheres in unexpected and complex ways. In this context, this paper adopts a qualitative approach and carries out a literature review to explore the impacts of ICTs on education, particularly about pedagogy and teacher training. Thus, the main emphasis lies on unraveling the relevance of ICTs in teacher training, in addition to identifying the challenges that these professionals face when trying to integrate these technologies into their pedagogical practices. To this end, we seek to develop an in-depth introspection on the concrete difficulties that teachers encounter and the strategies to overcome them, seeking both to elucidate the obstacles and to propose ways to optimize the use of ICTs in the educational process. In this sense, it is pointed out that the intended results include a more solid understanding of the importance of ICTs in teacher training and a detailed perception of the barriers that limit their effective implementation. Therefore, the study aims to enrich the academic debate on the topic, offering effective understandings for researchers and educators interested in integrating ICTs more efficiently into their pedagogical practices.

REALIZATION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE AS AN ELEMENT OF THE MECHANISM OF ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of exercising the functions of the Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine in the context of ensuring the national security of the State in the current conditions. Attention is focused on the procedural guidance of pre-trial investigation and support of public prosecution in court in criminal proceedings on crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine. The author notes that the main regulatory documents defining the main directions of the state policy in the field of national security do not mention the prosecutor’s office and its activities. At the same time, the work demonstrates that, as a key criminal justice body, the prosecutor’s office is actively involved in ensuring the national security of Ukraine within its competence. The author emphasizes the importance of the prosecutor’s office’s coordination activities in the area of combating crime, primarily crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine, cybercrime, corruption criminal offenses, offenses in the budgetary and economic security spheres, as well as organized crime, which have a destructive impact on the proper functioning of the national security of the State. The author provides examples of skillful use of coordination powers by the heads of individual prosecutor’s offices, which helped to orient law enforcement agencies to further effective counteraction to separatism, encroachment on the territorial integrity and inviolability of the State and other crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine. The author emphasizes the need to improve the mechanisms of interaction between the prosecutor’s office and other law enforcement agencies, which is crucial for a comprehensive approach to protecting national interests and citizens’ rights, which is the basis of a strong and stable state. The author substantiates the importance of timely and high-quality coverage of the work of the prosecutor’s office in the area of ensuring the national security of Ukraine using the capabilities of modern communication tools, such as the official Telegram channel of the Prosecutor General’s Office, the official pages of the Office on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.

LINGUOCOGNITIVE AND LINGUOCULTURAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE PROCESSES OF TERMINOLOGIZATION IN MODERN KAZAKH AND TURKISH LANGUAGES

The intensification of the activity of the Kazakh language in accordance with its state status in all spheres of society, the renewal of its potential strengthened the connection of the language with the form of linguistic consumption, began to influence the requirements of everyday practice. This is evident from the active process of terminology creation in the social, economic, political, scientific and technical spheres. In addition, the core of the neonominational process, which created the interrelationships of language~ society, language~consciousness, language ~ culture, etc., is not only scientific and informational, but also cultural and social content. This is the basis for improving not only the quantitative, but also the qualitative level of modern language development. Therefore, the recognition of the influence of language and culture on each other in the form of new terms and the function of language as a unique means of transmitting culture within the framework of cultural representation is especially relevant. Based on this, new names and terms in the Kazakh language, which also serve as a unique feature of the cognitive level of language users, are considered in the article as a “linguistic picture of the world” in accordance with the process of updating the language. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to compare and characterize the linguocognitive and linguocultural foundations of terminologization processes in modern Kazakh and Turkish languages. The following methods were used in the course of the study: descriptive, comparative, cognitive, ethnolinguistic and conceptual. Also, to determine the cultural and national component structured in the mind of a native speaker in a terminologized word, diachronic, contrasting, definitive were used, and discursive analysis, connotative approach, and motivation methods were used to recognize the process of terminologization. The value of the research: by describing and showing the linguocognitive and linguocultural foundations of terminologization processes in modern Kazakh and Turkish languages, we contribute to the improvement and strengthening of the “Turkic world”. The linguistic data and conclusions presented in the article can be used as practical and theoretical material for research by students, undergraduates, doctoral students and young people studying at the faculties of Philology, Translation Studies, Oriental Studies and Turkology.

