Information Sphere Research Articles

CENSORSHIP AND PRESS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES IN MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

The paper provides a historiographical analysis of the points of view by modern Russian researchers on the development of censorship and press in Russia in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. The paper notes that there was no consensus among Russian researchers on the transformation of the domestic information sphere during this period. The studies of Russian historians have a very ambiguous assessment of its potential and the results of its development. The paper concludes that the works of modern Russian historians do not completely exhaust the topic of socio-cultural modernization in the field of censorship and press of the late Imperial era. Therefore, the development of Russian information sphere in the aforementioned period needs further comprehensive research.

Data collection and accumulation of media resources using artificial intelligence

In this difficult time in which our country found itself, information technology has become the force that is successfully used against the aggressive actions of the enemy. The armed forces, in addition to the necessary physical assistance, are quite significantly helped in the information sphere, in particular, from the side of the scientific community. Different directions and branches of computer science are combined to get an effective way to achieve the desired victory and the long-awaited peace and prosperity. In this article, the authors offer their vision in the implementation of technology for evaluating information coming from various media sources. For this, one of the most widely used areas of information technology – artificial intelligence – was involved in the research. As you know, AI includes a sufficiently wide and complete set of models and methods for working out various practical problems. In particular, the authors focused on "soft" calculations, that is, the use of neural networks, fuzzy sets, and genetic algorithms in combination with methods from another area of AI – intelligent data analysis. All the above-mentioned ideas are suggested to be considered in the rationale before creating a scientific project. In this article, foreign and domestic sources will be analyzed in detail in order to identify common and distinctive features with the author's ideas. Particular attention will be paid to those components that are not disclosed in other works and are proposed for development in this project. The object, the subject of research, the goal will also be indicated, the scientific and practical novelty of the implementation of the ideas disclosed in this work will be revealed. In addition, the advantages of using the proposed methods for solving not only the task of processing and evaluating information from various media sources will be described, but also the benefit of their application in other critical military tasks will be shown. Thus, the authors set themselves the goal of helping our defenders implement an approach based on the application of artificial intelligence. This article covers only proposals with their detailed scientific justification. So, summarizing all of the above, the work reveals a theoretical-applied approach at the level of revealing the basic ideas for creating a project. In the following works by the authors, after the presentation of the research base, more attention will be paid to already mathematical methods of description and coverage of the conducted experimental studies.

Transformation of The Activities of Public Libraries of Polyd's Under the Conditions of Marital State

The purpose of the work is to represent the main areas of activity of Podillia public libraries under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. The research methodology consists in the use of activity-based, human-centered and socio-communication approaches, which reflect changes in priorities in the functioning of the library and information sphere in the conditions of social threats. Also, general scientific (analysis, descriptive and generalization) and special (library) methods were used, which made it possible to realize the set goal. The scientific novelty of the presented work lies in the expansion of ideas about the role and significance of public libraries in Podillia in the life of communities during the difficult time of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The peculiarities of the main areas of activity of Podillia public libraries in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine are revealed. The relevance of the proposed topic is that work during the period of martial law in Ukraine shifted the emphasis on the priority of the basic functions of libraries, because they quite naturally, as socially oriented institutions, focused on the consolidation of the Ukrainian people on the way to Victory over the treacherous invader, which significantly increased their social role and positively affected their responsibility to society in general. Conclusions. It is proved that today the public libraries of Podillia are free public cultural and educational institutions that quickly provide open access to their own funds, information and knowledge for community residents (from preschoolers to the elderly, people with special needs) and all categories of remote users. successfully satisfy educational, leisure, spiritual, informational, educational, socialization and other needs of readers, try to "be everything to everyone". The priority of universal values ​​in the activity of public libraries of Podillia, which in the conditions of martial law function in line with all-Ukrainian trends, put new tasks on the agenda, which are implemented through the active introduction of innovative forms, especially in the multimedia environment. Keywords: library function, Podillia public libraries, information resource, consolidation, information space, digitization.

INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF INFORMATION ACTIVITY ON MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING

The purpose of the article is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of socio-psychological factors of information activity and to find out their influence on managerial decision-making. The methodological basis of the study is general scientific and special methods for studying the problem, in particular, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, generalization and abstraction, survey-analytical and classification methods, as well as description and comparison, which help to achieve the goal. The set of the methods made it possible to determine the role of socio-psychological factors of information activity, attitudes and stereotypes in the preparation and implementation of effective management decisions. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the generalization of the main approaches to the problem of ensuring effective managerial activity, adequate perception of information and making informed decisions in the informational sphere. The authors have stated that effective management activity should be based on the awareness of real socio-psychological phenomena that accompany the economic, political and spiritual-ideological processes of social development, on taking into account the ratio of the management efforts of the authorities and the internal trends of the development of society, on knowledge of the psychological features of individual and group behaviour, psychological foundations of managerial communication and the implementation of managerial influence. Conclusions. The study has proved that the effectiveness of the organization depends on the correctness of decisions. The most likely directions of application of the achievements of personality psychology in the field of information activity have been proposed. Intuitive, rational and judgmental approaches to the decision-making process have been characterized. A certain dependence between the types of decisions and the approaches to their adoption has been determined. The mechanism of group influence on the behaviour of an individual and collective decision-making has been considered and an effective way to overcome this phenomenon has been proposed. The main stages of decision-making have been characterized and the problems that arise at each of the stages have been identified. The main mistakes that managers make in the process of information activities and preparing decisions have been named. It has been noted that the process of effective decision-making is significantly influenced by objective and subjective factors. The authors have emphasized that necessary and sufficient condition for the effective solution of a specific problem is the presence of the decision-maker’s characteristics that are part of an objective set of psychological qualities, in particular the level of knowledge for assessing the situation, skills for solving similar problems, the ability to find a way out of the situation taking into account external and organizational conditions, the ability to predict the outcome of one’s activities and determine one’s attitude to the problem. Keywords: information, information activity, psychological mechanisms, socio-psychological factors, managerial decisions.

ПРОГНОЗ, РАЗВИТИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ В ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГЕТИКЕ

Solutions, trends and opportunities for digitalization in the energy industry, and information se-curity issues are considered. An analysis of new national standards in the information sphere is provided

Правові аспекти боротьби з дезінформацією в Європейському Союзі: уроки для України

Аnnotation. The article "Legal aspects of combating disinformation in the European Union: lessons for Ukraine" describes and analyzes in detail the problem associated with a large amount of false, manipulative and extremely harmful information that every modern person has to face. Special attention is paid to the legislative regulation of the information sphere, measures aimed at improving information security in the European Union and Ukraine. This article defines and characterizes such a phenomenon as disinformation, explains its role in internal and interstate conflicts. The methods of spreading disinformation and the main information tools used by the conflicting parties are highlighted. Outlines the goals and objectives that can theoretically be achieved by someone who spreads and reproduces false or distorted information. The article provides a thorough analysis of legislative regulation in the field of combating disinformation and fakes, as well as the activities of state bodies of the European Union, Ukrainian state bodies, public and international organizations. The spheres of their activity and influence, their powers, specifics of work, legal status, mutual interaction and performance results are determined. The article draws attention to a large number of problems related to the information security of states, unions of states, organizations, and individual citizens, and the distribution of a wide variety of information leaks, false information, and falsified facts aimed at changing public opinion, creating conflicts, and starting interethnic enmity in a certain country. , demoralization of the enemy during war, theft, etc. In general, this article is a useful study aimed primarily at highlighting the main problems and threats that Ukraine and Europe face in the era of hybrid wars and social networks. It can be interesting both to people who work with information and to the general public, because it gives an understanding of the essence of such a phenomenon as disinformation in the modern world and its consequences.

