Spherical Shape Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF ENAMEL GRAINS FOR THE FORMATION OF MICROMOSAICS

The paper investigates the possibilities of grains from hot enamels for the formation of micromosaics. Enamel grain with a diameter of 0.4…5.0 mm is made from pieces of crushed hot enamels that acquire a spherical shape during firing in a muffle furnace or with the help of a gas burner flame. The mosaic image is formed by densely laying out on a metal base with an applied adhesive layer of enamel grains of the same or different diameter in accordance with the artistic idea. Enamel grain from hot enamels has high techno-logical and aesthetic characteristics characteristic of hot enamels: hardness, durability, wide colour palette, beautiful shine, etc. All this makes enamel grain a promising material for mosaic work. The technique of mi-cromosaic from enamel grains has the widest potential for decorating jewellery and art products, as it al-lows you to embody any design ideas.

Studying the properties of green synthesized silver oxide nanoparticles in the application of organic dye degradation under visible light.

In present study the green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles has been effectively achieved using novel plant extract Phragmanthera Macrosolen. This method provides sustainable alternative for nanoparticle synthesis, demonstrating the potential of Phragmanthera Macrosolen as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the production of Ag2O NPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for their structural, morphological, and optical properties, confirming their successful formation and potential applications in various fields. The effects of different pH values and annealing temperature of the samples on the properties of Ag2O NPs formations, as well as photo-catalytic activities towards Toluidine Blue dye degradations, were studied. Powder XRD reveals that the crystallite natures of Ag2O NPs a long with crystalline size ranges from 25.85 to 35.90nm. FIB-SEM and HR-TEM images displayed that the Ag2O NPs as spherical shapes. UV-vis spectroscopy displayed that Ag2O NPs belong to a direct-band gap of 2.1-2.6eV. FTIR- study shown that the green synthesized Ag2O NPs may be steadied via the interfaces of -OH as well as C = O groups in the carbohydrate, flavonoid, tannin, as well as phenolic acid existing in P. macrosolen L. leaf. The chemical states, electron-hole recombinations and purity of Ag and O in the synthesized Ag2O NPs were confirmed through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and PL analysis respectively. Fascinatingly, the synthesized Ag2O NPs at pH 12 displayed high photo-catalytic degradations for TB dyes. The photo-catalytic degradations of the TB dyes were monitored spectro-photo-metrically in wave-length ranges of 200-900nm, as well as high efficiency (98.50%) with half-life of 9.5798min and kinetic rate constant of 0.07234min-1, was obtained after 45min of reactions. From this study, it can be concluded that Ag2O NPs synthesized from Phragmanthera Macrosolen aqueous extract are promising in the remediation of environmental pollution and water treatment. In this light, the study reports that Phragmanthera Macrosolen green synthesis of Ag2O NPs can effectively address environmental pollution in cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable ways.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES FROM COAL FLY ASH

In this study, amorphous nanoparticles were extracted from fly ash using a sol-gel method. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized using XRF spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR and TEM. The XRD curves show the presence of both crystalline and amorphous phases. FT-IR analysis indicated the presence of silanol and siloxane groups. Upon analysis, the primary nanoparticles were found to exhibit a roughly spherical shape with an average size of approximately 65 nm. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of applying the sol-gel method to synthesize nanoparticles derived from coal fly ash (CFA), thereby avoiding other expensive and energy-intensive methods of nanoparticle synthesis.

FeBTC MOF‐Derived Fe3O4@C Nanocomposite: Controlled Synthesis and Application as Potential Adsorbent for Rhodamine Dye Elimination From Wastewater

