Sphere Of Consciousness Research Articles

Features of the moral development of the personality of a teenager – a student of the cadet corps

The paper raises a question of the moral development of the personality of cadet corps students. The specificity of the educational process in the cadet corps is indicated, which affects the development of cadets personality in general and their moral development in particular. The age limits of adolescence are presented and its main features are revealed: the desire for adulthood, puberty, communication with peers as a leading activity, inconsistency of behavior. The analysis of the features of the moral development of the personality of cadet corps students is based on the provisions of developmental psychology, which determine the specifics of adolescence as a stage in the development of the personality, on the provisions of pedagogy, which interpret moral education as a process of assimilation of moral values. The personality traits inherent in adolescents are analyzed in the context of the educational space of the cadet corps. It is substantiated that the moral development of adolescent cadets is carried out in the conditions of determining professional preferences by cadets through the assimilation of the moral foundations of the profession (military, employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs depending on the departmental affiliation of the cadet corps); gender homogeneity of the composition of students; development of the cadet fraternity, leading to the establishment of strong and long-term friendly relations; enrichment of the value sphere of consciousness of adolescents at the expense of moral and professional values.

The principles of a personality-oriented educational process organization at a university

The paper identifies the place of the problem of personality-oriented education in modern scientific discourse and substantiates the importance of personality-oriented education as a pedagogical tool for educational process organization at a university that provides an optimal combination of interests of an individual, society and the state in terms of development of a students personality as a person and a professional. The multidimensional nature of the problem of a personality-oriented educational process in higher education is shown, an important aspect of which (problem) is the definition of principles of a personality-oriented educational process organization at a university. The meaning of the term principle is specified in the context of pedagogical knowledge. The principles of its implementation adequate to the content of personality-oriented education are revealed and it is substantiated that the principles of implementation of personality-oriented education at a general educational institution and a university are not identical and have specific features. The principles of personality-oriented education and the principles of personality-oriented education developed by scientists are given. The possibility of implementing the principle of the transition of values for oneself into values for another and the principle of the moral and ethical orientation of the educational process at a university is substantiated. The content of these principles is supplemented and their essence is revealed as the principles of organizing a personality-oriented educational process in higher education. The essence of the principle of the transition of values for oneself into the value for another lies in the teachers orientation both to the actualization in their own value sphere of consciousness of values based on the corresponding concepts of morality, their implementation in the educational process, and to the development of the concepts of morality among students, which, directing his thought to another person, including the teacher, to his acceptance, to the recognition of his dignity, etc., and being endowed with meaning, take on the meaning of values moving in the space of relations between the teacher and a student. The essence of the principle of the moral and ethical orientation of the educational process lies in the orientation of the teacher to the development of the concepts of morality, through the prism of which he perceives and interprets pedagogical situations that arise in interaction with students who direct the teachers thinking to search for values that unite him and students when achieving goals and are the criteria for the implementation of the teacher's reflection of pedagogical situations that arise in the educational process of the university.

Проблемы с проблемой сознания. Абстракции и псевдоабстракции

The problem of consciousness is explored in the article from conceptual and terminologi­cal perspective. The question of the origins of the ambiguity of the relevant philosophical terms is discussed and relevant examples are given. The basic premise of the study is the as­sertion that abstraction works as a differentiation of differences that characterize and sep­arate kinds of experience. A methodological distinction is made between abstraction and pseudo-abstraction, which can bear the same name, in this case “consciousness”. Termi­nology is interpreted as naming of abstractions of different levels and of realizable expe­riences. The term “consciousness” denotes an element of the ultimate distinction “con­sciousness/objective world”, abstracted from a series of distinctions that characterize the types and levels of experience. Pseudo-abstraction is formed from a series of pre-ex­isting meanings of the word “consciousness” without regard to realizable types of experi­ence as types of distinctions. There are two main alternative trends in the formulation of the problem of consciousness – structural-genetic and phenomenological. The high­lighted tendencies have something in common: the vagueness of the meaning in the use of the word “consciousness” and its functioning as a pseudo-abstraction. The ideological aspect of the problem is also considered. The principle of empiricism is identified with the recognition of the primacy of the diversity of experience as the source of abstraction. An alternative is formulated concerning the problem of the unity of consciousness. Husserl’s argumentation, through which an attempt is made to single out the sphere of consciousness as independent of any type of objectivity and as self-sufficient is analyzed, as well as the way he introduces such terms as “consciousness”, “sensation”, “experi­ence”, “perception” “intentionality”. Husserl’s thought experiment, the purpose of which is to prove the identity of the sensation of color from a real and illusory object, is sub­jected to a detailed analysis.

