Spending Patterns Research Articles

Potential mechanisms linking poverty alleviation and health: an analysis of benefit spending among recipients of the U.S. earned income tax credit

BackgroundThe earned income tax credit (EITC) is the largest U.S. poverty alleviation program for low-income families, disbursed annually as a lump-sum tax refund. Despite its well-documented health impacts, the mechanisms through which the EITC affects health are not well understood. The objective of this analysis was to examine self-reported spending patterns of tax refunds among EITC recipients to clarify potential pathways through which income may affect health.MethodsWe first examined spending patterns among 2020–2021 Assessing California Communities’ Experiences with Safety Net Supports (ACCESS) study participants (N = 241) and then stratified the analysis by key demographic subgroups.ResultsMore than half of EITC recipients reported spending their tax refunds on bills and debt (52.3%), followed by 49.4% on housing, and 37.8% on vehicles. Only 3.3% reported spending on healthcare. (Note: respondents could list more than one possible spending category.) Participants ages 30 + were more likely to spend on bills and debt relative to those ages 18–29 (57.6% versus 39.4%, respectively). Other subgroup analyses did not yield significant findings.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that EITC recipients primarily use their refunds on bills and debt, as well as on household and vehicle expenses. This supports the idea of the EITC as a safety net policy which addresses key social determinants of health.

Two sides of the same coin? Absolute income and perceived income inadequacy as social determinants of health

BackgroundAbsolute income is commonly used in studies of health inequalities, however it does not reflect spending patterns, debts, or expectations. These aspects are reflected in measures concerning perceived income inadequacy. While health inequities by absolute income or perceived income inadequacy are well established, few studies have explored the interplay of absolute income and perceived income inadequacy in relation to health.MethodsMultiple data sources were linked into a nationally representative dataset (n = 445,748) of Dutch adults (18 +). The association between absolute income, perceived income inadequacy and health (self-reported health, chronic disease and psychological distress) was tested using logistic and Poisson regressions, controlling for various potential confounders (demographics, education) and mastery. Interactions were tested to check the association between perceived income inadequacy and health for different absolute income groups.ResultsPerceived income inadequacy was reported at every absolute income group (with 42% of individuals in the lowest income group and 5% of individuals in the highest income group). Both absolute income and perceived income inadequacy were independently associated with health. The adjusted relative risk (RR) for lowest absolute income group is 1.11 (1.08–1.1.14) and 1.28 (1.24–1.32) for chronic disease and self-reported health respectively, and the Odds Ratio (OR) for psychological distress is 1.28 (1.16–1.42). For perceived income inadequacy the RR’s were 1.41 (1.37–1.46) and 1.49 (1.44–1.54) and the OR for psychological distress is 3.14 (2.81–3.51). Mastery appeared to be an important mediator for the relationship between perceived income inadequacy, poor self-rated health and psychological distress.ConclusionsAbsolute income and perceived income inadequacy reflect conceptually different aspects of income and are independently associated with health outcomes. Perceived income inadequacy may be accounted for in health inequality studies, alongside measures of absolute income. In policy-making, targeting perceived income inadequacy might have potential to reduce health inequalities.

Views on minimum unit pricing for alcohol before its introduction among people with alcohol dependence in Scotland: A qualitative interview study.

Scotland implemented a minimum price per unit of alcohol (MUP) of £0.50 in May 2018 (1 UK unit = 10 mL/8 g ethanol). Some stakeholders expressed concerns about the policy having potential negative consequences for people with alcohol dependence. This study aimed to investigate anticipated impacts of MUP on people presenting to alcohol treatment services in Scotland before policy implementation. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 people with alcohol dependence accessing alcohol treatment services in Scotland between November 2017 and April 2018. Interviews examined respondents' current and anticipated patterns of drinking and spending, effects on their personal life, and their views on potential policy impact. Interview data were thematically analysed using a constant comparison method. Three key themes were identified: (i) strategies used to manage the cost of alcohol and anticipated responses to MUP; (ii) broader effects of MUP; and (iii) awareness and preparedness for MUP. Respondents expected to be impacted by MUP, particularly those on low incomes and those with more severe dependence symptoms. They anticipated using familiar strategies including borrowing and reprioritising spending to keep alcohol affordable. Some respondents anticipated negative consequences. Respondents were sceptical about the short-term benefits of MUP for current drinkers but felt it might prevent harm for future generations. Respondents had concerns about the capacity of treatment services to meet support needs. People with alcohol dependence identified immediate concerns alongside potential long-term benefits of MUP before its introduction. They also had concerns over the preparedness of service providers.