ABSTRACTThis study explores the controlled synthesis of a novel Fe3O4@C magnetic nanocomposite derived from FeBTC metal–organic framework (MOF) and its application as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of rhodamine dye from wastewater. The FeBTC MOF was first synthesized and then thermally decomposed in a controlled oxygen atmosphere at 375°C (1 h) to form the Fe3O4@C nanocomposite with a magnetic Fe3O4 core embedded in a porous carbon matrix. A comprehensive characterization of the nanocomposite was performed using x‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the successful formation and to evaluate its structural and morphological properties. The morphological investigation revealed that the particles of Fe3O4 had a spherical shape with diameter of 10–15 nm. The carbon coating appeared as a thin amorphous layer surrounding the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@C for rhodamine B (RhB) dye was assessed under various conditions, including different pH values, contact times, initial dye concentrations, and temperatures. Complete dye removal was attained in 45 min using 50 mg of the nanocomposite and 50 mL of 5.0 ppm RhB at the optimum pH of 9.1. Under the same experimental conditions, the highest adsorption capacity of 13.0 mg/g was obtained, but using 15.0 mg of the nanocomposite. Fe3O4@C nanocomposite exhibits high adsorption efficiency, with a maximum removal capacity of 100%, which is clearly superior to many conventional adsorbents. This performance can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the magnetic Fe3O4 and the large surface area of the carbon matrix. Kinetic models were employed to understand the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo‐second‐order model. The reusability of the adsorbent was tested over multiple cycles and showed a minimal loss of performance (drops to 93.0% after five removal cycles). The study demonstrates that the Fe3O4@C nanocomposite is a promising candidate for the effective removal of organic dyes from wastewater, offering potential benefits for environmental remediation and sustainable water management.

Varying the Core Topology in All-Glycidol Hyperbranched Polyglycerols: Synthesis and Physical Characterization.

In the present study, low molecular weight cyclic polyglycidol is used as a macroinitiator for hypergrafting glycidol and producing cyclic graft hyperbranched polyglycerol (cPG-g-hbPG) in the molecular weight range of 103-106gmol-1. Linear graft hyperbranched polyglycerol (linPG-g-hbPG) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (hbPG) are prepared as reference samples. This creates a family of hbPG structures with cyclic, linear, and star cores, allowing to evaluate their properties in solution and in bulk. The morphology study of the high molecular weight structures using atomic force microscopy revealed a spherical shape for cPG-g-hbPG and hbPG, and a cylindrical shape for linPG-g-hbPG in the nanometric range. Small angle X-ray scattering confirmed the compact particle-like structure of this family of hbPG architectures. Interestingly, the glass transition temperature showed a structure dependence, with cPG-g-hbPG having the highest values and hbPG having the lowest values for the same molecular weight. This study is a step forward in the generation of water-soluble polymers with tailored structure and functionality for advanced applications.

Carboplatin-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8: Induction of antiproliferative activity and apoptosis in breast cancer cell.

The challenge with breast cancer is its ongoing high prevalence and difficulties in early detection and access to effective care. A solution lies in creating tailored metal-organic frameworks to encapsulate anticancer drugs, enabling precise and targeted treatment with less adverse effects and improved effectiveness. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and carboplatin (CP)-loaded ZIF-8 were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques. High Resolution-transmission electron microscopy of ZIF-8 and CP@ZIF-8 indicates that the particles had a spherical shape and were nanosized. The drug release rate of CP is 98% under an acidic medium (pH 5.5) because of the dissolution of ZIF-8 into its coordinating ions, whereas 35% in a physiological medium (pH 7.4) with the addition of CP, the high porosity, and pore diameter of ZIF-8 decrease from 1243 to 1041m2/g. Breast cancer MCF-7 cells were shown greater IC50 in CP@ZIF-8 (15.01±3.03µg/mL) than free CP (34.98±4.25µg/mL) in an in vitro cytotoxicity assessment. The cytotoxicity of the CP@ZIF-8 against MCF-7 cells was studied using the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide method. The morphological changes were examined using fluorescent staining (acridine orange-ethidium bromide and Hoechst 33258) methods. The comet assay assessed the DNA fragmentation (single-cell gel electrophoresis). The results from the study revealed that CP@ZIF-8 can be used in the treatment of breast cancer.