Concept of economic crimes in legal doctrine and legislation, their differentiation

Ukraine’s transition to a market economy, the development of entrepreneurship, the promotion of competition, and the expansion of foreign trade contributed to the creation of new opportunities for criminal activity in the economic sphere. At the same time, the low probability of detection and the high profits associated with economic crime make the economic sphere very attractive to criminals. In turn, the huge losses associated with economic crime undermine social protection systems and destabilize economic systems, thus clearly indicating a failure of self-regulation. The legislator, having in mind economic crimes, operates with the concept of “CRIMINAL OFFENSES IN THE SPHERE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY” (Chapter VII of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and is limited only to their list. According to the legislative approach, an economic crime can be defined only as a socially dangerous culpable act (action or inaction) committed by the subject of the criminal offense provided for by the Criminal Code of Ukraine and provided for by the provisions of Chapter VII of the Special Part of the Criminal Code. At the same time, on the basis of the generalized data of the legislative and doctrinal approach, it is proposed to define an economic crime as a socially dangerous culpable act (action or inaction) committed by the subject of a criminal offense, which consists in the implementation of illegal economic activity (economic processes, relations, operations) or violation of requirements for legal economic activity to satisfy the selfish interests of a person or a group of persons, encroaches on the sphere of economic relations and poses a threat to the economic security of the state, leads to an imbalance of the state’s economic system. At the same time, the so-called economic crimes (Chapter VII of the Criminal Code of Ukraine - criminal offenses in the sphere of economic activity) should be separated from crimes due to which law enforcement agencies can interfere in the sphere of economic relations. Economic crimes can be differentiated according to various criteria: according to the spheres of social relations that regulate one or another type of economic activity; according to the content of the committed crime; by immediate main and additional objects; by subject characteristics; by criminal law characteristics.

State policy of sustainable development on the basis of the "green economy"

The article deals with issues of the state policy of sustainable development based on the principles of «green economy». The transition to sustainable development is a process of changing the value orientations of many people. The internationally recognized fundamental values of development are freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for nature, and shared responsibility. It was determined that the national goals of sustainable development are based on political, economic, social, ecological, moral and cultural values inherent in Ukrainian society. They determine the focus of the strategy on caring for the common good and protecting the national interests of Ukraine. Radical changes related to today’s problems and the course towards European integration make it possible to build a new Ukraine based on the principles of sustainable development, rule of law, protection of human rights, democracy, solidarity, and proper governance. It was emphasized that the strategic vision of sustainable development of Ukraine is based on ensuring national interests and fulfilling Ukraine’s international obligations regarding the transition to sustainable development. Such development involves: overcoming imbalances in the economic, social and environmental spheres; building a peaceful and safe, socially cohesive society with good governance and inclusive institutions; transformation of economic activity, transition to the principles of «green economy», etc. A «green economy» can be defined as one that increases people’s well-being and ensures social justice, while significantly reducing risks to the environment and increasing poverty. Attention was drawn to the Recovery Plan of Ukraine (2022) and the main priorities were determined, namely the acceleration of the implementation of the European Green Agreement thanks to the development of low-carbon energy and the existing energy infrastructure and the possibility of green exports; availability of electricity at a price below the European price with a significant share of «green» energy; support for the transition to energy with zero carbon emissions: development of carbon-free energy (nuclear), increase in gas and biofuel production, development of the ecosystem; regulation of green tariffs; promoting the transition of the agro-food sector to «green» growth; removal of technical barriers to the integration of Ukrainian manufacturers into the Single European Green Market, in particular, by spreading the necessary certification procedures and confirmation of compliance, increasing the level of awareness of manufacturers in this area, supporting manufacturers of ecologically better products, expanding the capacity of Ukrainian manufacturers to participate in «green» (energy­efficient, sustainable) public procurement, etc.

«Зеленая» экономика в контексте международных инвестиционных соглашений

The matters of green economics within the framework of the environmental transformation of the energy sphere (the energy transition), reduction of the anthropogenic impact on the environment in the course of socioeconomic development, give investment opportunities for international business but at the same time pose specific systemic and structural challenges to investors, states that receive investments, researches and individuals that witness the consequences of the dynamic change of the environment in the contemporary conditions. The presented article studies the evolution of approaches to international law regulation of investment activities from the standpoint of solution of environmental protection and conservation tasks in order to analyze opportunities with regards to the named challenges. Such analysis is used as a basis to conclude that the historical and legal method of studying the problems in question gives an opportunity for a systemic and structural evaluation of the original prerequisites for the logic of development of the international law architecture of regulation of investment activities in respect of goals and tasks of publicly significant environmental protection and conservation interests including the sphere of green economics and minimization of negative consequences of the anthropogenic impact as a result of investment activities, and evaluate the logic and limits of application of international investment agreements to achieve the environmental protection and conservation goals.

ДЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ И РЕКОНФИГУРАЦИЯ ГЕНДЕРНОГО ДИСКУСА В КАЗАХСТАНЕ: АНАЛИЗ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ВЕКТОРОВ

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the deconstruction and reconfiguration of gender discourse in Kazakhstan, based on an examination of current political vectors guiding transformations in the field of gender relations. The central task of the study is to identify key factors influencing the transformation of gender policy in Kazakhstan against the backdrop of global changes and modernization processes taking place in the country. The article examines the stages of the evolution of gender policy, starting from the post-Soviet period, when Kazakhstan began integrating into international organizations, paying special attention to promoting gender equality. Special attention is given to analyzing the interaction between national and international norms in the context of gender policy formation, as well as adapting global initiatives to local conditions. Structural issues, such as the insufficient institutionalization of gender strategies and the slow progress in achieving real gender equality, are highlighted. The article discusses both normative achievements, including the adoption of new legislative measures and programs, and the challenges of their implementation in the face of socio-economic and cultural barriers. The research is based on a comprehensive approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. Data from international studies, statistical reports, and qualitative interviews with key stakeholders involved in the gender policy-making process are utilized. A comparative analysis of Kazakhstan’s gender initiatives with similar processes in other post-Soviet countries is also presented. In conclusion, the article offers prospects for the further development of gender policy in Kazakhstan, including potential strategic directions for deepening the integration of gender equality into the country's social, political, and economic spheres. The author hypothesizes that successful promotion of gender equality requires not only political will but also a profound transformation of societal attitudes and practices, which can be achieved through a strengthened interdisciplinary approach and active engagement of civil society.

FACTORS INFLUENCING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN EU

Youth unemployment is not only a challenge in Europe but also a global issue, with varying degrees of severity across different countries. The causes and potential solutions for youth unemployment differ widely, highlighting the need for tailored approaches. Given the long-term risks associated with prolonged unemployment, addressing this issue is crucial, as young people represent the future potential of every nation. This topic has garnered significant media attention and has been a prominent discussion point in various business and policy forums. Within the European Union, youth unemployment is a high priority on the policy agenda. The European Commission has recently launched the “Youth Opportunities Initiative” to support unemployed young people. This initiative aims to provide funding for apprenticeship and entrepreneurship programs, facilitate company placements, and offer guidance for young individuals with business ideas. Current levels of youth unemployment need to be understood in the context of increased labor market flexibility, an expansion of higher education, youth migration, and family legacies of long-term unemployment. Compared with previous recessions, European-wide policies and investments have significantly increased with attempts to support national policies. We argue that understanding youth unemployment requires a holistic approach that combines an analysis of changes in the economic sphere around labor market flexibility, skills attainment, and employer demand, as well as understanding the impact of family legacies affecting increasingly polarized trajectories for young people today.

DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 1 E 2 NA INFÂNCIA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A FAMÍLIA

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by the loss of the body's ability to produce insulin due to the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 occurs when the body does not use the insulin produced, and its main causes are related to excess weight, a sedentary lifestyle, high triglycerides, hypertension and inadequate eating habits. The first discoveries about it were made in 1872 in a papyrus and clinically in 1812. Over the years, research on Diabetes Mellitus has been boosted, which has triggered the search for more effective treatments. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus on both the child's life and the parents' lives, in the emotional, economic and religious spheres, as well as in daily life with family and society. This is a bibliographical research, which used secondary sources of information, such as books, scientific articles and medical journals, such as the Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) and the Public Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (PubMed). The research aimed to identify the evidence available in these literatures that address, from the perspective of children and adults, the relevant factors for the elaboration of proposals for appropriate instructions for type 1 and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Knowledge of the epidemiological situation of type 1 and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus over the years provides support for directing resources to risk areas and for new strategies for preventing and controlling the disease in children, adolescents and adults.