Russia’s Foreign Policy Ideologemes and Their Relevance for Middle East in Context of Transformation of Modern System of International Relations

As part of this research, there was made an analysis of the foreign policy ideas, values and narratives of the Russian Federation distributed in the information sphere based on the theses that were voiced by the President of Russia V. Putin during his speeches in 2022. These ideas were considered through the prism of ideologemes that determine the strategic vector foreign policy of official Moscow. In addition, an assessment is made of the relevance of these ideologemes for the states of the Middle East region in the context of changes in the global transformation of the entire system of international relations and the building of a new polycentric world order. Conclusions are drawn about the interest of the cross-regional actors of the Middle East subsystem in the promotion of the theses and ideologies put forward by Russia and a certain identity and coincidence of the ideological and value spaces of Russia and the countries of the Middle East. Aspects and directions are outlined in which cooperation and coordination of actions between Moscow and the Middle East leaders can develop. An assumption is put forward about the possibility of building a system of rules and ideas in the Middle East, which can subsequently be extrapolated to the entire global system of international relations.

УНИКАЛЬНАЯ ЛИЧНОСТЬ В БИБЛИОТЕЧНО-ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ СФЕРЕ ИЛИ ОБ ЭДУАРДЕ РУБЕНОВИЧЕ СУКИАСЯНЕ

The presentations of the book under review are characterized at the All-Russian library congress and at the international professional forum (2023). The stages of E.R. Sukiasyan’s activity, his contribution to the national library science are highlighted. The book structure is considered, the attention is paid to his annual reports in particular as professional self-reflection, his memories about the journeys abroad, etc. Special emphasis is made to the ver-bal collective portrait of Eduard Rubenovich, which has been drawn from the analysis of characteristics given in the memories of his forty-five colleagues and friends. The image of the great communicator in the library information sphere is made. The book got Gran-prix, the Diploma of the Russian library association out of the nominations at the XI All-Russian contest «The best professional book of the year – 2023».

Theoretical and methodological foundations of information and communication, psychological and hybrid wars

The article formulates the main categories of the theory of information and communication, psychological and hybrid wars. In the context of the formation of a global information society, the information sphere is becoming a virtual theater of war, in which a fierce struggle for control over public consciousness (general, group, individual) is being waged. In these circumstances, it is necessary to take a fresh look at the basic categories and characteristics of the information society, to rethink the concept of information space and time, which are influenced by modern information and communication technologies, virtualization of real space and time, manipulative socio-psychological influences and destructive technologies of information and communication troops.

On the Role of the Judiciary in Ensuring the Information Security of the Russian Federation in the Face of Modern Challenges and Threats

The article substantiates that under the influence of modern geopolitical challenges, the importance of information security as one of the key areas of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation is increasing. The purpose of the study is to theoretically substantiate the role of judicial authorities in the formation of the information security system of the Russian state in the conditions of modern geopolitical threats and technological challenges. The need to achieve the stated goal led to the formulation and solution of the following scientific tasks: the study of the legal nature of information security and its place in the structure of national security; analysis of current geopolitical and technological challenges and threats to the national security of the country in the information sphere; determining the role of judicial authorities in the information security system, including in the digital environment. Within the framework of this study, a set of methods of scientific cognition was applied, including philosophical, general scientific and private law (formal-legal, comparative-legal, interpretation), which made it possible to achieve the goal and implement the tasks set. According to the results of the study, it is proved that ensuring information security in the context of the activities of judicial authorities should be considered in two dimensions: ensuring information security within the judicial system itself; the activity of judicial bodies in the administration of justice aimed at the adoption of individual law enforcement acts, together with legal acts that create the most comprehensive legal regulation of legal relations in the field of ensuring national information security. The conclusion is made about the special contribution of the judicial authorities in ensuring the national interests of the Russia in the information sphere.