Preparation and characterization of micellar nanoparticles using crude saponins from five Congolese plant species

Nanoparticles (NPs) have significantly advanced medical applications, including drug delivery, immunotherapy, vaccines, and diagnostics. This versatility is partly due to the potential of tailoring NPs from multiple sources. Notably, saponins, amphiphilic plant metabolites, have shown great promise in NP formulation. This study explored the development of micellar NPs using saponin crude fractions (SCFs) extracted from five Congolese plant species: Millettia laurentii, Penthaclethra eetveldeana, Schwenckia americana, Musa paradisiaca, and Musa sapientum. Plant materials were subjected to histological examination through optical microscopy, while phytochemical analyses by thin-layer chromatography confirmed the presence and predominance of saponins in the SCFs. We used a phthalocyanine-isoniazid hybrid (Pc-INH) as a hydrophobic probe to determine the critical micellar concentrations of SCFs and explore the feasibility of developing cost-effective saponin-based micelles (SBMs). Phytochemical screenings indicated saponins in the extracted SCF and other metabolites like flavonoids, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed the formation of nano-sized particles, particularly noting SBMs from P. eetveldeana with notable dimensions (157 nm, PDI of 0.27, and ZP of -4.01 mV) and spherical shape. The micelles from M. laurentii exhibited superior encapsulation efficiency for Pc-INH (55%) compared to control micelles formulated from pure saponin (33%). In vitro tests showed that M. paradisiaca SBMs have the best safety profile for red blood cells, with a 10% hemolysis rate compared to a 150% rate for bulk SCFs. However, there is a significant difference between SCFs and SBMs (p < 0.0001). The release profiles of M. paradisiaca SBMs show a pH-dependent relationship, suggesting potential for stimuli-responsive drug delivery. This work lays the foundation for leveraging plant-derived crude saponins in nanotechnology, emphazising their encapsulation efficiency, controlled release potential, and biocompatibility, paving the way for the cost-effective production of high-value biomedical NPs.

Biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized using rose petals: Potential to inhibit multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens in disabled patients

BackgroundDrug resistant bacterial infections can be fatal for disabled people needing multiple medications and new effective antibacterial drugs such as biosynthesized nanoparticles are needed. A cost-effective and green method was studied for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using pink rose petals. Materials and methodsSilver nanoparticles (AgNP) were synthesized using the petals of pink rose flowers. The AgNPs were characterized using FITR, SEM, XRD, and EDS analyses. The antibacterial activity of the AgNPs against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were studied using the microplate method. ResultsTh AgNPs had a spherical shape and an average size of 26 nm. XRD analysis showed that the nanoparticles were Ag0. Antibacterial activity was the highest against the multidrug-resistant S. aureus the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) being 400 µg/ml AgNPs. The multidrug-resistant E. coli, multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, and colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae MICs were 800 µg/ml, 3200 µg/ml, and 1600 µg/ml, respectively. ConclusionThe green synthesized of AgNPS using pink rose petals and their antibacterial effects offer material for the treatments of common multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.

Advanced hybrid nanomaterials based on carboxymethyl-modified biopolymer: Green synthesis and application in sustainable antimicrobial products

The utilization of agricultural by-products for the synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials represents an environmentally sustainable approach. This research aims to comprehensively investigate high-performance silver and copper nanoparticles hybrid materials based on carboxymethyl-modified cellulose / lignin derived from rice husks (CMC / CML-AgNPs and CMC / CML-CuONPs) and apply them for antimicrobial activities. CMC / CML was used to reduce Ag / Cu cations to the atomic level and then efficiently stabilize Ag / CuO nanoparticles, an eco-friendly method and sustainable development. The hybrid nanomaterials were successfully synthesized with spherical shapes and particle sizes ranging from 4 to 16 nm. The diffraction peaks at 38.46°, 46.57°, 64.93°, and 77.55° were ascribed to the face-centered cubic crystal lattice (111), (200), (220), and (311) of silver nanoparticles in the CMC / CML-AgNPs. The peaks were 32.26°, 46.06°, 52.16°, 61.71°, 63.80°, and 71.23° associating with the (110,20−2), (112), (11−3), (310), and (221) plane orientations of CuO nanoparticles. The proposed materials demonstrated highly efficient antimicrobial performances. Particularly, CMC-AgNPs and CML-CuONPs exhibited an inhibitory capability of up to 100 % against E. coli and S. aureus within 72 h. Simultaneously, the antifungal results showed that hybrid nanomaterials have a better ability to inhibit the A. niger than A. flavus fungus. When experimenting on peanut seeds, hybrid nanomaterials showed an inhibitory capability of up to 99.0 % against A. niger. IC50 values of the hybrid nanomaterials range from 0.872 mg/mL to 1.188 mg/mL, confirming that these materials are non-cytotoxic. These materials exhibit significant stability and enduring antimicrobial efficacy, making them ideal for sustainable development of various antibacterial and antifungal blocks for the near future.