Medzivojnová Banská Bystrica: Obraz kultúrneho a spoločenského života

The interwar period in Banská Bystrica brought significant changes in the political, economic, cultural, and social spheres of the city. The establishment of the First Czechoslovak Republic and subsequent democratic conditions accelerated the formation of a modern civil society and the development of culture. Key roles were played by education, associations, educational activities, periodicals, radio, libraries, as well as the development of arts, which included literature, theater, music, cinema, and visual arts. One of the centers of social and cultural life became the newly built National House, which significantly contributed to the shaping of public life. During this period, the celebration of anniversaries and significant visits represented an important aspect of social life. These events aimed to strengthen national identity and simultaneously serve to present the city in the best possible light.

Legal regulation of environmental entrepreneurship: interaction between the state and business

The article explores the important aspects of the development of legal regulation of environmental entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation in the framework of interaction between the state and business. The relevance of the study of legal regulation of ecological entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation is conditioned by the ongoing changes in the sphere of politics, economics, law and ecology. Despite the importance of this form of economic activity for the development of the economy in its crisis state, there is a noticeable shortage of legal norms in the legislation, the subject of regulation of which would be environmental entrepreneurship. The article reveals the basics of state policy in the field of ecology, examines the problems of interaction between business and the state. It is emphasized that the level of development of the sphere of ecology largely determines the process of economic activity, which directly involves natural resources, directly using them as the main means of profit making and often having an indirect negative impact on the natural environment.

DYNAMICS OF THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL CHANGE

The aim of the research is to study the dynamics of the structure of social representations of artificial intelligence (AI) among non-professionals. 258 students of different faculties aged from 18 to 24 took part in this study. The study took place in two stages: 1) November 2021, 2) March 2022. To identify the structure of the social perception of AI, the Vergès method was used based on the material of free associations. At the second stage, the level of respondents’ concern about the events of recent weeks in the economic and political spheres was additionally monitored. It was found that elements related to expectations of AI capabilities have strengthened the central core of the representation. Words with a connotation of danger appear in the periphery elements. Probably it is caused by both the activities of communication agents and the context of disturbing social changes. Against this background, it is important to enrich the knowledge of AI among ordinary people in order to form an adequate level of trust and distrust of recommendations based on it.

СУЧАСНИЙ ІНТЕРНЕТ-МАРКЕТИНГ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ

The article discusses the essence and features of modern Internet marketing based on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The article examines how AI can help online marketers collect and analyze consumer data, segment and personalize audiences, create and distribute effective content, optimize and automate advertising campaigns, and measure and improve marketing results. The article also analyzes the latest trends in the use of AI technologies by Ukrainian and foreign companies and identifies their advantages.The investigation identified effective AI tools in online marketing, such as chatbots, recommender systems, text generators, sentiment analysers, face and speech recognition systems, etc. The article presents a comparison of AI tools in online marketing of Ukrainian and foreign companies. Foreign companies use modern products that have no analogues in Ukraine. This is due to the popularity of the trend of using AI technologies in foreign companies. In Ukraine, this trend is developing and we can see it in the use of chatbots and CRM systems. They have been implemented by such companies as PrivatBank and Promodo. Despite this, the development of foreign companies is progressive. Previously, only large corporations could afford to use AI technologies, but now young startups are catching up with the trend. AI combined with human capabilities can actually turn business into a universal tool for profit. However, this path is not without obstacles, so the article highlights the challenges of AI that may affect the economic, legal, ethical, and social spheres of life. Scenarios for preventing possible problems allow for the effective use of AI's potential. The article suggests measures that should help society adapt to changes in the socio-economic environment associated with the displacement of humans by AI. It is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of modern online marketing tools to ensure effective solutions to business problems.

The fi ght against the moral evil of war aft er 1945. Historical approach to the concept of post-war moralrevival of prof. Helena Radlińska

AbstractThe article was created on the basis of exploration conducted in accordance with the methodology of historical socio-pedagogical research. The initiator and promoter of this research was Helena Radlinska - the creator of Polish social pedagogy. Post-war experiences of moral crisis, to which prof. Helena Radlinska drew attention in the years 1946-1947, can today activate and inspire pedagogical communities, especially socio-pedagogical ones. Every war implies negative consequences in the economic and energy spheres. These processes are the subject of numerous analyses, debates and activities in the international arena. Much less attention is paid to the social effects of war. In this context, the selected subject of the moral evil of war appears to be an important and consistently relevant issue. It is therefore worth analysis, research, and discourse leading to corrective actions based on intentional influence in the sphere of moral education (moral upbringing). The aim of the article is to present the concept of counteracting the moral consequences of war as presented by Helena Radlińska. It may also be an encouragement for further scientific research aimed at searching for theoretical and methodical foundations for the practice of activities included in the field of upbringing, educational, caring, assistance and cultural activities, as well as promoting the culture of truth, goodness, and beauty in everyday social life of the 21st century.

