Mushroom Compost Research Articles

Spent mushroom compost and calcium carbonate modification enhances phytoremediation potential of Macleaya cordata to lead-zinc mine tailings

Phytoremediation is an essential technique for mines' ecological restoration. Modifiers addition can alleviate the stress of heavy metals to plants and enhanced remediation efficiency. Herein, spent mushroom compost (SMC) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were added to lead-zinc mine tailings to reveal the mechanism of Macleaya cordata adaptive to heavy metals stress. Pot experiments were conducted in 100% tailing (T), 90% tailing + 5% SMC + 5% CaCO3 (T+), and 100% natural soil (NS). The results indicate that SMC and CaCO3 amendments could improve the structure and fertility of tailings, and promote the growth of M. cordata, increase the content of heavy metals accumulated in plants, enhance the synthesis of chlorophyll and increas the content of soluble protein in leaves; enhance the activities of antioxidase, that can protectcelluar components from oxidative damage. Moreover, most of Pb, Zn, and Cd existed in the cell wall and soluble components, adding SMC and CaCO3 could promote the conversion of Pb, Zn, and Cd to chemical forms with less toxicity and migratory capability. The results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) showed that SMC and CaCO3 could protect the structural integrity of cells and increase the contents of –OH, –COOH functional groups that can bind to heavy metals in cells. The addition of SMC and CaCO3 can alleviate the stress of heavy metals on M. cordata, enhancing its adaptability to heavy metals and phytoremediation capacity.

Reclaiming Open Coal Spoils by Mixed Woodland: Varteg (Wales), 10 Year Results

Many reclaimed opencast coal-lands in Wales are now seriously degraded. This study explores the 10-year growth of native trees planted on compacted coal spoil. It compares the relative benefits of planting with spent mushroom compost (SMC) or well-rotted farmyard manure (FYM), both with and without supplementary fertilizer. Four main tree species—Common Alder, Oak, Scots Pine and Silver Birch—are considered. The survival of SMC-planted trees (77%) was significantly higher than for FYM-planted (72%). In Year 10, SMC-planted trees were significantly taller than those planted with FYM (4.75 vs. 4.57 m, respectively). Similarly, basal diameter (measured above the root collar) was larger among the SMC-planted trees. Discriminant analysis showed that the key discriminating variable between SMC-planted and FYM-planted trees was the type of fertilizer applied during planting. Adding slow-release fertilizer (SRF) and SRF plus superphosphate (SRF + P2O5) was beneficial to FYM-planted trees. Fertilizer supplements often favor the growth of FYM-planted trees in the early years, but later SMC-planted trees take the lead. The only species that benefited long term from FYM or fertilizer supplements was Alder. Overall, SMC-planted trees perform better than FYM-planted trees, but some of the difference can be mitigated by supplementary fertilization. Overall, SMC-planted trees perform better than FYM-planted trees.

Organic Waste as Fertilizer to Increase the Number of Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) Flowers

Peanut has high economic value and a significant role in food needs. the national food supply needs for peanuts to date have not been sufficient. This study aimed to determine the effect of organic waste which in this case is mushroom baglog compost and sheep manure on the flowers and pods of peanuts. The study was conducted on March-July 2018 in Subang district using the simple experimental plot method and group-randomized factorial design with two factors with each treatment done triplicate. The first factor is the baglog compost (soil without baglog compost, 90 g/plants, 120 gr/plants); the second factor is sheep manure dose (without sheep fertilizer, 90 gr/ plants, 120 gr/plants). The results showed that the application of baglog compost and sheep manure fertilizer at concentrations of 90 g and 120 g, respectively increased the number of flowers and potential pods. Moreover, Sheep manure fertilizer at a concentration of 120 g/plant, increased the dry weight of pods, seed, and 100 seeds even though was not significant.