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Enhancing Optimization Reaction, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties with Lantana camara from Geothermal Area

Green synthesis methods for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have garnered significant attention for their potential in medical applications. Despite the known potential of Lantana camara in AgNP synthesis, there is a lack of studies investigating its application when grown in extreme geothermal environments, which may influence the properties and efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles. This research aimed to fabricate AgNPs utilizing aqueous extract from Lantana camara, a plant growing in an extreme geothermal manifestation area. Another aim of this study is to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of the plant's leaves were also conducted. Reaction optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM), employing a central composite design (CCD) approach. The characterization of AgNPs involved UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and PSA. The antimicrobial testing was conducted against Gram-positive bacterium (S. aureus), Gram-negative bacterium (E. coli), and the fungus (C. albicans). The phytochemicals analysis revealed that the L. camara leaf extract contains flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, and steroids, lacking alkaloids and terpenoids, with total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 11.94 mg (GAE/g) and 6.70 mg (QE/g), respectively. The AgNPs exhibited a spherical shape with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at a wavelength of 417 nm, and the smallest particle size measured was 44 nm. Based on FTIR analysis, AgNPs have functional groups such as OH, NH, C=C, and CH that were identified as groups involved in the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 during the green synthesis of AgNPs. The AgNPs demonstrated the lowest antifungal activity against C. albicans. In summary, the aqueous leaf extract of L. camara from geothermal manifestation areas can serve as a bioreductant for AgNPs, exhibiting higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative ones.

Formononetin-Loaded Self-Microemulsion Drug Delivery Systems for Improved Solubility and Oral Bioavailability: Fabrication, Characterization, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.

This study aimed to construct a self-microemulsion drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for Formononetin (FMN) to improve its solubility and bioavailability while combining the nanocrystals (NCs) technology. The SMEDDS prescription composition was optimized with a pseudo-three-phase diagram, followed by a series of in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the selected optimal prescriptions. FMN-NCs loaded SMEDDS showed a homogeneous spherical shape in the Transmission electron microscope and the particle size was measured as (20.65 ± 1.42) nm. The in vitro cumulative release rate in each dissolution medium within 30min was higher than 80%, much higher than that of FMN (6%) and FMN-NCs (40%); Cellular experiments confirm that the formulation has a high safety profile and significantly promotes cellular uptake. The results of pharmacokinetics and intestinal absorption in rats showed that the relative bioavailability of FMN-NCs and FMN-NCs loaded SMEDDS were (154.80 ± 3.76)% and (557.73 ± 32.88)%, respectively, and both of them significantly increased the rate and extent of absorption of the drug in intestinal segments. FMN-NCs loaded SMEDDS significantly enhanced the solubility and bioavailability of FMN.

Improving the roller screen efficiency to classify green iron pellets using DEM simulation, novel roll design and implementing banana configuration

Roller screens play a decisive character in the efficiency of pelletizing circuits and induration furnaces. Unlike vibrating screens, there have been no studies on roller screens to determine their capacity and dimensions. Most studies have utilized the discrete element method (DEM) simulation to assess roller screen performance by employing a spherical shape and the Hertz-Mindlin elastic model. However, this approach is unsuitable due to green pellets’ non-spherical shape and elastic–plastic properties. This study introduces the incorporation of the actual shape of green pellets and a hysteretic spring elastoplastic contact model. In this research work, a novel design of rolls with a grooved surface was recommended for the first time, resulting in a Total Screening Efficiency (TSE) of 96.4% compared to 87.1% for rolls with a smooth surface. Additionally, while exploring the impact of the decks number on the roller screen, a new design, known as the banana roller screen, was introduced. Under similar conditions, the TSE increased by 1.22% compared to the general roller screen type. It was also found that the roller screen’s capacity is directly related to the diameter, speed of rotation, and the number of rolls, while it has a reverse relationship with TSE and deck angle.

