Spending Plans Research Articles

LEVERAGING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES IN ENHANCING THE EFFICACY OF HEALTHCARE IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES: SPOTLIGHT ON TURKISH CASE STUDY

This paper presents a utilization of the information mining technique to decide the financial profiles of the public clinics in Turkey. The review depends on the information accumulated in 2004, covering 645 public clinics run by the Ministry of Health (MoH) as the fundamental supplier of essential and optional wellbeing administrations in Turkey. The public medical clinics, as of now financed by a combination of assets allotted from the overall spending plan and separately worked rotating reserves, need critical answers for their financial issues as a piece of a continuous public change exertion. The examination takes on the Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) choice tree calculation, as one of the most efficient and cutting-edge information digging technique utilized for division. The investigation has discovered that the public clinics could be sorted by the CHAID into 12 unique profiles as far as their financial execution. These profiles have directed us in deciding the key financial markers to be engaged upon in the public emergency clinics and present accepted procedures to work on their individual financial exhibitions. The findings have likewise permitted strategy ideas regarding the financial techniques that might be considered in working on the financial execution of the public medical clinics toward an effective wellbeing area change in Turkey.

E-governance security via public key cryptography using elliptic curve cryptography

“In the current long stretches of worldwide financial emergency the Government of the non-industrial nations like India are confronting extreme test in keeping an effective organization in its center and associated areas inside a moderate spending plan. The utilization of cutting edge Information and Communication Technology (ICT) will assist with executing the Electronic Governance which will supplant its traditional structure to convey administrations to the general population at decreased rate. To do as such, the Citizen should have a multivariate electronic instrument which will particularly distinguish the Citizen in all regard and help to speak with the Government. This paper gives a thought on E-Governance Security utilizing public key cryptography. The public key cryptography procedure called Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) become famous over the most recent couple of years. The fundamental fascination of ECC is that it requires some investment challenge for an interloper to break into the cryptographic framework. ECC utilizing 160 pieces key, gives a similar security as offered by the notable RSA utilizing 1024 pieces key, accordingly prompting lower preparing time, negligible transmission capacity use and rapid exchanges.

Manajemen Finansial Lembaga Pendidikan Islam (Studi Tentang Optimalisasi Anggaran Pembiayaan)

The education budget is often a problem in determining the quality of education, the lack of budget from the government is the main obstacle, with such a small budget, it is certainly necessary to optimize financing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the basic concepts of education financial management and optimizing the education financing budget. This research uses qualitative research methods based on literature study. The data collection method uses documentation studies, namely exploring theories or thoughts from various references. Data analysis uses content analysis, by analyzing and providing data interpretation to draw conclusions. The results of the study explain that. Sources of funds obtained by schools come from the government in the form of central and regional BOS funds, tuition fees for students, and assistance from donors, agencies, sponsors and infaq or sedekah. The available funds are then compiled in the school spending plan which is prepared by the team to be later approved by the principal and the school committee. The implementation of the school financial budget is used in accordance with the budgeted plan in an effective and efficient, trustworthy, and responsible manner. School financial accountability is reported to the directorate of school development (central BOS), the provincial education and culture office, committees, with an accountable and transparent model. The form of optimization can be realized by determining the priority scale when preparing school budgets.

Classification approaches in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) intrusion detection data set by using big data analysis

The Multilayer Perceptron produces the high level of accuracy i.e., 72.7% accuracy level. The Logistic approach produces the 81.45% of precision value. This is the highest precision value compare with other model. Rest of the algorithms namely Gaussian Processes, Linear Regression, Multilayer Perceptron and SGD have produce the precision values from 71 to 81%. The Multilayer Perceptron approach takes low time consumption like 0.09 s to build the model, the Next SGD approach takes 0.12 s to build the model, the Next Logistic approach takes the 0.18 s, the Next Gaussian Processes approach takes the 0.2 s and finally Linear Regression approach takes more time around 0.21 s to build the model. The Linear Regression, Multilayer Perceptron have produces the recall value most nearly with Gaussian Processes. Rest of the approaches like SGD results vast difference with our optimal results and Logistic has very low and vast difference with our optimal approaches. AI strategies are used in an ever-increasing number of true applications including limitations on computational spending plans, the precise incorporation of such imperatives into the cycle of model choice, and model improvement is needed to an expanding degree.