The Impacts of Shopping Tourism on Retail Sales and Rents: Lessons from the COVID-19 Quasi-Experiment of Hong Kong

This research studies the impact of shopping tourism on retail sales and rents, using the COVID-19 pandemic as a quasi-experiment. Shopping tourism refers to individuals who travel primarily for shopping purposes, and their spending patterns can have significant effects on the retail sector. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global travel and resulted in a decline in shopping tourist arrivals, leading to a downturn in sales for retailers dependent on shopping tourism. Additionally, the decline in shopping tourism affected retail rents, as the reduced demand for retail spaces posed challenges for property owners in attracting tenants. The study focuses on Hong Kong, a prominent shopping destination, which experienced a significant decline in tourist arrivals and retail sales during the pandemic. The research analyses the relationship between tourist arrivals, retail sales, and rents using time series analysis and identifies the impact of shopping tourism on retail rents. The findings suggest a positive association between tourist arrivals and retail sales and rents, particularly during the period of shopping tourism growth. However, the pandemic severely reduced this effect, revealing the impact of shopping tourists on the retail sector. The study concludes by discussing the implications for retail resilience and highlighting the need for further research on the impacts of shopping tourism on retail sales and rents.

Spending trajectories after age 65 variation by initial wealth

There has been extensive research on the importance of saving for retirement and on tools to support the accumulation of retirement wealth. Much less attention has been paid to the decumulation phase, that is, the spending down of wealth following retirement. Understanding the decumulation phase requires information about the spending patterns of older households and how those patterns evolve with age. This study uses comprehensive longitudinal data on total household spending from a survey that is representative of the older U.S. population to estimate the trajectories of spending after age 65. Based on data spanning the period 2005–2019, real spending declined for both single and coupled households after age 65 at annual rates of about 1.7 percent and 2.4 percent, respectively. Stratification by wealth holdings observed at or closely following age 65 showed sizeable variation in spending levels by wealth quartile, but little variation in rates of change in spending. The fact that spending declines broadly, including among those in the highest wealth quartile, suggests that the decline may not be related to economic position. This view is supported by an analysis of budget shares which show increases with age in the budget share for gifts and donations which suggests that economic position on average does not deteriorate with age, even as spending declines.

The study "Unravelling the Impact: Assessing the Impacts of Rising Rates of Interest and Inflation on Individual Finances"

The impact of rising interest rates and hyperinflation on personal finances is examined in this abstract. It draws attention to how these two economic aspects are interconnected and what it means for people's financial security. This abstract offers insights into how changes in mortgage rates and inflation affect personal finances by looking at the impact on costs of borrowing, deposits, savings, and purchasing power. The link between rate of interest and borrowing costs is the first topic covered in the abstract. When interest rates increase, borrowing money becomes increasingly costly for people, which has an impact on many facets of personal finances like credit card debt, home loans, and auto loans. According to the abstract, increasing borrowing costs can result in bigger debt loads, decreased affordability, and possible difficulties with debt payback. The abstract also looks at how inflation affects people's personal budgets. Over time, inflation reduces the monetary value of money, raising the cost of goods and services. The abstract focuses on how inflationary affects the costs of living, covering necessities like housing, food, and medical care. It emphasizes how crucial it is to factor inflation into long-term financial planning and budgeting in order to preserve financial stability and lessen the loss of wealth. The abstract also discusses how the rate of interest and inflation interact. It illustrates how interest rates are frequently employed by central banks as a tool to manage inflation. By decreasing consumption and slowing economic expansion, an increase in financing costs can help control inflation. However, this additionally has a negative impact on a person's personal finances, especially if they have investments or loans with variable rates or loans that are susceptible to changes in interest rates. The abstract also looks at ways that people might manage the effects of inflation and higher interest rates on their personal budgets. It talks on the value of financial literacy, investment diversification, responsible management of debt, and proactive steps like refinancing or modifying spending patterns to accommodate shifting economic conditions.