Prevalent Workplace Sexual Abuse of Ready-Made Garments Female Workers in Bangladesh: Understanding the Pseudo Dynamics of This Offence from Socio-Criminological Perspective

Safe workplace for women is a matter of great concern, even with the increasing rate of their participation in the economic sphere of Bangladesh. In spite of extensive empirical research focusing on infectious crime as sexual harassment across various spheres of human existence, even in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, sexual harassment remains a painstaking global thorn in the flesh. Though the prevalence of sexual harassment is at its peak, a significant proportion of society normalizes this as a custom and manifests it by keeping silent about sexual harassment against RMG female workers. The primary objective of this study is to understand the victims' experiences and the major factors behind the sexual harassment at ready-made garment factories in Bangladesh. This study utilizes qualitative research methodology employing purposive snowball sampling of 20 working women and 5 KII in-depth interviews, aiming to delve into the underlying factors of this behavior from a socio-criminological perspectives.

Мониторинг готовности будущих экономистов к использованию искусственного интеллекта в банковской сфере

In the context of the digital transformation of modern society, the study of the problem of introducing artificial intelligence into all spheres of life, including the sphere of economics and finance, is extremely relevant. The purpose of this article is an attempt to analyze the readiness of future economists in the school-university system to use artificial intelligence in the context of developing digital financial literacy. The authors studied the nature of the influence of artificial intelligence on the formation of basic competencies necessary in the era of digitalization of economic education, through the prism of the views of the younger generation. The importance of various aspects of the digital transformation of society, which are in the focus of attention of global cooperation organizations (UNESCO, World Bank, etc.) in the interests of sustainable development, is noted. Using Google-Forms tools, a sociological survey was conducted among students of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Omsk branch) and students of specialized economic classes at Gymnasium 19 in the city of Omsk on the topic “The attitude of future economists to the use of artificial intelligence in the banking sector.” The results of the analysis of the obtained empirical data made it possible to state the complex and ambiguous nature of the influence of artificial intelligence on the young generation of future economists in the conditions of total digitalization. Along with the positive attitude of young people towards the prospects for the introduction of artificial intelligence, the risks of a decrease in natural intelligence against the backdrop of digitalization reaching all spheres of life have been identified. This, in turn, requires the formation of value guidelines and the development of a strategy for the continuous development of future economists in the digital society in the context of the active implementation of artificial intelligence.

Экономическая динамика и эколого-экономическая устойчивость арктических регионов России

This paper explores the environmental and economic resilience of the regions within the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). We define a region's environmental and economic resilience as its capacity to withstand external shocks, independently restore the balance between its economy and environment, and transform while maintaining or improving the balance between its environmental and economic systems. The study's relevance stems from the rapid industrialization of the Russian Arctic in recent years and the constraints on investment in environmental technologies, green production, and management. The study discusses an analysis of macroeconomic, environmental, and economic indicators of the Russian Arctic regions, examining their interrelations during the pandemic crisis and under the pressure of Western sanctions. From 2018 to 2022, the anthropogenic impact on the environment in the Russian Arctic gradually declined, although the situation varied for individual indicators depending on trends in the regional sectors. Regions were identified that lead in environmental and economic resilience as well as those showing increased anthropogenic impact despite declining industrial production. A multidimensional classification of regions in the Russian Arctic was developed based on indicators characterizing the state of the environmental and economic spheres. Clusters of regions with high, low, and limited levels of environmental and economic resilience were identified. The study revealed that the macroeconomic situation in these regions is more dynamic than their environmental and economic conditions. Macroeconomic indicators in the Arctic regions demonstrate different trends during periods of external shocks. Overall, the Russian Arctic economy was sensitive to the 2020 crisis; the 2022 sanctions had a negative impact on economies focused on Western markets, and in 2023, macroeconomic dynamics slowed down across all regions of the Russian Arctic. Further research is necessary to understand the factors influencing the environmental and economic resilience of the Russian Arctic regions under current conditions.