Nano-priming of Vigna radiata seeds with opuntia stricta-derived γFe2O3Nanoparticles

The experimental investigation aimed to enhance sustainable and biocompatible nano-agriculture by examining the possible effects of biosynthesized nanoparticles (γFe2O3 NPs) on seed growth and growth parameters of Vigna radiata. The outcomes of various characterization procedures such as FTIR, XRD, UV, and Fe-SEM were used to determine the successful generation of γFe2O3 NPs (nanoparticles), which were capped with multiple phytoconstituents contained in the Opuntia stricta extract. γFe2O3 NPs were synthesized, as evidenced by the peak's presence, having a mean crystallite size of 13.9 nm, and were successfully detected using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Crucial Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) testing also yielded unambiguous proof of the element iron's presence. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the synthesis of pure maghemite nanoparticles. Wide areas around 350, 500, 670, and 1330 cm-1 values verify the creation of pure maghemite. TGA analysis was performed to check the stability of nanoparticles in which the residual weight was found to be 87.62%. TEM images confirm the spherical shape, and the mean size of the nanoparticles was found to be 12.28 nm. Through a number of tests, the analysis showed that the nanoparticles have a strong antioxidant capacity. This experiment aimed to determine how biogenic γFe2O3 Nanoparticles affected Vigna radiata seed germination. Measurements of shoot and root lengths, seed vigour index, germination rates, mean daily germination, and peak value (PV) were all included of the assessment. There was a total of four distinct γFe2O3 NPs concentrations examined (25, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL). The penetration of the γFe2O3 NPs affects the germination and growth of the Vigna radiata seeds. When compared to untreated seeds, the germination index values for Vigna radiata seeds that underwent effective treatment with γFe2O3 NPs significantly improved.

Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Spherical Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride Intercalated Molybdenum Disulfide for the Removal of U(VI), Eu(III), and Cr(VI)

The current environmental problem is the coexistence of multiple pollutants rather than a single pollutant. In this study, U(VI), Eu(III), and Cr(VI) are selected as representatives of the actinides, lanthanide elements, and heavy metal elements for removal study. The hydroxylamine hydrochloride intercalated molybdenum disulfide (HAH/MoS2) was prepared to remove these contaminants. The insertion of hydroxylamine hydrochloride increased layer spacing, which was conducive to the pollutant molecules entering the molybdenum disulfide layer. HAH/MoS2 revealed a spherical shape with a rough surface and relatively high anti-interference. The maximum adsorption capacities of HAH/MoS2 for U(VI), Eu(III), and Cr(VI) reached 104.9 mg/g, 72.9 mg/g, and 81.4 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption mechanism of U(VI) was interlayer adsorption at pH < 6.2 and surface complexation at pH > 6.2. Similarly, the removal of Eu(III) was interlayer adsorption at pH < 5.0, interlayer adsorption and surface complexation at pH 5.0-7.7, and forming precipitation Eu(OH)3(s) at pH > 7.7. The removal of Cr(VI) depended on surface complexation at pH < 4.0 and interlayer adsorption at pH > 4.0. These ions were more likely to be adsorbed between layers instead of at the surface. Compared to U(VI) and Cr(VI), Eu(III) was more easily adsorbed at the interlamination of HAH/MoS2. From the point of view of charge transfer, U(VI) and Eu(III) tended to give away electrons, and Cr(VI) tended to gain electrons in the removal process. This work can offer a new perspective for the design and application of two-dimensional materials for multiple pollutants removal.

Cetuximab scFv-Modified 5-FU Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles: "A Novel Therapeutic Platform."