국가문화 차이에 따른 방한 관광객 소비지출 분석

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the tourism behavioral characteristics, spending patterns, and determinants of consumption expenditure for Southeast Asian tourists visiting Korea based on national cultural differences. The research methods to achieve the objectives of this study are as follows: First, using Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions scores for Korea and major Southeast Asian countries, the KSI index will be calculated to measure the cultural distance between them. Based on the KSI index, the two countries with the closest and farthest cultural distances will be selected as the target countries for the study. Secondly, a comparative analysis will be conducted on the tourism behavioral characteristics, spending patterns, and determinants of consumption expenditure for tourists from the two selected countries visiting Korea.
 Research design, data, and methodology: The data for the study sample was obtained from the original 2019 survey data on inbound tourists provided by the Korea Tourism Data Lab (2023). and Data from a sample of 522 Indonesian and 622 Filipino tourists who visited Korea were used for the analysis. First, we conducted frequency analysis to examine demographic characteristics, tourism behavior, and spending patterns. and the estimation analysis method used to identify the determinants of tourist consumption expenditure is Tobit model analysis method.
 Results: This research results are as follows. First, It was found that there are differences in expenditure characteristics and determinants of consumption expenditure between Indonesian and Filipino tourists visiting Korea. Second, according to the estimation results, In the case of Indonesian tourists, it was estimated that individual travel and travel satisfaction have a positive impact on consumption expenditure. and it was found that Filipino tourists spend more on group tours than on individual tours. Third, both countries showed that the proportion of cultural and entertainment expenses was the lowest among the consumption expenditure items.
 Implications: The results of this study showed that there were differences in the consumption characteristics of tourists and the determinants of tourism expenditure depending on the cultural differences between the two countries. the tourism marketing strategy and policy development should reflect the cultural characteristics of the country visited, and it is necessary to consider the national cultural dimensions in formulating strategies.

Consumptive Behavior in Adolescents and Its Impact on Financial Management: Case Studies and Practical Implications

Consumptive behavior in adolescents has become the focus of attention in the context of financial management. This article aims to analyze consumptive behavior in adolescents and its impact on their financial management using a quantitative approach. Through a quantitative survey involving a sample of adolescents, this study aims to identify influencing factors that influence consumptive behavior and analyze the short-term and long-term impact of consumptive behavior on adolescent financial management. The research method used is a quantitative survey with a structured questionnaire. The study sample consisted of adolescents aged 15-18 years who were randomly selected from several schools in certain areas. The questionnaire included questions about spending patterns, consumption motivation, financial management, and financial knowledge of adolescents. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and regression analysis to identify the relationship between consumptive behavior and financial management. The survey results show that influencing factors such as marketing, social media, peers, and psychological factors play an important role in adolescent consumptive behavior. In addition, excessive consumptive behavior has a negative impact on adolescent financial management, including consumptive debt problems, difficulty saving, and lack of financial knowledge. The long-term impact of this consumptive behavior can lead to financial risks in the future.

Descriptive Data Analysis of Credit Card Transactions

Abstract: In the previous decades there was a lot of usage of cash and that was the only way in which people could buy and sell things then came the system of Bank Accounts , Debit Cards and Credit Cards and people got adapted to this new system in this paper we will analyze what difference did the Credit Cards bring in the lives of people and how the usage of credit cards is in different parts of India we will analyze the data to understand the customer spending patterns for promotional campaigns, such as during festivals or holidays, in order to better target customer segments according to city and gender-based spending habits. Analyzes consumer trends and interests by looking at the type of purchases people make based on their gender and city. Detects potential credit card fraud or malicious activity, such as by analysing changes in spending habits or unusual purchases, by city and gender. Allows you to identify the top merchants based on the number of transactions and the value of the transactions

Digital payment technology and consumer behaviour – Saving, spending patterns: Are saving and spending patterns a concern?

Do not save what is left after spending but spend what is left after saving. —Warren Buffet—Our spending habits are shaped by our upbringing, our values, ethics, our view of life, security, and one’s expectations of the future. However, the mode of payment also has an impact on the spending patterns of an individual. It is clear that the introduction of digital payments has affected spending patterns and subsequently savings habits. People generally aren’t getting better at saving through technology they are getting better at spending. The case examines and highlights the behavior of individuals who use cash and cashless digital payments in conjunction with their respective spending and saving patterns.

Food subsidies in general equilibrium

The Atkinson-Stiglitz theorem on uniform consumption taxation breaks down if prices are endogenous. This paper investigates the implications for optimal food subsidies in China. To do so, we build a general equilibrium model where low-skilled workers have a comparative advantage in the production of food. Food subsidies raise the relative demand for low-skilled workers, which reduces the skill premium and indirectly redistributes income from high-skilled to low-skilled workers. The optimal food subsidy balances these distributional gains against the costs of distorting consumption decisions. We calibrate our model to match key moments from the Chinese economy, including sectoral production and spending patterns that we obtain from micro-level survey data. Our results suggest that general equilibrium effects rationalize only very modest food subsidies that generate tiny welfare gains.