Traditional and Alternative Use of Mushroom Compost Waste

Şapkalı mantar yetiştiriciliği yiyecek olarak tercih edilen bir ürün olması nedeni ile her geçen gün artmaktadır. Mantar yetiştiriciliği gıda üretiminin yanında lignoselülozik atık maddelerin biyoteknolojik geri dönüşümünün yapıldığı proseslerden biridir. Kompost içeriği mantar kültürü yapılırken değişmektedir. Lignoselülozik bileşiklerin parçalanması ve antimikrobiyal aktivitenin sağlanması için hücre dışına mantar tarafından enzimler ve kompleks bileşikler salgılanmaktadır. Çeşitli mantar kültürü çalışmaları sonucunda dünya genelinde çok fazla miktarda atık mantar kompostu açığa çıkmaktadır. Bu tür atıkların yakılarak bertaraf edilmesi çevresel açıdan ciddi sorunlara neden olmaktadır. Hasat sonrası kalan atık kompost farklı şekillerde kullanılarak değerli ürünlere dönüştürülebilir. Atık mantar kompostunun en yaygın ve geleneksel kullanım alanları; hayvan besleme, ilave katkı maddeleri ile fermentasyonu, biyogaz üretimi esnasında gübreye katılması, gübre ve toprağın iyileştirilmesidir. Son yıllarda atık mantar kompostunun değerli ürünlere çevrilmesi konusunda çalışmalar artmıştır. Yaptığımız derlemede atık mantar kompostunun geleneksel kullanım alanları yanında enzim ve antimikrobiyal madde kaynağı olarak değerlendirilmesine odaklanılmıştır.

Zero waste management of spent mushroom compost

Zero waste management of spent mushroom compost

Incidence of citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb in citrus growing areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and its organic management

Citrus orchards at Peshawar, Mardan, Nowshera and Malakand, were surveyed for citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans during autumn 2015-16. Maximum infestation (86%) was recorded at Pallai in Malakand division while minimum infestation (44%) was recorded in Malakandher, Peshawar. These results indicated that nematode infestation was more in loamy sand soil. The female nematodes clinging to the roots and inside the roots were maximum in Malakand Pallai samples (2,865) followed by Nowshera Kaka sahib (2,727) and minimum number of female nematodes were observed in citrus roots collected from Peshawar Malakandher (786) and Tarnab (980). A pot experiment was conducted to see the effect of poultry manure, farm yard manure, spent mushroom compost and Cadusafos-Rugby (nematicide). Overall the results revealed that maximum mortality (i.e., 75%) of the citrus nematode juveniles in 50 g soil was observed in the nematicide treated plants followed by poultry manure (55%) and spent compost (53%).

Synergistic effect of organic and inorganic fertilization on the soil inoculum density of the soilborne pathogens Verticillium dahliae and Phytophthora spp. under open-field conditions

BackgroundThe increasing demand of food causes an excessive exploitation of agricultural lands, often inducing phenomena of soil sickness accompanied by the development of soilborne diseases. The use of residual biomasses together with inorganic fertilizers can be considered a good agricultural practice for controlling the inoculum density of soilborne phytopathogens since soil conditioners can release inorganic nitrogen, polyphenols and fatty acids that, especially in vitro, have demonstrated various degree of suppressiveness against such pathogens. Further, soil organic amendments can also modify the population of soil culturable bacteria and fungi that, in turn, can affect the soilborne diseases in several ways. With this study, the authors aim to evaluate the impact of the synergistic application of different biomasses and inorganic fertilizers on the soil inoculum density of Verticillium dahliae and Phytophthora spp. during two potato cycles under open-field conditions. The biomasses used for the fertilization of the potato crop were olive pomace residues (OPR), composts from municipal solid wastes (CMW), spent mushroom compost (SMC), and livestock manure-based compost (BRX).ResultsThe inoculum density of Verticillium dahliae appeared inhibited by BRX due to its low C/N ratio that caused a quicker release of inorganic nitrogen with respect to the others soil conditioners. In contrast, OPR was conducive to the aforementioned soilborne pathogen since that biomass was characterized by a very high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids that, rather, stimulate the inoculum density of V. dahliae. Finally, polyphenols did not influence the same pathogen because they apparently turned into no toxic compounds very quickly. The inoculum density of Phytophthora spp. was reduced equally by all the biomasses used in combination with the inorganic fertilizers, regardless of their composition and quantity, mainly because of the development of general microbial suppression. Therefore, the chemical characteristics of the soil conditioners apparently did not affect the inoculum density of Phytophthora spp.ConclusionsThe results of this work underline the behavioral diversity of the different pathogens towards the different means adopted. Phytophthora spp. are sensitive to any kind of biomasses combined with inorganic fertilizers while the inoculum density of Verticillium dahliae should be reduced using soil conditioners characterized by low C/N ratio and low quantity of unsaturated fatty acids.