Multimedisation of Contemporary Art in the Context of Globalisation and European Integration

Modernity has given humanity such a quality of public life as globalisation in its various spheres. As the common root of this concept with the word “globe” suggests, it refers to an object that unites the whole world, including its most remote, unexplored corners into a single whole. The positive side of this phenomenon is the universal involvement in progressive trends in the history (meaning its modern stage) of mankind, the opportunity to acquire sources of fresh knowledge about the world, improvement of the quality of being in general. This also applies to such a sphere of consciousness as art, in particular, to its samples that emerged in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. As is known, it absorbed the whole huge complex of achievements of the cultural fund of previous eras, integrated various, sometimes very distant artistic traditions, schools, and their stylistic orientation into a single whole, also bringing its own new and unique word – extraordinary complexity, ambiguity, paradoxicity, and unpredictability of content. The energy of the experiment penetrates into the sphere of contemporary art as its integral quality, the most important component. In this regard, the interaction of artistic creativity with engineering science, including the latest achievements of information and communication technology software, becomes logically conditioned and natural. They are also designed to provide considerable assistance to the authors of works of modern culture in terms of the updated design of ideas and their presentation to the audience in a unique innovative format. Thus, the problem of studying the multimedisation of contemporary art in the context of globalisation and European integration becomes natural and urgent.

Модальність та переконання у рекламі: перекладацький а

The range of linguistic means and communication techniques used in advertising to influence the target group is extremely wide. The relevance of the study is in the growing interest of linguists to the problem of translation of advertising texts and slogans and the in the need of conducting of analysis of a significant number of existing translations. Advertising is a presentation of purposeful information about services and goods that has the character of persuasion. One of the most important aspects of advertising is the awakening in a potential audience of the desire to buy a product. Therefore, the vast majority of advertising must be convincing in nature in order to attract new buyers and customers to the product or idea. The purpose of our study is to analyze the features of the translation of advertising texts on the example of advertising of definite products. The following methods were used in the course of the work: 1) comparison, which allows the reader to establish the adequacy of word translation; 2) descriptive method used to show the successful translations and failures of translators. Speaking about the peculiarities of using the modality of persuasion in the advertising text, there are two ways to express it: 1) the imperative; 2) the use of statements with general motivational semantics, which is represented either in the lexical meanings of specific words, or at the level of general semantics of expression. Advertising performs several main functions, including the following ones: the central function – is the function of influence and also important communicative functions, which are divided into primary: communicative, regulatory and generalizing ones, and secondary: emotional, aesthetic, contact ones. In the group of advertising texts with the modality of persuasion, there are three subgroups: the selection criterion will be the form of expression of motivation and the role of this component in a particular ad. The attention should be paid to the advertising text in determining the role of a fragment often play a role not language but design tools, such as the location of blocks of information about each other, font size and shape, underlining, etc. All these factors help to understand which opinion is key for the author of the text. The persuasion can be defined as one of the most important ways of psychological advertising influence. The essence of this method is to convince the buyer of the benefits of the advertised product, to convince of the need to purchase it, it is aimed at the rational sphere of consciousness of the potential buyer, ie advertising appeals to his mind. Argumentation is a way of reasoning, in the process of which a benefit of the product is put forward as a thesis. And the need for an advertising thesis is proved by a system of arguments. Argument – is a separate piece of evidence that is part of the belief system, which proves the thesis. The most common method of addressing or advice is to save money or get a better service or product. The feeling that you are making a profitable purchase is a powerful means of motivation when you decide to buy something. This is such an effective method that price lists with inflated prices are often issued, and prices are much lower in advertising. In order to influence the recipient or in other words to implement the above-mentioned functions, the creators of advertising texts use various stylistic means of expression: phonetic (alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhyme), lexical (epithet, metaphor, personification, pun, hyperbole and allusion), syntactic (simple nominative propositions, parcelling, parallel constructions). Stylistic means add expressiveness to advertising, draw the recipient`s attention to the product, which is the main task of the advertising slogan.