A Quantitative Study on Expenditure Behavior among Public and Private University Students in Malaysia

The principal point of this study is to examine the relationship between the spending pattern and consumer behavior, especially as it relates to income and financial literacy, among public and private university students in Malaysia. This study adopts Keynes's Psychological Law of Consumption theory. The foremost objective of this theoretical paper was to determine whether there is any difference in spending patterns among public and private university students and the association between parental incomes and spending behavior among public and private university students, as well as to examine the relationship between financial literacy and spending behavior among public and private university students. In addition, this study seeks to determine how well students comprehend the idea of needs and desires. The association between students’ degree of financial literacy as well as their income and their spending habits will next be examined using the data. The link between endogenous and exogenous variables will be determined over both the long and short terms using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The study includes the findings from earlier investigations. The study contributed to a new understanding for the researcher of financial behavior under the categories of needs and wants which outline the importance of financial literacy, parents’ income, and demographic factors. The study also contributes to a new idea for policymakers: adapt financial literacy programs among parents and children.

Impact of Balanced Scorecard implementation on company performance of PRC listed companies in the healthcare industry

The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a performance measurement management control tool model that can play a critical role in driving companies to achieve sustainable performance in the healthcare industry. In the previous studies, BSC advocates that the sustainable growth of business relies on a management balance focused on financial and non-financial aspects. This study uses the BSC model to examine the core business strategies, namely the duration of CEO tenure, the spending patterns between marketing and Research & Development (R&D) and human resources capability expressed in employee size in the healthcare industry in China. The research used a sample of 305 public-listed healthcare companies in PRC China with data collected for 2016–2019 from the China Stock Market & Accounting Research Database (CSMARD). The data was analyzed by SmartPLS version 3.3.6. This study has three essential findings. First, R&D investment has a negative quadratic impact on marketing expenses. Second, marketing expenses are a mediator between R&D investment and company performance. The last finding is that CEO tenure has a moderating effect on employee size in the company. These findings add to the literature on mediation studies in leadership and management. This study provides insights into mapping BSC as an international management assessment tool, indicating potential research opportunities and highlighting managerial implications.

Inovasi Produk dan Pendampingan Ijin Produk pada Kelompok Masyarakat Guna Meningkatkan Perekonomian

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused small businesses throughout Indonesia to experience an economic decline. People are psychologically afraid of contracting the virus, so they limit going out of the house. Indirectly causing a decrease in income because people limit spending and consumption patterns. This community service aims to help community small businesses located in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan in managing their business. The survey results stated that there was a decline in sales, especially in the food, salon, cosmetic product, stalls and other clothing sales. The obstacle faced by this business unit is the absence of product innovation that adapts to pandemic conditions. Another thing in marketing products is that many people do not know about strategies regarding promotion, branding, product advertising, product legalization and other strategies. The forms and methods that are the solution to this activity are product innovation related to herbal products and providing knowledge about the legality of products, both herbal products and food products that have been produced so that they are expected to be widely marketed. Apart from that, providing knowledge about product marketing strategies through online promotion and branding as well as providing knowledge on how to have a good managerial system. Herbal product innovation has increased during the Covid-19 pandemic because several herbs are believed to help the body's resistance to disease.

A STUDY OF THE FOCUS AREAS OF THE TOP TEN CSR CONTRIBUTING COMPANIES IN INDIA

This study aims to investigate the focus areas of the top ten corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributing companies in India. The research is based on secondary data obtained from the National CSR portal of these companies for the years 2016-‘17 to 2020-‘21. The study analyses the CSR spending patterns of these companies across various categories such as Education, Health, Environment, Women Empowerment, Rural Development, and others. The findings of the study suggest that Education and Skill Development, Rural Development, Health Care, and Environmental Sustainability were the most preferred areas of CSR spending among the top ten companies. Additionally, the study highlights the diversity of CSR spending patterns among different companies and the implications of these spending patterns for sustainable development in India. The study concludes that the focus areas of CSR spending of the top ten companies reflect the changing CSR landscape in India and the need for a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to CSR in the country.