Information Content of Media Internet-Resources: Analytic Review

The purpose of the article is to consider the concept of content as an actual term in modern information sphere and to analyse the information content of different types of media Internet-resources. The research methodology consists of methods of analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalisation, observation, information monitoring, and diagnostics. The scientific novelty consists in summarising the existing and obtaining new knowledge about information content in media Internet-resources on the basis of theoretical analysis and practical research of popular media organisations represented in the digital environment. Conclusions. In today's media and digital environment, information content is an important element of an organisation's information policy. After analysing the regulatory sources, we see that the legislative framework for content in Ukraine is currently not sufficiently regulated. Theoretical analysis has shown that a significant challenge in working with content is the lack of a single definition of the term “content”. However, most researchers treat content as information content of any communication platform in order to meet the needs of users. In the digital environment, the key media for presenting information content are Internet-resources. It has been determined that the most effective channel and way to promote content is social networks, as they provide a wide coverage of the target audience. Today, a feature of the content are teaser headlines. They are a mandatory component of the media that seek to increase their audience and popularity. A properly chosen and original teaser title can help attract new audiences and preserve the existing one. The importance of the teaser headline for the media cannot be underestimated as it is one of the important factors in the successful functioning of virtual media. Keywords: information content, media Internet-resources, digital environment, social networks, information and communication technologies.

Guarantees of citizens’ right to information using digital technologies

The development of citizens’ right to access information, which is also known as the «right to know,» is actively occurring in many countries at the beginning of the 21st century, which is associated with the development of democracy. Many industrialized countries of the world adopted this path only after the end of World War II. The value of the right to access information in the use of digital technologies for developing democracies is that it is one of the main ways citizens can participate in government public life. Access to information and freedom of access to official documents are also considered as means of control over the actions of authorities and indicators of the state of democracy, as well as as a means of achieving openness and transparency in the activities of government bodies. The article discusses a number of conditions that ensure that Russian citizens are informed about the activities of the state. Informing citizens by public authorities in a social society is of utmost importance. Russian legislation in the information sphere, which provides legal guarantees for the implementation of information rights and freedoms of humans and citizens, is currently following the development path of «providing everyone with access to information using digital technologies.» In the context of the digitalization of public administration and the development of the information society, it should be noted that the methods of information activity in legal science and the methods of their implementation have not yet received sufficient understanding. It is concluded that in order to fully understand modern trends and develop the right of citizens to information, it is necessary to constantly improve legislation on access to information. However, the simple introduction of modern digital technologies into the activities of government authorities will not lead to the desired results of the development of modern Russia in the conditions of digitalization. Therefore, it is necessary to expand guarantees of citizens’ right to information, as well as to ensure constant digital interaction between officials and citizens, which will help achieve greater openness of public authorities.

The development of digital model of college Civics teaching combined with information diffusion model

Abstract In this paper, the information sphere radiation model describes the diffusion process of information in cyberspace. In real space, the information ring radiation model represents how information diffuses through interpersonal transmission in social circles. Secondly, the degree distribution of nodes in the network is described by the spatial topology’s degree distribution function and how information diffusion in the network is constructed. Finally, the model’s effectiveness is verified through the simulation of the total number of nodes function Q(t) for the diffusion of information in Civic and Political Science teaching. The mean diffusion degree is around 1.2 according to the results when teachers and students are the main interactors. In the case of student-content interaction and hybrid interaction, the mean value of diffusion is around 2.3. In the exercise session, however, the student-student diffusion degree reached 3. Through the information diffusion model, this paper facilitates the development of a digital model for college Civics teaching.

FORMING THE READINESS OF THE FUTURE SPECIALIST TO USE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

The article exposes the problematic of creating the readiness of the future individual to use information technologies. Computers open up new ways in the progress of intellectual assistances and the facility to explain professional tasks when training future specialists in higher education. The main directions of using information technologies are highlighted. The effectiveness of computer use at various stages of the pedagogical process is determined. The practice of computer technologies by students in the progression of education the basics of science pays to growing the success of the educational process in the field of learning the ability to independently accumulate and present knowledge. The informational component of a specialist’s readiness is defined, which is today an central section of defining the value of his training.The process of forming a new information environment of society creates unique opportunities for human progress, for the real answer of several professional, economic, social and everyday difficulties. The socio-economic change of the nation depends on the presence of a modern information sphere of society. The information sector primarily depends on qualified personnel, which, in turn, crucially depends on the education system in the country. One of the main tasks facing the education system is the task of forming the basics of the information values of the future expert.