Existential Foundations of the "Mystical Experience"

In the existing philosophical interpretations of mystical experience (constructivism, essentialism, etc.), its essence is usually seen in the features of "mystical knowledge". At the same time, the value-semantic foundations of mystical experience and its existential aspect remain in the shadows. In this article, the mystical experience is analyzed from the standpoint of the theories of the subject's objective activity - the theory of activity (developed in Russian psychology), enactivism, and the concept of the "life world". It is shown that the essence of mystical experience is manifested not in cognitive, but in value-semantic, existential attitude to the world, which is represented by two groups of value-semantic viewpoints. In the first, the dependence of the subject on the sacred object of mystical experience is expressed, in the second - the volitional focus of the subject on overcoming such dependence, "mastering", "acquiring" the sacred object. These attitudes reflect the duality of the need-motivational sphere of consciousness, which gives the activity of the subject, on the one hand, activity, energy, and on the other, meaning. In mystical experience, the subject of active "development", "acquisition" (which can be both real and virtual) is an imaginative "otherworldly reality". The analysis allows us to conclude that mystical experience is one of the forms of motivational states of consciousness. Its peculiarity is that it is aimed at realizing the need for the harmonization of the subject's relations with the natural and social environment, the subject's finding the meaning of the "existence of his self" in an always open to the future, incomplete life world. It is the motivational basis that gives the mystical experience an improvisational character, as well as a creative, renewing potential (within the boundaries of the sensory-emotional experience of the world by the subject). The article also analyzes the concept of semantic reality. It is shown that the semantic foundations of mystical experience reflect the individually unique aspects of human life, are the result of the interactions of many factors of socio-cultural, individual-personal nature (psychological, medical, pharmacological, gender, psychiatric, etc.).

Value-semantic Foundations of Mystical Experience

From the standpoint of the theory of activity, the value-semantic foundations of mystical experience are analyzed. It is shown that such grounds are ultimately determined by the need-motivational sphere of consciousness, which, on the one hand, carries the activity, energy of the subject, and, on the other, gives meaning to the activity of the subject, performs a regulatory function. This duality is reflected in two groups of value-semantic attitudes that permeate the spiritual world of the subject, determine the foundations of forms of consciousness, including mystical experience. In the first group, the dependence of the subject on the external elements (natural and social) of his life world is expressed. The second is the volitional desire of the subject to transform such elements into the internal conditions of his existence, to harmonize his relations with the world, to overcome dependence on it. Mystical experience realizes the need to remove a person's alienation from the world, to immediately, “here and now”, harmonize of his relations with the natural and social environment, to give basic meanings to the existence of his own Self. Such a personalized need is generated by a complex interaction of socio-cultural, personality-psychological, psychiatric, environmental, gender factors, the effects of neurostimulators, etc. Mystical experience performs the function of motivating activities for the “appropriation” of otherworldly reality. The motivational basis explains its essential features such as generalized visual imagery, the impossibility of its unambiguous interpretations, volitional intentionality, improvisationality, creative, renewal potential (within the boundaries of the sensory-emotional experience of the world by the subject), etc. The mentioned features are also inherent in folklore creativity, which allows us to consider mystical experience as a “transformed” form of folklore creativity, which is fundamentally limited by ordinary consciousness with its dogmatism, claims to self-evidence in areas where developed scientific and theoretical thinking is required. In the history of culture the value-semantic foundations of mystical experience are formed in the era of transformation of primitive mythology into folklore, in the course of its genre differentiation on the borders with religious consciousness.

Modern trends of the psychology sphere development in the optics of vitacultural methodology