Colorectal cancer [CRC] is among the most fatal types of cancer. An active targeting delivery system that specifically interacts with CRC cells could improve the therapy's outcomes. Herein, Cetuximab single-chain fragment variable antibody [scFv] fragments were conjugated to the surface of 5-FU encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles [CS NPs] to develop an effective therapeutic platform [scFv-CS/5-FU NPs]. CS/5-FU NPs were synthesized using a special fluidic system. Encapsulation efficiency [EE], loading capacity [LC], and the drug release profile of the particles were determined. scFv fragments were produced recombinantly and tailored on the surface of CS/5-FU NPs. The physicochemical features of scFv-CS/5-FU NPs were also characterized. MTT and flow cytometry assay investigated the toxicity effect of scFv-CS/5-FU NPs on the HCT116 cell line. CS/5-FU NPs had a homogenous spherical shape. They possessed sustainable drugrelease behavior. The produced scFv-CS/5-FU NPs were also spherical. scFv-CS/5-FU NPs significantly decreased the viability of cancerous cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis in 97.97% of targeted cells. scFv-CS/5-FU NPs showed remarkable anti-CRC activity. This novel targeting delivery system reduced the effective dose of 5-FU which is of vital importance to decrease the devastating side effects of chemotherapy.

The effect of hydroxyapatite particle shape, and concentration on the engineering performance and printability of polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite composites in bioplotting

In this study, medical poly [ε-caprolactone] (PCL) was used as the matrix material for the development of composites, with hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles with angular and spherical shapes employed as additives. Pellets of such composites were created with five different filler concentrations in the range of 0.0 up to 8.0 wt% (2.0 wt % increase). Three-dimensional (3D) specimens suitable for investigation were bioplotted using the corresponding pellets. The mechanical behavior of the samples was studied in terms of their tensile and flexural characteristics. Rheological and thermal investigations were conducted, and the morphology and chemical structure were investigated using field-emission scanning electron emission SEM and EDS spectroscopy, respectively. A μ-CT scanning course was employed to evaluate the inbound porosity and dimensional conformity of the specimens. The greatest enhancement in the engineering response of the specimens was observed at a tensile strength of 6.0 wt % PCL/angular HAp, showing a 17.0 % increase over pure PCL. The results demonstrate the potential of HAp as a reinforcing agent for polymers in medical applications using bioplotting. The key findings suggest that the shape and concentration document a significant impact on their mechanical performance.

Performance of delaying release and reducing adsorption of polyethyleneimine/poly(vinyl sulfonate) polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles in polyacrylamide/polyethyleneimine gel system

Polyacrylamide/Polyethyleneimine (HPAM/PEI) is an environmentally friendly and promising gel system. However, inadequate gelation time and retention of the cross-linker (polyethyleneimine, PEI) during migration pose significant challenges for effective water control treatment in deep reservoirs. Polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PECs) have demonstrated the ability to efficiently encapsulate PEI, facilitating for its gradual release. To achieve this, a cost-effective polyanionic complex, poly(vinyl sulfonate) (PVS), was employed to form PECs with PEI. By adjusting the mixing ratio of PEI and PVS, stable PECs suspensions with varying charges were successfully produced. These stable PECs exhibited spherical shapes with a particle size distribution ranging from 127.3–442.71 nm, and an average particle size of approximately 200 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of PEI by PECs varied from 64.56 % to 86.14 %. Under different conditions, 55.12 % to 90.26 % of PEI could be released from PECs. Increased temperatures, higher ionic strengths, and greater deviations in pH from the initial state of the PECs suspension all facilitated the release of PEI. The most stable PECs delayed the gelation time of the HPAM/PEI system to 9.5 days, which is twice the base gelation time of 4.5 days. The strength of mature HPAM/PEI (PECs) gels increased by 8.95 Pa in storage modulus (G′) compared to HPAM/PEI at the same concentration, albeit with a reduced linear viscoelastic region. And, the PECs-based delayed crosslinking method does not negatively affect the mechanical strength of the HPAM/PEI gel system, and thus its water control ability, under reservoir conditions. On the other hand, the static adsorption of PEI encapsulated by anionic PECs on sand decreased to one-fourth of that of free PEI (PEI solution). Additionally, the breakthrough of PEI encapsulated in anionic PECs in fractured sandstone cores was significantly advanced compared to free PEI.