Investment Risk Management and Financial Performance of Rwanda Social Security Board(RSSB).

Purpose: This research study generally assessed the relationship between Investment risk management and financial performance of Rwanda Social Security Board. It equally important assessed the effect of risk environment, analyzed the effect of risk control, and assessed the effect of risk monitoring on the financial performance of the Rwanda Social Security Board (RSSB).
 Materials and Methods: The used research design in this study was descriptive. A sample size of 125 respondents was drawn from 180 employees working in RSSB Headquarters. The study used a purposive sampling technique to select respondents. Information was collected using a structured questionnaire administered to respondents and statistically analysed using means, standard deviation and regression analysis via SPSS version 25.0.
 Results: Results from the first objective shown by a mean M=5.87 and standard deviation SD=2.77 strongly agreed with the statement that a formal risk management system is in place and overall investment objectives are defined and communicated to staff. The study agreed that RSSB Board of Directors approves all investment policies and ensures management takes necessary action. As shown by the mean M =5.45, S.D=1.96. The study concurred that guidelines governing investments are in place and RSSB stands on it, demonstrated by M= 5.67, S. D=0.499. From the results, the second objective demonstrated that the respondents strongly agreed that RSSB ensures that principles and procedures relating to investment and risk response is followed consistently. By M =5.87, S.D=2.77, duties are separated at different levels of management and the Board strongly agreed by M=5.58, SD=2.037, and testing, auditing, assessments of RSSB investment procedures are performed by independent personnel strongly agreed by M =5.85, S.D =2.07. A proactive way to deal with risk administration includes designating risk spending plans and setting risk resilience. Portfolio managers should practice vigilance inside plainly characterized boundaries as a component of their investment strategy. The result from the third objective revealed that there is a strong monitor of investment threshold and rating of sound investments by M =5.58, S.D =2.77. When the risks have been characterized and controls have been set around these risks, a methodical procedure of ordinary observing and detailing of these risks by a independent group guarantees approval and consistency of the approach. Regression analysis, a unit increment in risk environment may bring to increment in productivity by 2.008. A unit enhancement in risk control might bring an increase in productivity by 0.887.
 Recommendations: From the research findings presented, the study recommended the need to dissect the risk of administrations and consumptions. There is a requirement for the management to completely comprehend their commitments and take fundamental activities in guaranteeing money back, train workers to change their center convictions and help to guarantee the effective achievement of firm objectives. Management should work to improve cost and expenses risk management, even if the current ratio was better, management will need to significantly reduce expenses.

Applied research gets big role in Biden's budget

2022 spending plan envisions new entities for translating basic research into practical tools.

Development of Rule-Based Software Risk Assessment and Management Method with Fuzzy Inference System

There is an enormous budget and financial plan in software development projects, and it is required that they take a huge investment to carry on. When looked at, the costs depend on the global substantial information about software development: in 1985, $150 billion; in 2010, $2 trillion; in 2015, $5 trillion; and in 2020, over $7 trillion. Additionally, on the first new days of 2021, a day-by-day Apple Store’s quantity has been approximately $500 million. In spite of the expenditures and the margins that are dramatically expanding and increasing each year, the phase of software development accomplishment is not high enough. In light of the “CHAOS” report arranged in 2015, just 17% of the software projects were finished in an opportune way, in the allotted financial plan, and as per the necessities. However, 53% of the software projects were finished in the long run or potentially over a spending plan as well as without satisfying the prerequisites precisely. In addition, software development projects were not completed and were dropped out as well in the ratio of 30%. Also, the “CHAOS” report published in 2020 has figured out that only 33% of the software projects were completed successfully all over the world. In order to cope with these unsuccessful and failure results, an effective method for software risk assessment and management has to be specified, designated, and applied. In this way, before causing trouble that has the power of preventing successful accomplishment of software development projects, software risks are able to be noticed and distinguished on time. In this study, a new and original rule set, which could be used and carried out effectively in software risk assessment and management, has been designed and developed based on the implementation of fuzzy approached technique integrated with machine learning algorithm—Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). By this approach and technique, machines (computers) are able to create several software risk rules not to be seen, not to be recognized, and not to be told by human beings. In addition, this fuzzy inference approach aims to decrease risks in the software development process in order to increase the success rate of the software projects. Also, the experimental results of this approach show that rule-based software risk assessment and management method has a valid and accurate model with a high accuracy rate and low average testing error.