The content of the program research is the latest material developed in recent years and announced on June 10, 2021 at the beginning of the Fifteenth meeting of the author’s scientific school. Its meaningfully-semantic mosaic is reflexively organized around two interdependent worldview concenters. The first comprehensively argues the nation-building orientation of collective thought-activity and vitacultural achievements of the representatives of this school during almost three decades of its modern history. Essentially, it is talked that a balanced usage of refined native language (perfect texts) and live speech (productive communication), symbolic means and graphic images, which in localized oases of artificial actualization of higher mental and spiritual values affirm the true Ukrainian heritage - the center of nourishing, covital and at the same time responsible national spirit. The second worldview concenter concerns radically to a broader, more meaningful and ontologically more adequate and covitally comprehensive understanding of psychology as a ubiquitous sphere of conscious human life activity. Against the background of the fact that psychology today is developing extensively on a civilized scale, ie within a purely scientific approach, continuously multiplying its own subjects in the general context of natural phenomena and appropriate methods of implementing various types of scientific rationality, it is proposed to radically change the methodological toolkit of its comprehensible elaboration, namely to make different a system of coordinates and a set of expedient lenses-means to the semantic comprehension, interpretation and creation of this flowing intangible reality. In this analytical context, one global and four derived trends in the interpenetrating development of modern psychology in Ukraine and the world are singled out and reflected. The quintessence of the global tendency is its intensive, heuristic way of progress into the boundless spherical horizons of actual human existence in the existential current of psycho-spiritual practice of persons, groups, societies as ontically rooted, universal, original sphere of thought-activity and its development as a special worldview, covital experience of everyday life and even lifestyle. The idea of such an alternative development belongs to G.P. Shchedrovitsky (1980), while its implementation has been carried out by us in the last decade in two basic aspects: a) within the application of the latest methodological optics – cyclical-deed approach to understanding psychology as a sphere of interpenetrating spheres of consciousness and activity, thinking and doing and b) in format of development, testing and implementation into the space of modern HEI (higher education institution) the author’s program in the discipline “Psychology as a sphere of thought-activity”, designed for professional training of applicants of the third (Doctor of Philosophy) level of training in the specialty 053 Psychology. As a result, for the first time situational, motivational, deed-action and post-action strategems of perfect thought-activity which substantiate the methodological organization of the psychology sphere are argued and described in detail. At the same time, the following important tendencies in the developmental course of psychology as anthropological science are highlighted: 1) a significant expansion of its subject field horizontally and vertically of new settings, including the full-fledged emergence of theoretical psychology; 2) the transition of research strategies and procedures from classical and non-classical ideals-types of scientific rationality to post-non-classical; 3) enrichment and disciplinary affirmation of canonical psychology and psychosophy of academician Volodymyr Romenets; 4) development of metamethodological means and tools for understanding-cognition-creation of metaphysical by ontological definition of images-substances-essences (thinking, freedom, creativity, faith, love, spirituality, etc.), firstly, creation of the most perfect methodological optics of meaningful comprehension of metatheoretical mosaic of life consciousness.

“Intersubjectivity”: The Emergence of a Socio-Phenomenological Concept

The article outlines the author’s vision of the formation and development of “intersubjectivity” as a concept of socially oriented thought. Introduced into sociohumanitarian knowledge by E. Husserl’s phenomenology, this notion initially possessed powerful sociological potential and was called to explain on an abstract-philosophical level the existence of social order from an egological perspective (which is the perspective of a subject with a sphere of consciousness that other participants of interaction have no access to). The main tendency inherent to the post-Husserlian change in the concept’s semantic profile is linked to the gradual loss of its metaphysical potential, as well as its psychologization and instrumentalization. Intersubjectivity — which is something that was brought into sociology by A. Schütz’s social phenomenology — gained a pragmatic interpretation, effectively becoming an axiomatically presupposed attribute of the “life world”. Constructivist semantic valences of the analyzed concept were implemented in the social constructivism of P. Berger and T. Lukman, and at this point said concept had pretty much exhausted its initial analytical potential. The reinvigoration of sociological interest towards this category is associated with a postclassical redirection of attention towards interactive processes of generating meanings within situations of the “life world”, processes that are multidimensional, conditioned by context and cannot be fully reduced to just the subject. The matter of whether returning to Husserl’s intuitions is appropriate demands further consideration, in order to consider other interpretations of intersubjectivity, including those that focus on the historical course of the social process.

Интерпретация теории «идеальных типов» М. Вебера применительно к эмпирическому социологическому исследованию

The article analyzes the problems of interpretation of Max Weber’s theory of «ideal types» in empirical sociological studies. The theory of «ideal types» is effective for studying the systemic qualities of universal socio-cultural institutions, local social groups and individuals. The concept of «ideal» is differentiated in everyday consciousness and in scientific and sociological discourses. In sociology, the «ideal» is understood as referring to the sphere of consciousness, regardless of the positive or negative assessment of a social phenomenon. The examples of possible applications of Weber’s theory for the analysis of modern social spheres of health care and education are shown. In the conditions of industrial and post-industrial society, one of the important statuses in the social structure is the profession, and the typifying factor of the professional community is the professional culture. The scientific operation of the ideal type category within the framework of an empirical sociological study of the professional community/personal cultural level of an individual will be most effectively implemented by means the modeling method, when the essential qualities of the object under study are structured in a graphical model.