Synthesis of NiO: BaO nano structure by chemical method with Antibacterial activity to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epedermidis andcandida spp

Nanostructured materials have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable chemical and physical characteristics. Because of their exceptional qualities and potential uses in technology. Nanostructured transition metal oxides are one of the many nanomaterials that need particular attention. The goal of this study was to synthesize nickel oxide and barium oxide nanostructures by the reaction of Nano powders: nickel sulphate NiSO4, barium chloride BaCl3, and molten sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide (NaOH: KOH) and examine their physical and biological properties. According to the results of UV–Vis, the gap band of the nanostructure was calculated with a range of 3.6–3.27 eV. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) pictures appear to create aggregated nanoparticles with particle size of 29 nm according to Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with a spherical shape. This results proved that NiO: Ba nanostructure an efficient and stable. It was observed that the diameter of the inhibition zone bacteria include E. coli and Klebsiella spp. (21,18) mm while inhibition zone of bacteria S. aureus,S. epidermidisgram positive bacteria and yeast candida spp.(19,19 and 21)mm. As can be shown, the antibacterial activity of the (NiO: BaO), nanostructure increases with decreasing concentration and is more effective against E. coli gram-negative than it is against S. aureus and S. epedermidis gram-positive. This finding might be explained by the fact that, due to differences in their cell wall composition, gram-negative bacteria are more vulnerable to antibacterial medications than gram-positive ones. The synthesized NiO: Ba nanostructures had the potential for higher inhibition and killing of gram-negative than gram-positive bacteria.

Microwave-associated ZnCl2 pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis for high-efficiency production of nanocellulose from Eucalyptus dissolving pulp

Herein, we developed a novel microwave-associated ZnCl2 pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis for high-efficiency and environmentally friendly production of nanocellulose. With a short pretreatment time (60 s), nanocellulose was yielded with a high overall yield of 87.99 % from Eucalyptus Dissolving Pulp (EDP). Characterization analysis revealed that microwave-associated ZnCl2 pretreatment can efficiently swollen the structure of EDP, and after enzymatic hydrolysis, the nanocellulose in spherical shape was formed with abundant functional groups, low crystalline index, and poor thermal stability. By Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis, approximately 20 wt% of zinc distributed on the surface and in the interior of cellulose, that may lead to the low Zeta potential of the nanocellulose and the formation of nanospheres. Furthermore, through optimization of the pretreatment process, it was feasible to increase the solid concentration of EDP to 3 wt% while concurrently reducing the ZnCl2 concentration to 0.1 mol (ZnCl2·9H2O). Under this condition, ultrafine cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/CNC blend were produced with an outstanding yield of 93.3 %. Moreover, the recyclability of ZnCl2 post-pretreatment was demonstrated, as ZnCl2 could be efficiently reused for subsequent pretreatment cycles. Notably, even after five cycles of recycling, the nanocellulose yield remained consistently above 90 %. Overall, this study highlights the viability and sustainability of microwave-assisted ZnCl2 pretreatment for efficient nanocellulose production, offering a sustainable and cost-effective route for industrial-scale applications.

Application of Numerical Integration in Analysing the Volume of Reinforcement Particles in Algorithms for Generating Representative Volume Elements (RVEs)

Abstract The paper focuses on spatial modelling of composites with discontinuous reinforcement. The algorithm for creating a representative volume element (RVE) must consider random distribution and size of reinforcing particles (RP), prevention of RP interpenetration, and maintaining the desired volume fraction of the reinforcing phase (Vp) in the composite microstructure. Assuming fixed RVE dimensions and randomly determined RP size, the actual Vp value needs to be continuously determined. If the assumed (desired) Vp is lower than the current value, additional reinforcement is added to the RVE. As the RP location is random, some particles may extend beyond the RVE limits, affecting Vp calculation. The research aims to determine the RP volume within the RVE boundaries when RP extends outside. The RVE was discretized with N points, and the number of Ni points within the area occupied by RP was determined. The sought value was calculated using the ratio Ni /N = Vp /VRVE, where VRVE, is the volume of the RVE. Two discretisation methods, systematised (RI) and random (Monte Carlo (MC)), were employed. The study investigated the effects of discretisation type and number N points on calculation accuracy and microstructure generation time for particle-reinforced composites in sphere, cylinder, and ellipsoid shapes. Systematised discretisation yielded higher accuracy/stability, with number N dependent on RP dimensions. The MC method reduced generation time but introduced instability and significant errors.