Assessing the ICT development in Iranian cities: The strategy to accelerate digital advancement

Iran is one of the Middle East's developing countries, with a per capita GDP that ranks among the upper middle countries, according to international reports. On the other hand, according to research, the development of e-government in a country is directly tied to that country's economic status. Despite its economic strength, Iran is not well-positioned in the sphere of information and communication technology (ICT), with undesirable development of e-government and ICT infrastructure. The performance of Iranian provinces in the field of ICT development is analyzed in this study utilizing the DEA-CCR model, the Malmquist productivity index (MPI), reciprocal efficiency technique and k-means clustering. The main contribution of this study is that it aids policymakers and top managers by identifying poorly performing provinces, to make thorough preparations to strengthen them, and implement suitable policies and strategies. Indeed, by supporting and developing the weak provinces in the field of ICT, the overall ICT status of the country will improve.

The place and role of cultural diplomacy in the process of consolidating the country's image on the international arena

The article examines the peculiarities of cultural diplomacy, and also determines the place and role of cultural diplomacy in the process of consolidating the country's image on the international arena. It was determined that cultural diplomacy plays an important role in modern international relations. The spread of traditions and cultural values contributes to the destruction of barriers and stereotypes, promotes mutual understanding of representatives of different cultures. The spread of cultural heritage, familiarization with the intellectual contribution of the people of a separate state forms a general perception, attracts attention, increases the level of respect and forms a positive image of the country. Considering the fact that cultural interaction is an autonomous element of interstate interaction, contributing to the achievement of established foreign policy goals, its implementation becomes possible thanks to the deep relationship between traditional diplomatic missions and special cultural institutions. It is noted that in order to create a positive image of the country, it is worth using various forms of cultural international cooperation, such as festivals, forums, exhibitions, tours of outstanding creative groups, fairs and holidays of national culture. During the organization of such events, representatives of diplomatic institutions should contribute to the resolution of organizational issues (signing of documentation, organization of negotiations with public authorities of the host country), while employees of cultural organizations are responsible for the substantive side of these initiatives. It was established that in order to form the image of the state, it is impossible to do without the use of communication strategies specific to the sphere of cultural foreign policy. The state's cultural policy and cultural diplomacy should mainly operate with communicative strategies in the information sphere to popularize national culture outside the state. It has been proven that the key factors in the process of implementing state policy in the field of cultural diplomacy should be Ukrainian cultural achievements abroad, taking into account heritage and modernity, as well as emphasizing the need to form strategic planning to support the image of Ukraine on the international arena.

The impact of information sphere in the economic security of the country: case of Russian realities

Novel information technologies have facilitated not only the development of new industries, but also brought new opportunities and challenges. The range of challenges includes threats related to the information security of not only the commercial, but also the public sector of the national economy, which can adversely affect its stability and competitiveness. In view of this, the problem of ensuring information security (IS) in the economic sphere is of particular relevance. Despite the abundance of studies on IS, the impact of the information sphere on the country’s economic security has not yet been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this article was to identify and systematize threats posed to economic security by the information environment and determine a set of measures to protect the areas at risk. Within the framework of the study, two interrelated models were built. The first systematized the IS threats and challenges, whereas the second demonstrated those IS threats that are directly connected with the state’s economic security. At the same time, the models developed allowed focusing on the protection of objects potentially under threat. The research quintessence was represented by the development of recommendations directed at preventing and minimizing the negative impact of information sphere threats to economic security. Hence, a diversified ecosystem of information and economic security of the state was created. The study findings and recommendations can be used by officials of government bodies and other organizations to develop regulatory documents related to the strategy of ensuring information and economic security at various levels (state, regional, corporate).

THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF CITIES IN THE ASPECT OF WAR IN UKRAINE

Russia, which for many years has been recognised as the second military power in the world,launched a strike against Ukraine on 24 February 2022. This was to be a very quick and efficientoperation intended to demonstrate Russia’s military power and effectiveness. Most expertspredicting potential wars were in agreement that future military operations were all about theneed to forego costly operations, following the principle of winning wars with limited costs.The anticipated type of future war is one of hybrid conflict with an emphasis on the sphere ofinformation, psychological and cyber operations and the clash of new technologies. Unacceptablecosts are primarily the lives of civilians and soldiers. A future military operation is expected tocomprise combat operations conducted in a dynamic, precise and systemic manner with the useof modern military technology.Nonetheless, nothing of the sort has happened; it has been more than a year since the conflicthas begun and its nature considerably differs from all predictions of the assumptions. Cities havebecome the most desirable battle space, which as a consequence resulted in many casualties of warand the devastation of Ukraine’s infrastructure. With this in mind, the primary objective of theresearch was identifying factors that contribute to conducting military operations in built-up areasand outlining pertinent considerations for effective operations in urban areas in the context of theongoing conflict in Ukraine.The main research problem formulated for the purposes of the research being carried out wasexpressed in the form of the following question: Why are urban areas so important in the ongoingconflict in Ukraine, and what are the specifics and factors that affect the effectiveness of operations inbuilt-up areas?For needs of the research it was assumed that cities and built-up areas, as political-administrative,economic, industrial and cultural centres, are gaining in importance. They often serve as nodes ofrailways, roads, airports and seaports and the location of critical infrastructure facilities of the stateand the region. Cities are home to large reserves of skilled human reserves, food, raw materials andfinished industrial products. Moreover, they play an important role in the functioning of the stateas a whole. The ongoing conflict in Ukraine shows that maintaining at all costs the urban complexesthat assure the appropriate functioning of the state (public administration, media, energy, etc.) can determine the success of military operations. This may be confirmed by conclusions drawn froman analysis of recent conflicts of the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries, which indicatethat military operations in a built-up area are becoming dominant.

SEMANTIC ATTACK PREVENTION: GENERAL DECISION MODEL AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES

This publication analyses the vulnerability of entities to socio-technical threats, primarily focusingon semantic attacks. In the present information sphere, which is prominently manifested in theform of social networks, it garners the attention of the majority of individuals. This makes userssusceptible to attacks aimed at extracting key information. The article consists of three parts. Thefirst part introduces the reader to the general issues of semantic threats. Subsequently, using theproposed model, the author analyses the dissymmetry arising from two types of reactions. Thismodel is based on distinguishing between System I, where the subject acts intuitively, and System II,which involves reflection and analysis before decisions are made. The final part of the article presentsvarious preventive measures against semantic attacks. The work is focused on demonstrating variousstrategies for dealing with such attacks. The goal of the publication is to emphasize the importanceof psychological determinants of individual behaviour in the context of functioning in the virtualenvironment and to present prospective preventive approaches intended to minimise semanticthreats. In the development of this article, research methods such as analysis, synthesis, and literaturereview were employed. The results of the conducted research on individuals’ vulnerability tosemantic threats indicate a significant influence of intuitive behaviour on increasing the risk of fallingvictim to such attacks. To reduce this vulnerability, reliance cannot solely be placed on specializedsoftware or tools, as their effectiveness largely depends on human behaviour. Therefore, continuousknowledge expansion as regards those threats through participation in training and the developmentof appropriate habits that promote a more detailed analysis of received content is crucial.

Possible Ways to Search for Scientific Information in New Realities

The paper reviewed the opportunities of various online products and services for searching for scientific information in the changed modern reality caused by the sanctions policy of a number of countries to Russia. Proprietary systems that stay on in Russia are characterized, as well as open access resources that allow receiving scientific, bibliometric, bibliographic and factual information. In addition, a list of Russian information products and scientific information search systems is presented. The resource data is supported by real examples describing the results obtained. All system and product names supported by URLs. The article is informational and does not aim to present the full radius of open and proprietary systems currently present online. The article shows various ways of information search by both ordinary users and specialists in the scientific and technical information sphere.