Мистецтво в системі філософії освіти. Ч. 2.

Modern reformation-educational processes are influenced by digital technologies, electronic communications networks, media-art practices, etc. Hence we get the actuality of creative potential of art for pedagogical activity as the concept of philosophy of education. Human consciousness inherents organic interdependence theoretically-cognitive (knowledge, ideas, comprehension of the boundary principles of human existence, culture, procedure of philosophical reflection) and social-psychological (feelings, will) elements. Author’s perennial experience incorporates interactive forms of artistic knowledge activation of pedagogical specialties students: preparations and guided tours by students (museums, architecture of Lviv, etc.), developing skills to conduct dialogues about art and education of the countries which languages are taught in pedagogical institution (Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain). In accordance personal and pedagogical experience of intersubjective communication, existential and cultural self-determination is enriched. In the system of philosophy of education, art is designed to harmonize human existence, to balance the sensory-emotional and rational-intellectual spheres of consciousness. The spread of electronic media requires a thorough study of their impact on humans, given the cognitive problems of communication technologies, information and computer systems, digitalization. A variety of artistic phenomena form a holistic system. Moreover, beliefs are knowledge that has passed through the world of feelings and human will. An open humanitarian space, new dialogical, communicative, cultural opportunities for interaction of nature-man-culture-society-universe, the universal nature of self-organization of human life, education of intersubjective cultural communication between carriers of different types of worldview, values, spiritual traditions is methodologically important.

The Developing of the Teacher’s Creativity by Using Authentic Material at Lessons

The aim of our research is: to show the meaning of proverbs as the notion of authenticity of materials, which may include: the establishment of phenomena and properties; their evaluation; a prescription, a rule, etc. By the help of this material the purpose of our research is to provide the developing of the teacher’s creativity by using authentic material at the lessons. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. The results of the research. We think that for the developing of the teacher’s creativity by using authentic material at the lessons the main approach has to be the procedural one. This approach defines creative activity as a purely internal process based on human ideas, and as a result of the existence of such ideas should stimulate creative activity, should be in its «external form», through which it will be able to be perceived by other people. Conclusions. In such a way we singled out the levels of creative activity and proposed to consider this activity according to two main positions: as a process that takes place at a certain point in time, and as a process in its broad social and historical contexts. We also have to underline the main characteristics of the creative process: creativity is characterized as an idiosyncratic, unpredictable process. It is characterized by inconsistency and randomness. In the creative process we can identify the following main stages: 1. The preparation for creative process. This stage is directly related to a desire of the subject of creative activity to change the existing social situation, which for some reason has ceased to satisfy the person. 2. Frustration in the process of providing the creative activity. The transition to this stage occurs at a time when, after analyzing all the information, as well as working out all the options for solving the problem, the subject of creativity, however, does not find the means and ways to solve the task. 3. Incubation in a creative activity. The incubation stage involves the unconscious solution of the problem by a person, during which the left hemisphere of the brain is activated. 4. The insight in the creative activity. The insight is a short, but quite emotional stage of the creative process, the moment of entering the sphere of consciousness of the decision to solve the problem. This stage is characterized by violent positive emotions, recovery, and sometimes even euphoria. 5. Finding a solution. Finding a solution as a result of verification of hypotheses is a final stage of the creative process, during which the truth is verified using logical means, and the intrigue of this stage is a great possibility of erroneous verification of formulated hypotheses.