Nutritional Composition of White-Spotted Flower Chafer (Protaetia brevitarsis) Larvae Produced from Commercial Insect Farms in Korea.

This study was conducted to compare the nutritional composition of white-spotted flower chafer (Protaetia brevitarsis) larvae produced from five commercial insect farms in Korea. The feeding sources of larvae were different as follows: Farm A, fermented oak sawdust; Farm B, fermented oak and scrub sawdust; Farm C, commercial feed; Farm D, private fermented feed; and Farm E, byproduct from mushroom compost. Drying yield significantly varied by insect farm, ranging from 14.12% to 27.28%. However, there was only small difference (5.14–7.38 g/100 g) in moisture content of dried larvae powder (p<0.001). The larvae produced from Farm A, B, and D presented higher protein content and lower lipid content compared to those from Farm C and E (p<0.05). No significant differences in total and essential amino acid contents were found, regardless of the insect farms. Phosphoserine, taurine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid, well-known physiological useful compounds, were detected in form of free amino acids. The major fatty acids in the P. brevitarsis larvae were oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and linoleic acid. The larvae from Farm A, B, and E exhibited higher oleic acid content than those from Farm B and C (p<0.05). Moreover, the larvae from Farm A presented the lowest saturated fatty acid (SFA)/unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) ratio. Although the underlying mechanisms of the nutritional composition differences are not yet clearly understood, this study suggests that the Farm A production system, using only oak feed, could be potentially beneficial in increasing the protein content and decreasing SFA/UFA ratio in P. brevitarsis larvae.

Restoration and risk reduction of lead mining waste by phosphate-enriched biosolid amendments

Lead (Pb) contamination in environment has been identified as a threat to human health and ecosystems. In an effort to reduce the health and ecological risks associated with Pb mining wastes, a field study was conducted to stabilize Pb using phosphate (P)-enriched biosolid amendments in the contaminated mining wastes (average of 1004 mg Pb kg−1) located within the Jasper County Superfund Site, southwest Missouri. Experiments consisted of six biosolid amendment treatments, including Mizzou Doo compost (MD); Spent mushroom compost (SMC); Turkey litter compost (TLC); Composted chicken litter (CCL); Composted sewage sludge (CSS); and Triple superphosphate (TSP). Kentucky tall fescue seeds were planted following the treatments, and soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed 8–10 years post treatment. Results indicated that, in all cases, the biosolid treatments resulted in significant reductions in bioaccessible Pb (96.5 to 97.5%), leachable Pb (95.0 to 97.1%) and plant tissue Pb (45.5 to 90.1%) in the treated wastes, as compared with the control. The treatments had no significantly toxicological effect to soil microbial community. Analysis of the Pb fractionation revealed that the Pb risk reduction was accomplished by transforming labile Pb fractions to relatively stable species through the chemical stabilization reactions as induced by the treatments. The solid-phase microprobe analysis confirmed the formation of pyromorphite or pyromorphite-like minerals after the treatment. Among the six biosolid amendments examined, SMC and MD treatments were shown most effective in the context of Pb stabilization and risk reduction. This field study demonstrated that the treatment effectiveness of Pb stabilization and risk reduction in mining wastes by P-enriched biosolid amendments was long-term and environmental-sound, which could be potentially applied as a cost-effective remedial technology to restore contaminated mining site and safeguard human health and ecosystems from Pb contamination.