Analysis Reliability and Design of Component Based Software Utilizing Soft Computing Approaches

Software Reliability is the likelihood of disappointment free software activity for a predefined timeframe in a predetermined climate. Software Reliability is additionally a significant factor influencing framework dependability, Software Reliability without inordinate constraints. Different methodologies can be utilized to improve the dependability of part based software framework; be that as it may, it is difficult to adjust advancement time and spending plan with software reliability. We register the dependability of the different component based software framework utilizing fuzzy logic approach. We can plan and figure the reliability of the component based software frameworks by utilizing neural organization, neuro-fuzzy and hereditary calculation likewise and so. There are different traits of the reliability to plan and investigation for the part based software framework.

WELLBYs, cost-benefit analyses and the Easterlin Discount

The current practise of cost-benefit analysis inWestern countries consists of a collection of various incompatible ideas and methodologies to obtain replicable numbers for the costs and benefits of major public spending plans. This paper describes the main elements of the dominant methodology, which combines consumer and producer surplus, price-taking, government-inputs-as-outputs, hedonic pricing of externalities, and the issue-specific use of partial or general equilibrium thinking. The paper then discusses how that methodology can be augmented and partially replaced by looking at how prospective policies would change the total number of WELLBYs (life satisfaction-adjusted years of life) of the population. The ability of the WELLBY methodology to address complex externalities is illustrated by the Easterlin Discount, which is a proposed reduction factor of 75% on all estimates of private consumption benefits to offset the envy caused in others.

COVID-19 and the economic implications for office occupiers

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a severe shock to the world economy and the renewed surges in late 2020 and early 2021 have been an unwelcome development. Nonetheless, the prospect of mass vaccination has opened up the possibility of a return to some kind of social and economic normality in the second half of the year. This paper focuses on economic prospects, both in the UK and elsewhere, and what it means for office occupiers. When the restrictions associated with the pandemic are eased and then eventually removed, there are several reasons to be optimistic about the prospects for economic recovery. Households have built up considerable savings over the last year as their incomes have been supported by governments and their spending plans have been thwarted. This is likely to lead to a rush in spending on travel and leisure services when the opportunity arises. Governments also appear committed to providing continued support for the economy for the time being. Both of these factors bode well for an economic recovery and a recovery in labour demand, including demand from office-based sectors. This is in stark contrast to the aftermath of the global financial crisis (GFC). It may turn out that the lasting impact of the crisis on real estate come not from any lingering effects on the economy but from some of the rather less expected consequences. Chief among these for office occupiers is the potential for a structural shift towards more working from home even when it is safe for employees to return to the office. Working from home versus working in the office is not a clear-cut decision and a hybrid model is likely to emerge that sees some but not all days spent working from home. There are also complications in realising the potential occupational cost savings from having more working from home. The overall result will be that a switch to more working from home will certainly have an impact, but it might not be the devastating impact on the office market that some expect. It will, nevertheless, be a topic of debate for many years to come.

Annual Out-Of-Pocket Spending Clusters Within Short Time Intervals: Implications For Health Care Affordability.