Specifics of interaction of the spheres of consciousness and subconsciousness of the musician-instrumentalist

Specifics of interaction of the spheres of consciousness and subconsciousness of the musician-instrumentalist

Features of the Use of Addressed Statements in Russian Orthodox Sermon

The features of the use of addressed utterances are considered from the point of view of the concept of asubjectivation, as opposed to the locuous activity of the subject of speech. Asubjectivation is defined as the presence in the semantics of the statement of the point of view of a non-assertive judgment subject, which is not perceived by the speaker’s sphere of consciousness and imposes restrictions on the meaning of the illocutionary act. The main method for identifying and describing asubjectivation in addressed utterances in a sermon is the identification of the scope and illocutionary force of the utterance. It has been proven that addressed utterances in a sermon, regardless of the speaker’s intentions, cover any communication participants, including those who turn out to be casual listeners. In addition, asubjectivation manifests itself as a requirement for the speaker to perform the illocutionary act “informative”, addressed to all participants in communication together, and at the same time — the speech act “message”, which regulates adequate interaction with the recipients of speech when using the language in the sermon. As a material, the authors considered statements built on the grammatical base of sentences with propositional (complex with additional clauses) and non-propositional meanings (impersonal with a due predicate). The relevance of the research is associated with the study of a new type of relationship in the semantic-syntactic structure of the sentence. The concept of asubjectivation allows us to formulate principles that regulate the features of referential relations in the structure of a sentence, taking into account the specifics of discourse.

Historical Types of Rationality and Irrationality in the Structure of Post-Modernist Consciousness

Modern culture as part of social life reflects the processes and changes occurring in the environment and in the minds of people. In an industrialized society, one can identify a certain tendency, which is the tendency of modern culture to remythologize. However, it is worth noting that at the same time, an opposite trend arises, which is aimed at its complete destruction. Both trends were formed due to a new type of rationality - postmodern rationality with its plurality and relativism. Today, researchers explain postmodernism as an era not only of the development of social reality, but of consciousness. Along with this, a completely new perception of reality as chaos appears, where new patterns of organization and operation of today's reality are created. Human consciousness has its own mechanisms for streamlining experience. Such a mechanism, which consists in the sphere of consciousness, is rationality. The term “rationality” itself is interpreted as the ability of thinking to create a special world of ideal objects and transform it into an object of activity, guided by the principle of the identity of thinking and being. Within the framework of scientific rationality, one can distinguish between classical, non-classical and post-non-classical rationality of postmodernism. In the public mind in the twentieth century. a new type of rationality has emerged - the postmodern rationality, formed due to cultural changes, such as a crisis in the field of science, art, a crisis of the spiritual life of society, social development along the path of globalization.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ УРОВНЯ СФОРМИРОВАННОСТИ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЗНАНИЙ И СОСТОЯНИЯ ПОТРЕБНОСТНО-МОТИВАЦИОННО-ЦЕННОСТНОЙ СФЕРЫ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ ТРЕНЕРОВ-ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЕЙ

Аbstract. The article presents the results of the study of the formation level of professional knowledge and the state of the need-motivational-value sphere of the professional culture of coaches-teachers. Objective. Investigate the formation level of professional knowledge and the state of the need-motivational-value sphere of professional culture of coaches-teachers. The study covered coaches-teachers, whose total number was 81 persons (53 men and 28 women). Methods. Questionnaires, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. It has been established that the formation level of professional knowledge of trainers-teachers is «satisfactory», whereas that of their needmotivational-value sphere of professional culture is «good». It has been also established that there is no correlation between the formation level of professional knowledge and the state of the need-motivational-value sphere of professional culture of coaches. In terms of gender, there is no statistically significant difference between the levels of formation of professional knowledge of men’s and women’s coaches, as well as between those of their needmotivational-value sphere of professional culture. The findings indicate a low level of professional knowledge of coaches-teachers. Despite this, coaches-teachers have a pronounced need for professional knowledge. The lack of relationship between the formation level of need-motivational-value sphere of professional culture of coachesteachers and that of their professional knowledge suggests that sports teachers do not use their knowledge in professional activities, as they are reduced to professional skills and thus derived from sphere of consciousness.

Художественная литература как фактор социализации человека

The article examines the influence of fiction on the formation of the individual’s ethical values and creative thinking. Literary text influences both rational and emotional spheres of consciousness. A talented author forms a reader’s worldview, which determines his life philosophy. That’s why in the post-reconstruction period, those in power try to change ideological orientation of school Literature curriculum so as to form a “civilized consumer”. But universality of national ethical values represented in the Russian classical literature indicates that it’s a hopeless task.