Removal of Organic UV Filters Using Enzymes in Spent Mushroom Composts from Fungicultures

Organic UV filters in sunscreen products are released to aquatic ecosystems through human recreational activities and urban wastewater treatment plant effluents. The biodegradation of three organic UV filters, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS), homosalate (HMS) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), which cannot be effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants, was investigated in this study. Spent mushroom compost (SMC), a waste product of the mushroom industry, which contains white-rot fungus extracellular enzymes, was tested for its ability to remove the three organic UV filters. The results of batch experiments revealed that the SMC enzyme extract of Pleurotus djamor exhibited the highest ability for EHS and HMS removal. The results of bioreactor experiments indicated that direct application of SMCs may be a feasible solution to remove EHS and HMS from urban wastewater. The application of SMCs for the removal of organic UV filters can be developed into a green and sustainable technology.

Analyze Costs and Financial Return of Phoenix Oyster Mushroom Cultivation Process of Farmers in Pakchong Sub-district Chombueng District Ratchaburi Province

The objectives of this research were to: 1) investigate the cost and yield of Phoenix Oyster Mushroom cultivation, and 2) use as a guideline for those who were interested in cultivating the Phoenix Oyster Mushroom. The sample of this research was a group of 30 Phoenix Oyster Mushroom cultivators at Pak Chong sub-district, Chom Bueng district, Ratchaburi province. An in-depth interview was used to collect data for this qualitative research. The respondents’ opinions towards the Phoenix Oyster Mushroom cultivation were analyzed and synthesized using the content analysis statistics in relevant with the facts of the key issues. The results revealed that the respondents included 20 female and 10 male with an average age of 45 years old. The respondents have been engaging in the Phoenix Oyster Mushroom cultivation business between two to thirteen years. Hungarian and Bhutanese Phoenix Oyster Mushroom were the major types that the respondents cultivated and that of they produced their own mushroom compost. The mushroom cultivation period from the beginning stage until harvesting last around one month or forty-five days. Each household owned four houses of mushroom cultivation. In terms of production, each house could yield around one thousand kilograms which its selling price was between 80 to 120 baht per kilogram. The cost of mushroom cultivation was 34, 341.25 baht per house while it yielded worth around 45,125 baht. The production of each house was unequal based on the integrity of the mushroom compost, the weather, and the green mold disease (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai)..

In vitro and in vivo biological control of the green mold using different bacteria in button mushroom cultivation

BackgroundAggressive biotype (Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum) of green mold is one of the main biotic factors limiting button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation. Due to issues such as fungicide resistance, cost, and adverse effects, biological control seems to be an applicable management method against the green mold in button mushroom cultivation.ResultsThe objective of the study was to assess biological control of green mold in button mushroom cultivation. Five native bacterial isolates from mushroom compost and 3 commercial biological preparations were tested against two isolates of T. aggressivum f. aggressivum. Dual culture tests were used in vitro experiments. In vivo, compost and casing soil experiments were conducted by comparing yield values of treated plots with negative and positive controls. In vitro, the bacterial isolates inhibited mycelial growth of isolates of T. aggressivum f. aggressivum and A. bisporus up to 46.60 and 56.94%, respectively. In vivo, in the compost experiment, compared with positive control plots, bacterial isolate MSG-5 (Bacillus subtilis) caused the highest yield increase (40.56%) in the treatments. In the casing soil experiment, commercial biological preparation Tic-3 (Ampelomyces quisqualis) caused the highest yield increase (36.15%) in the treated plots. Compared with positive and negative controls, all the treatments caused 30.23% increase but 4.86% decrease in yield of A. bisporus in the compost experiment, respectively. However, they caused 20.25% increase but 17.33% decrease in the yield of A. bisporus in the casing soil experiment, respectively.ConclusionsResults suggested that biological control of the green mold in compost can be more efficient than casing soil in button mushroom cultivation.

LIGNOCELLULOSE-RICH SPENT MUSHROOM COMPOST FOR BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS FROM EFFLUENT SAMPLES

"Lignocellulose-rich spent mushroom compost (SMC) has been found to contain various functional groups that can be used for biosorption. Effluent samples collected from common effluent treatment plants (CETPs), i.e. Ludhiana Electroplaters Association (L-CETP) and Punjab Small Industries and Export Corporation (PSIEC) Leather Complex, Jalandhar (J-CETP), were analyzed for different waste water quality parameters, such as Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and heavy metal profile. Chromium was the dominant heavy metal in both samples, with a concentration of 226.62 ppm in L-CETP and 1.83 ppm in J-CETP. Spent compost of different cultivated mushrooms was analysed for its use in chromium biosorption by varying physicochemical parameters. Maximum removal of Cr was obtained at an initial metal concentration (Ci) of 50 mg/L, pH 6 and temperature of 25 °C. Experimental results were well fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra showed a shift in peaks, indicating the functional groups involved in biosorption of chromium."