The distribution of out-of-pocket spending throughout the year is an important determinant of health care affordability that has received little attention. We used 2017 data from a large database of US commercial insurance claims to study the distribution of patient-level out-of-pocket spending throughout the year, highlighting potential hardship due to temporal clustering of spending. We found that although most commercially insured people had several health care encounters throughout the year, their out-of-pocket spending was mostly concentrated within short time intervals. Nearly one-third of people with above-the-median total annual health care spending (plan plus out-of-pocket spending) incurred half of their annual out-of-pocket spending in just one day. Policy makers working to improve the affordability of care should focus on innovative approaches to cost sharing that prevent dramatic financial shocks to household budgets due to medical bills.

Simulation of optical fiber cable regarding bandwidth limitations

The optical fiber stands for an exceptionally appealing correspondence medium since it offers an enormous data transmission and low lessening, also, can in this manner encourage requesting administrations like excellent visual communication as well alternatives in PC organizations. In this study, a good strategy simulation based on mathematical equations has been presented for a unique optical channel correspondence. Also, this paper shows the nonlinear analysis phenomenon of fiber scattering, modulator as well recipient reaction periods, coding type of waveform. The light source spectral width have influence to the presentation of the fiber optics correspondence like link length, information rate, BER. Additionally, this paper show the force and rising period, spending plan is utilized to get a good guess of the communication length as well the piece rate utilizing optical framework test scheme.

Statistical study of the relationship between changes in demographic processes and public health

The article examines changes in demographic processes and statistics. On the contrary, rapid population growth also poses challenges in a number of areas, such as the formation of the education and health systems, manufacturing, employment, and the planning of government spending on the social sphere. Economic reforms in each country are characterized primarily by the state of its labor resources, their level of professional training and compliance with the requirements of today's labor market. The set of needs, social norms and attitudes that determine the demographic behavior of a country’s population has a certain effect on population growth. When analyzing the average age of the population of some countries in the world, in early 2020, the country with the highest age at this age was Japan, with an average age of 47.3 years. In the next places are Ukraine 40.6 years, Belarus 40.0 years, which, in turn, leads to a shortage of labor in the country.

Mortality and Healthcare: A Stochastic Control Analysis under Epstein--Zin Preferences

This paper studies optimal consumption, investment, and healthcare spending under Epstein-Zin preferences. Given consumption and healthcare spending plans, Epstein-Zin utilities are defined over an agent's random lifetime, partially controllable by the agent as healthcare reduces mortality growth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time Epstein-Zin utilities are formulated on a controllable random horizon, via an infinite-horizon backward stochastic differential equation with superlinear growth. A new comparison result is established for the uniqueness of associated utility value processes. In a Black-Scholes market, the stochastic control problem is solved through the related Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. The verification argument features a delicate containment of the growth of the controlled morality process, which is unique to our framework, relying on a combination of probabilistic arguments and analysis of the HJB equation. In contrast to prior work under time-separable utilities, Epstein-Zin preferences facilitate calibration. The model-generated mortality closely approximates actual mortality data in the US and UK; moreover, the efficacy of healthcare can be calibrated and compared between the two countries.

Behavior Change for Low-Income Individuals Resulting From a Cooperative Extension Financial Capability Program

An evaluation was implemented over a 3-year period to assess a statewide financial capability program for low-income, diverse clientele in Michigan. Pre- and post- program evaluation data was used to determine knowledge gain and intended behavior change. Follow-up evaluation data confirmed behavior changes across 10 financial practices. Using the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change, research findings revealed participants were better able to maintain change in key financial practices including making wise money decisions, creating a spending plan, and managing debt as a result of the educational program. Recommendations are provided to support future programs with similar clientele.