Emotional Concept <I>WAR</I> Within the Ukrainian Military Subculture

The aim of the article is to characterize the emotional concept WAR within the Ukrainian military subculture. The study of the emotional concept WAR is carried out from the standpoint of a comprehensive psycholinguistic approach based on the integration of discourse analysis and psychoanalytic interpretation. Selection of a research approach to concept WAR study as to the problem of professional markedness of emotional language is due to the growing interest for the emotional sphere of consciousness and its impact on the speech activity. An analysis of three successive stages of the emotional concept WAR formation has to be carried out to achieve the aim: 1) obtaining information and formation of primary concepts of emotions; 2) generalization of available information and creation of a general classification system of knowledge; 3) the formation of individual emotional knowledge. It has been proven that the specificity of the emotional concept WAR within the Ukrainian military subculture is the assimilation of altruistic motives and motives of neglect. At the heart of such conglomerate there are, on the one hand, a willingness to sacrifice, a need to give and a sense of responsibility, and on the other hand, an awareness of undervaluing of sacrifice, the fear of being rejected. Dominant motifs in the concept WAR are mental pain and moral suffering, they have a high level of intensity. The motif of neglect acts as means of tacit reproach from a person who is in need of love, care, attention and who tries to get them by invoking people’s sense of social duty. Filling the concept WAR with such senses has a certain pragmatic aspect, which is associated with the existential semantic content and with the corresponding fears that arise from the unconscious: death, sense of live, loneliness, freedom. When a person feels himself neglected then existential fears recede into the background and the realization of his mortality becomes secondary.

ЗАГРОЗИ РЕЛІГІЙНІЙ БЕЗПЕЦІ ЯК ВИКЛИК ПОЛІТИЧНІЙ СТАБІЛЬНОСТІ У КРАЇНАХ ЛАТИНСЬКОЇ АМЕРИКИ

The article examines the problems of the components of the concept of threats to religious security, for example, which are transformed into concepts. The concept of "justice" is being transformed through the extreme polarization of Latin American society and elit. The necessity of ensuring security for traditional religions is substantiated, the unity, interdependence of spiritual, religious, national security is determined, the tasks, the solution of which requires to achieve the level of security, are characterized. The article determines that since religion influences politics, law, the level of relevance of religious security increases. Under modern conditions of transitional regimes, the religious system is becoming an important factor in political stability. This is especially true of the traditional religious system, which has a history of development, a deep system in popular culture. The religious factor also plays an important role in the geopolitical confrontation. The situation requires the mobilization of resources for the religious security of society. Among the tasks is the problem of training ideological personnel, for example, political scientists, philosophers, who have the ability to resist ideological influence. The problem of the formation of an effective religious ideology, which takes into account the geopolitical rivalry of states, the strengthening of the dynamics of spiritual competition, spiritual expansion, is urgent; protection of the sphere of consciousness of a believer from negative influence from destructive structures, psychological safety of believers, research of a set of ideas, a set of teachings, attitudes, uniting representatives of traditional religions to counter extremist, radicalist religious threats, and promote their own regional ideas. Since the level of interconnection between the state and society is increasing in the region, there is a need for a set of measures to ensure religious security. The governments of the countries will focus on the implementation of reforms that will guarantee a stable political regime.

Intellectual history as a direction in the methodology of historical research

This article addresses the increased interest in intellectual history as a line of research. Additionally, focus is placed on the subject of intellectual history research, which covers many types of human creative activity. The authors of the article see it, rather, not as a subdiscipline of history, but as an interdisciplinary field focused on clarifying problems and drawing attention to boundaries, and believes that it should not follow one “correct” approach. The authors contend that the issues of religion and identity, problems of collective motivation, and our relationship with the natural world are important topics in intellectual history today. Intellectual history offers what other areas of history could not. Historians’ claims are more restrained than those of philosophers and social scientists. In modern intellectual history, the desire to unite the efforts of all specialists whose professional interests are associated with the study of various types of human creative activity, including its conditions, forms and results, prevails. This, however, does not deny the existence of more moderate versions of “intellectual history”, limited to the study of exclusively the intellectual sphere of consciousness, in particular the outstanding personalities of the past. Thus, in their scientific quest, intellectual historians can turn to disciplines such as economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, philosophy, literature and its criticism, but at the same time they should not neglect their own task and the restrictions imposed by their cultural horizons and disciplinary rules. When building a cultural context, intellectual history becomes an internal part of cultural history, and cultural history serves as the external side of intellectual history; therefore, historians should pay attention to both the internal and external. Key words: intellectual history, methodology, history of ideas, sociohistoricism, culture, mindset, history of mentalities, creativity, explanation