Evaluation of Lettuce Growth, Yield, and Economic Viability Grown Vertically on Unutilized Building Wall in Dhaka City

Production of safe food in the densely populated areas of the developing countries is the most challenging issue due to the speedy urbanization, fragile food transportation facilities, and reduced farmlands. Given this background, a study was conducted to evaluate the agronomic properties and economic viability of lettuce grown vertically in the wall of building in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Two lettuce cultivars (V1: Green wave and V2: New red fire) and three organic growing media (P1: 40% soil + 40% vermicompost + 20% coir; P2: 50% soil + 50% vermicompost; P3: 20% soil + 40% vermicompost + 40% spent mushroom compost) along with control (P0:100% soil) were used. The results revealed that plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, and total yield of leaf lettuce were significantly increased when the green-leafed cultivar (VI) was grown in the P1 compared to all other treatments, but V2 got maximum sensory attribute scores when grown in the P1. Lettuce leaves grown in the formulated growing media (P1, P2, and P3) had higher microbial infestation whereas, a lower content occurred in the P0. The higher economic return was observed in V1P1. These results provided baseline information for further study on urban commercial vertical farming on the building walls. These demonstrate the agronomic and economic potential for vertical farming in densely populated areas but emphasize the need for optimized food safety strategies.

Hydrothermal carbonization of spent mushroom compost waste compared against torrefaction and pyrolysis

The effects of operating conditions (temperature, residence time, and water contents) of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of spent mushroom compost (SMC) waste on the hydrochars (HCs) and liquid effluent characteristics were experimentally revised and ranked in increasing order: residence time < dilution factor < temperature. HTC upgraded the energy capabilities by doubling their heating values and increasing their fixed carbon contents four times. HTC also enhanced the soil amendment characteristics of SMC feedstock in terms of increasing the adsorption polar heads concentration, enriching its calcium and heavy metals contents after a thorough inorganic contents evaluation, doubling the surface area and increasing the pore size by a factor of five. When compared against biocoal from torrefaction in another study, HCs contained less toxic oxygenated compounds and had an 11% higher HHV at lower temperature (i.e. lower energy cost). On the other hand, HCs showed higher surface area (25 m2/g at 250 °C in HTC compared to 16 m2/g at 550 °C in pyrolysis), close adsorption characteristic, and comparable energy capabilities (22.72 MJ/kg at 700 °Cs in pyrolysis compared to 20.7 MJ/kg at 250 °C in HTC) to pyrolysis at significantly lower temperature. GCMS along with UV were used to verify the reviewed degradation mechanism and evaluate the effect of process parameters on this mechanism and on the composition and toxicity of the HTC liquid effluent. They showed that acetic and formic acids, ethanol, phenol, and acetaldehyde were the major compounds that had resulted from the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Their concentrations increased with temperature and residence time, but was dependent on temperature in the case of increasing the dilution factor. Nevertheless, HTC degradation enhanced the total acids-phenols concentration in the liquid effluent by 700%.

Nitrogen calculator: A decision support tool for compost production of white button mushroom

White button mushroom is most favoured mushroom both in India and world. It is revered for one of the option to meet the growing vegetable demands of India as mushroom cultivation do not require additional land. The productivity of white button mushroom mainly depends on the quality of compost. Button mushroom compost is prepared from wide variety of substances and accordingly the nutrient content and quality varies widely. Mushroom growers facing difficulty in choosing ingredients for producing quality compost besides lacking understanding on proportion of different ingredients for making compost. This paper illustrates about the decision support tool for making ideal compost for button mushroom compost.