Contemporary discourse on neocolonialism: an analytical review of research

The article provides an overview of contemporary research on neocolonialism. The work examines the history of the term "neocolonialism", as well as the main features of neocolonialism in the 21st century, including: the transformation of the nature, forms and methods of colonial influence, and changes in its scale. The main reasons for the interest in the problems of neocolonial studies are outlined, including a general change in research optics, the emergence of new forms of colonial dependence, etc. The prerequisites for the emergence of neocolonial studies in sociological science are indicated. The analysis of foreign studies demonstrates, on the one hand, the preservation of interest in traditional topics related to the colonial legacy in African countries, since they are still in the most vulnerable position compared to other former colonies, and on the other hand, an exit to a broader topic related to cultural neocolonialism in the context of globalisation, as well as the transformation of technology into an instrument of colonial influence. Modern domestic studies of neocolonialism have their own specifics, expressed, firstly, in the dominance of the economic interpretation of neocolonialism, secondly, they are often devoted to the study of the relationship between neocolonialism and globalisation and capitalism, thirdly, in the works of domestic authors special attention is paid to the position of Russia in the system of global neocolonialism. Based on the analysis of scientific discourse, the authors developed a typology of neocolonialism forms, that divides all forms into two large groups - traditional and new. Traditional forms include, first of all, economic and political neocolonialism. New forms include cultural and educational neocolonialism. The intensification of the digitalisation process and the increase in environmental risks at the beginning of the 21st century allow us to say that such forms of neocolonialism as environmental and digital are becoming increasingly important. Particular attention in the article is paid to environmental neocolonialism as a new, special form. The reasons for the growing interest in it and its impact on the political and economic spheres are also considered. The thesis of turning the green agenda into a new form of ideology, with the help of which the G7 countries implement policies that are beneficial to them, is discussed. The authors conclude that it is necessary to identify specific interests and values behind modern environmental initiatives.

Особенности торговой политики Китая: текущее состояние и направления развития

This article analyzes the current state, main instruments, and directions of development of China's trade policy in the context of the confrontation between the two global economic leaders, China and the USA. Understanding the meaning that China embeds in the concept of "trade policy" will enable Russia to perceive the logic of China's decisions and effectively build cooperation with China in the economic sphere and the related ones. The aim of this study is to identify the peculiarities of China's trade policy. To achieve this, the article examines the main indicators and instruments of China's trade policy, considers the current viewpoints of Chinese economists on trade policy, and analyzes activities concerning its implementation. Particular attention is given to the methods China uses to increase its influence in the global economy. The findings demonstrate that through its trade policy, China aims not only to enhance its economic power but also to shape new global rules and standards, reflecting its aspiration for leadership in international economic relations. China’s tariff system and the enforcement of non-tariff measures effectively protect its domestic market from foreign competition and encourage investments in the development of competitive high-technology production on the global market. The article shows that in China, the concept of "trade policy" encompasses a broader set of tools and measures than the commonly accepted tariff and non-tariff measures. Within its trade policy framework, China addresses a range of tasks, from the internationalization of the national currency to uniting developing countries and gaining priority in setting technical standards for goods and services. It is shown that China has been working in this direction for several decades, specifically since the early 2000s.

ҚАРЖЫ-САУДА ЛЕКСИКАНЫҢ СЕМАНТИКАЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: ҚОР, ҚҰН ЖӘНЕ ТАУАР СӨЗДЕРІ

The richness of the vocabulary of the Kazakh language can be traced in the abundance and diversity of the vocabulary. Especially the large number of words related to finance and economics in the Kazakh language indicates that the Kazakh people have long been well versed in economics and finance. Among the Turkic peoples and languages, the Kazakh language is distinguished by the rich variety of skins and wool, a variety of names for clothing, food, ores, minerals, expensive fabrics, materials, jewelry and the preservation of words of indigenous Turkic origin. The article analyzes the terms and individual names of the financial and economic sphere used in the active vocabulary of the Kazakh language. The very first meaning and etymology of some financial, economic and trade terms in the Kazakh language is given on the basis of data from modern Turkic languages, starting from ancient and medieval Turkic written monuments. Materials from unrelated languages were also used for semantic connections between words and for additional evidence. In this research paper, among the Kazakh financial and economic vocabulary, native words are presented, mainly common to the Turkic languages. In particular, the history of semantic change of active words such as “kor”, “kun” and “tauar” is considered, conclusions about their origin are made.