Substantial Factors of Construction Management Causes Budget Overrun in Construction Industry of Oman

Construction development industry's principle objective is to guarantee that the schemesfinish on time inside financial plan, and accomplish diverseobjectives. Construction projectendsinside spending plan, is basic worries in development the board, and imagined as most significant limitations for estimating achievement of any development venture.Budget overrun can be defined astheactualextraamountthat isspenton aprojectthan wasplannedin thebudget.This budgetoverrun required extra financial expenditure. The root cause factors of budget overrun due to construction management and highlighted with reason and recommendation.The main objective of this study is to clarify the factors that causes budget overrun in construction project at Muscat, Khabourah, Bidbid, Musanah and Sohar cities in Oman. The quantitative analysis is carried out by interviewing construction experts working as consultant, contractors and project client in Oman via questionnaire. The collected data is analyzed by using average index method to determine the substantial factors causing budget overrun in construction projects.

Mortality Effects and Choice Across Private Health Insurance Plans

Competition in health insurance markets may fail to improve health outcomes if consumers are not willing to pay for high quality plans. We document large differences in the mortality rates of Medicare Advantage (MA) plans within local markets. We then show that when high (low) mortality plans exit these markets, enrollees tend to switch to more typical plans and subsequently experience lower (higher) mortality. We develop a framework that uses this variation to estimate the relationship between observed mortality rates and causal mortality effects; we find a tight link. We then extend the framework to study other predictors of mortality effects and estimate consumer willingness to pay. Higher spending plans tend to reduce enrollee mortality, but existing quality ratings are uncorrelated with plan mortality effects. Consumers place little weight on mortality effects when choosing plans. Moving beneficiaries out of the bottom 5% of plans could save tens of thousands of elderly lives each year. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Modern Monetary Theory and the Public Purpose

This paper investigates how the concept of public purpose is used in Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). As a common denominator among political scientists, the idea of public purpose is that economic actions should aim at benefiting the majority of the society. However, the concept is to be considered as an ideal of a vague nature, which is highly dependent on societal context and, hence, subject to change over time. MMT stresses that government spending plans should be designed to pursue a certain socio-economic mandate and not to meet any particular financial outcome. The concept of public purpose is heavily used in this theoretical body of thought and often referred to in the context of policy proposals as the ideas of universal job guarantee and banking reform proposals show. MMT scholars use the concept as a pragmatic benchmark against which policies can be assessed. With regards to the definition of public purpose, MMT scholars agree that it is dependent on the socio-cultural context. Nevertheless, MMT scholars view universal access to material means of survival as universally applicable and in that sense as the lowest possible common denominator.

The broken bridge of public finance: majority rule, earmarked taxes and social engineering

Abstract Nobel laureate James Buchanan was influenced substantially by Knut Wicksell’s arguments in favor of unanimous consent or “qualified majorities” for approving or rejecting specific public spending programs. Buchanan thought of Wicksell’s recommendation that spending proposals be tied to dedicated revenue sources as way of erecting a bridge between the two sides of the public budget, thereby forcing politicians to face the same tradeoffs as individuals do when formulating their spending plans. We examine the history of Buchanan’s ideas on public finance and discuss how legislative processes have demolished the bridge between public expenditures and public revenues. In modern practice, tax “earmarking”, whereby local, state and federal governments ostensibly finance specific spending programs with the revenues raised by targeted consumption taxes, often becomes a smokescreen hiding the opportunistic reallocation of taxpayers’ monies to finance unrelated policies or programs. Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages provide our main case study. Other examples from public finance, past and present, such as selective excise taxes on cigarettes, lottery tickets and motor fuels, along with Alexander Hamilton’s tax on whiskey to pay Revolutionary War debts also are examined.

Existence and Non-Triviality of Equilibria in Economies with Default and Government

This paper attempts to accommodate the government into Dubey, Geanakoplos and Shubik (2005) framework in an explicit way, and proves that a non-trivial equilibrium exists. By non-trivial equilibrium, we mean an equilibrium where there exists trading in the financial markets and some private borrower defaults. The government, characterised by its spending and tax plans\footnote{Both are assumed to be exogenous like in Gale (1990).}, enters our economic model by trading financial assets in order to balance its budget. Proof of existence is made by considering a generalised game \`a la Debreu (1952)\footnote{Already well known in the GEI literature.}, and its non-triviality is obtained by using the non-differentiable optimisation theory.