Study of Thermostable Chitinase Isolated and Purified from Oryctes rhinoceros Larvae Gut

A chitinase-producing bacteria was locally isolated from rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) larvae gut discovered in mushroom compost. A strain was selected from the source and labeled as RBLG1. It was identified using 16s rDNAsequencing and has strong homology to Bacillus cereus. Chitinase produced from RBLG1 was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The purified chitinase from RBLG1 shows the homogeneity 1.9 fold after the gel filtration process. The purified chitinase was identified and analyzed using SDS-PAGE and the molecular mass from the strain was approximately 40 kDa. Further assays were performed to study the effect of temperature, pH, and metal ion on the purified enzyme. The purified enzyme shows highest chitinase activity at pH 4 and 60 °C. For metal ion test, chitinase from RBLG1 was unaffected when treated by various ions. Kinetic performance of chitinase using Michaelis-Menten equation shows Km and Vmax values were 2.3 mM and 0.0294 [P] mM/min, respectively.

The biotransformation of arsenic by spent mushroom compost – An effective bioremediation agent

Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is a lignocellulose-rich waste material commonly used in the passive treatment of heavy metal-contaminated environments. In this study, we investigated the bioremediation potential of SMC against an inorganic form of arsenic, examining the individual abiotic and biotic transformations carried out by SMC. We demonstrated, that key SMC physiological groups of bacteria (denitrifying, cellulolytic, sulfate-reducing, and heterotrophic) are resistant to arsenites and arsenates, while the microbial community in SMC is also able to oxidize As(III) and reduce As(V) in respiratory metabolisms, although the SMC did not contain any As. We showed, that cooperation between arsenate and sulfate-reducing bacteria led to the precipitation of AsxSy. We also found evidence of the significant role organic acids may play in arsenic complexation, and we demonstrated the occurrence of As-binding proteins in the SMC. Furthermore, we confirmed, that biofilm produced by the microbial community in SMC was able to trap As(V) ions. We postulated, that the above-mentioned transformations are responsible for the sorption efficiency of As(V) (up to 25%) and As(III) (up to 16%), as well as the excellent buffering properties of SMC observed in the sorption experiments.

Bacterial community diversity, lignocellulose components, and histological changes in composting using agricultural straws for Agaricus bisporus production.

Agricultural straws (AS) may serve as potential base-substances in the production of Agaricus bisporus. Six AS that occur across China were investigated in a two-stage composting experiment; lignocellulose components, AS morphology, and the effects of different AS on mushroom yields from 2015–2017 were examined. In addition, microbial biodiversity and their impact on substrate degradation were studied using 16S gene sequenc based on six different AS on the 3rd (I.F), 6th (I.S), and 10th (I.T) day of Phase I, and Phase II (II). Results showed that the six different AS exhibited differences in the progression of degradation under the same compost condition; the wheat straw, rice straw, and cotton straw induced a significantly higher mushroom yield than did the others (P < 0.05); Thermobispora, Thermopolyspora, and Vulgatibacter genera may play an important role in the different AS degradations. According to our experiments, we can adjust formulations and compost methods to obtain high-yield mushroom compost based on different AS in the future.

LACCASE ISOLATION FROM SPENT MUSHROOM WASTE (AGARICUS BISPORUS): PARTIAL PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, IMMOBILIZATION AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATION

Laccase was partially purified from mushroom compost with cheap and simple purification methods. Partially purified laccase was immobilized onto Amberlite XAD-7 resin. Immobilization conditions and textile dye (Direct Green B) decolorization of immobilized enzyme were examined. Laccase was partially purified from mushroom compost with 3.22 purification fold. Immobilization time for laccase was 30 minutes with 97% efficiency. The immobilization yield based on the activity was calculated by about 90%. The immobilization yield was calculated as nearly 95% based on the measurement of protein amount at each stage. Immobilized enzyme preserved its initial activity with an 84% rate even after its tenth use. The free enzyme lost its activity immediately when it was incubated with the dye solution under its optimal conditions (pH 3.0 and 65°C). On the contrary, the immobilized enzyme maintained its initial activity with a 53% rate when incubated with dye solution under its optimal conditions (pH 3.5 and 65°C).