Impact COVID-19 Pandemic towards E-Commerce Sales Value and E-Grocery Sales Value in Indonesia

The positive case of COVID-19 in Indonesia was first detected on March 2, 2020, when two people were confirmed positive infected. It is impossible to avoid the economic slowdown when COVID-19 come about, apart from that there has been a shift in people's spending patterns online to adapt to the situation. After 3 year this study aims to determine impact of the COVID-19 pandemic towards e-commerce sales value and e-grocery sales value in Indonesia. This study is using an event study method (long horizon event study). The event period is divided into 2 specifically 12 and 24 month before-after the event period starting from first year COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The sample was selected by using the purposive sampling method and obtained from Statista premium statistic database. The first results of this study is in 12 month before and after the event, there was no significant difference in e-commerce sales value but the opposite result was obtained from the 24 month, there were significant differences between e-commerce sales value before and after the event. The second results of this study is in 12 month before and after the event, there was no significant difference in e-grocery sales value but the opposite result was obtained from the 24 month, there were significant differences between e-grocery sales value before and after the event. The conclusion is the COVID-19 pandemic doesnt have significant effect on both variable in 12 month event but have significant effect after 24 month. The authors hope that the results of this research can be useful for the public interest, especially for accelerating economic development appropriately afterCOVID-19.

Household Consumption Function Based on Permanent Income Hypothesis: A Systematic Review

The Permanent Income Hypothesis was first proposed by Milton Friedman in the 1950s and has been an important theory in the field of macroeconomics. According to this theory, the spending behavior of individuals is based on their long-term average income rather than their current income. The theory posits that individuals adjust their spending patterns based on their expected lifetime income rather than temporary fluctuations in their income. Given the severe impact of COVID-19 on household consumption and income change, it becomes increasingly important to model household consumption. With this subject becoming increasingly significant, it is noteworthy to retrieve and report on the existing literature, especially within the context of explaining the Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) relevancy to model household consumption. This study will employ the PRISMA strategy in the systematic review of the existing literature. The finding from this review showed the literature found can be clustered into three (3) themes in answering the research questions and contributing to the existing body of knowledge in this domain. Finally, this systematic review will advance the literature and provide recommendations for policy formulation, as well as paving way for future studies within this context.

Tenants Who Delayed Rent Payments During 2020–2021 Eviction Moratoria: Spending Patterns and Associations with Psychiatric Characteristics

This study examined spending behaviors of U.S. tenants who reported delaying rent payments during federal eviction moratoria in 2020-2021, enacted in response to the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A national sample of 772 middle and low-income tenants who reported delaying rent payments because of the eviction moratoria were assessed from May 2020 to October 2020. Among tenants who delayed paying rent, most rent money was spent on groceries (11-19%), utilities (9-14%), substance use (8-10%), and debt (7%) across two time periods; the remaining rent money was spent on other expenses including recreation and medical care. Sociodemographic and psychiatric characteristics together only explained 2-3% of the variance in spending in major expense categories suggesting the broad impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Together, these findings provide insight into spending behaviors of tenants during a time of great financial and psychological distress.

Implementasi Data Mining FP-Growth Untuk Analisis Pola Pembelian Pada Transaksi Penjualan

In the business world, efforts are needed as much as possible in gaining profits. The accuracy of marketing strategies can be seen from the consumer spending pattern database obtained from sales transactions on fashion products that are usually purchased simultaneously by customers. Information about the Pattern of Purchasing Customer Shopping that is Inaccurate at the Ayu Collection Online Shop Shop has caused promotional policy to be one of the causes of the store to suffer losses. One way to get an accurate customer shopping pattern is to use data mining. One of the methods contained in data mining is the association analysis method, in the association analysis there are several algorithms, one of which is the FP-Growth algorithm. In this study several association rules were found by applying the Frequent Pattern (FP-Growth) algorithm from the transaction database Fashion sales at Ayu Collection Online Shop. This association rules will later be used as decision making material to develop successful marketing and sales strategies. The findings of this study are in the form of product recommendations, namely the proposal of two or more items based on the findings of the FP-Growth algorithm using a 50% confidence value and a minimum support of 40%, this study uses assistance from the rapidminer tools version 9.9.

INDIA'S TOP TEN CSR CONTRIBUTING COMPANIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

This research paper explores the top ten CSR-contributing companies in India and their contributions toward environmental sustainability. The study analyzes the CSR spending patterns of these companies and the percentage of their CSR funds directed toward environmental sustainability. The results indicate a significant variation in CSR spending and contribution towards environmental sustainability among the top ten companies. Companies like Wipro Ltd, ITC Ltd, and Infosys Ltd have directed a considerable percentage of their CSR funds toward environmental sustainability. On the other hand, companies like Tata Consultancy Services Ltd, Tata Sons Private Ltd, and Indian Oil Corporation Ltd did not contribute to environmental sustainability, despite significant CSR spending. The findings suggest that there is a need for companies to prioritize environmental sustainability in their CSR activities, given the current environmental challenges faced by the country. The study recommends that companies should adopt sustainable practices and invests more in environmentally sustainable CSR initiatives to achieve a balance between economic development and environmental conservation.