Education Spending Research Articles

Analyze the Examination of Educational Spending In Turkey

Bu araştırmada, Türkiye’deki eğitim harcamalarının incelenmesi, Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Teşkilatı (OECD) ülkeleri ile Türkiye’deki eğitim harcamalarının karşılaştırılarak analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın analizinde, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) ve OECD (2019) verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın analizinde, eğitim harcamalarına ilişkin ülkelerarası karşılaştırma yapılmış ve yıllara göre değişimi incelenmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Nitel araştırma türünde olan bu araştırmanın modeli, tarama modelidir. Verilerin analizinde, doküman incelemesinden yararlanılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen analizin sonucunda; Türkiye’deki eğitim harcamalarının son yıllarda, eğitim hizmetlerinin nitelik ve nicelik açısından değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlayan toplam eğitim harcamaları, eğitim kurumlarına yapılan harcamaların gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYH) içindeki oranı, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Yükseköğretim Kurumu ve üniversitelere ayrılan kaynakların GSYH ve merkezi yönetim bütçesi içindeki payı açısından düzenli artış gösterdiği görülmüştür. Ancak eğitim harcamaları açısından OECD ülkeleri ile kıyaslandığında; öğrenci başına düşen harcamada Türkiye’nin diğer ülkelerin gerisinde kaldığı, eğitim kurumlarına yapılan harcamaların GSYH’ya oranı açısından ise orta seviyelerde olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Stabilization Effects of Social Spending on Economic Growth in Selected West African Countries

This paper investigated the stabilization effects of social spending on economic growth in two selected countries namely, Senegal and Gambia. Using time series data from 1980 to 2015 the paper evaluated the cyclical behaviour of social spending, the optimal size of public social spending and the efficacy of public social spending to smoothen out fluctuations in the output. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach and error correction mechanism (ECM) within dynamic OLS framework as well as static OLS were used. The results showed that social spending on education and health was pro-cyclical in Gambia and Senegal, but social spending in education was more pro-cyclical in education in the Gambia and for Senegal, health. The study found that the optimal government size that maximizes growth of GDP in the Gambia was 74 per cent of GDP and in Senegal the optimal government size that maximizes growth of GDP was 67 per cent of GDP. The paper recommended among others that Government should review the expenditure framework, to ensure that resources committed to social spending are efficiently utilized, with more emphasis on health expenditure in the Gambia and education for Senegal.

Generational conflict and education politics: Implications for growth and welfare

This study considers the politics of public education and its impact on economic growth and welfare across generations. We employ probabilistic voting to demonstrate the generational conflict regarding taxes and spending and show that aging shifts the tax burden from the retired to the working generation, reduces public education spending, and ultimately slows economic growth. We subsequently consider a legal constraint that aims to boost education spending: a spending floor for education. This constraint stimulates economic growth but creates a trade-off between current and future generations’ welfare. Finally, the quantitative implications of our results are explored by calibrating the model to the Japanese economy.

Analysis of the Influence of the Amount of Labor, Level of Education and Government Spending on Economic Growth in North Sumatera

This study was to analyze the effect of labor, levels of education and government spending on the education sector on economic growth in North Sumatra. The data used is secondary data obtained from the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency of North Sumatra and the Central Statistics Agency of North Sumatra Province, which consists of 33 districts / cities in several publications from 2015–2019. The research method used is panel data with a Fixed Effect Model approach. The results of this study indicate that labor has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth, the level of education has a significant positive effect on economic growth and government spending in the education sector has a significant positive effect on economic growth in North Sumatra in 2015-2019. Keywords: Economic Growth, Labor, Education Level and Government Expenditure.

Fiscal sustainability in the aftermath of the great pause

Faced with a global natural catastrophe, countries must spend to deal with the immediate crisis, and to reduce longer-term economic scarring. Sustained infrastructure and education spending can help counter headwinds to the long-term outlook. However, the fact that government borrowing rates are at extremely low levels does not imply that the very high debt, especially short-term borrowing, is a free lunch. Real borrowing rates are likely below long-term trend, and there is no guarantee that any future adverse shock can only lower interest rates. Massive underfunded old-age transfer and support programs are a form of hidden non-market “junior” debt.

DESENTRALISASI DAN EFISIENSI BELANJA FUNGSI PENDIDIKAN SERTA IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT DI PROPINSI SULAWESI SELATAN

This study aims to analyze: (i) the level of efficiency of regional spending of educational functions; (ii) the impact of fiscal decentralization on the spending efficiency; and (iii) the implications of education spending efficiency on the level of welfare in the region. The research used quantitative approach with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Dinamic Generalized Method of Moment (DGMM) analysis techniques. The results showed that the realization and utilization of education function spending in the aggregate in South Sulawesi Province is quite good, although the spending is still more allocated to government bureaucracy spending. However, the results of efficiency testing by DEA method show that in most districts/cities in South Sulawesi Province, the realization and utilization of such spending is relatively less efficient. From the results of Dynamic Panel Data Testing (DGMM), the findings were obtained that fiscal decentralization in the form of Local Own-Source Revenue had a positive and significant impact on the education spending efficiency, while the fiscal decentralization policy in the form of Balance Fund, negatively influential but insignificant. In terms of good governance, the variable interaction between fiscal decentralization in the form of Local Own-Source Revenue and opinion from BPK on LKPD in districts/cities negatively and significantly affects the efficiency of education spending. While the variable interaction between fiscal decentralization both in the form of Balance Fund and opinion from BPK on LKPD in districts/cities has a positive and significant effect on the efficiency of education spending. The increase in the efficiency of education spending will be significantly followed by the improvement of the welfare of the community. Meanwhile, fiscal decentralization policy in the form of Local Own-Source Revenue has a positive and significant effect.

Returns to Investment in Education in the OECD Countries: Does Governance Quality Matter?

This paper shows labor market returns to investment in education as an essential component of the knowledge economy taking into account the quality of governance of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Using panel data models, we found strong support for such a tradeoff, especially for tertiary education. The empirical results suggest that returns of education expenditure improve the labor market outcomes only to the extent that the quality of the institutions in the countries is sufficiently high. This implies that the level of governance quality affects education spending, which determines their effect on the unemployment rate.

DOES ECONOMIC INTEGRATION INCREASE FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION? SOME NEW EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM

While several studies have, directly or indirectly, showed the importance of economic integration in job creation and destruction, direct empirical evidence for Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) is still sparse. We take the case of Vietnam – a country that has come out of poverty largely due to her export-induced economic growth – and examine the impacts on FLFP of economic integration over the period 1999-2014. Our results suggest that Vietnam’s export sector, which relies heavily on foreign direct investment and free trade agreements, is an important contributor to FLFP. Economic integration with high-income countries (compared to middle- and low-income countries) was found to be most beneficial to FLFP in Vietnam. Our results also indicate that some traditional drivers of FLFP (such as fertility rate, health status, female adolescents out of secondary school, government education spending, and standard of living) became more (or less) important as Vietnam became more economically integrated.

Special education funding and teacher turnover

ABSTRACT We exploit differences in state special education funding systems based on special education enrollment (‘bounty systems’) or on total student enrollment (‘census systems’) to assess whether funding systems impact teacher turnover, teacher specialty, special education enrollment, state education spending, average class sizes, and teacher effort. We find that census funding decreases special education enrollment and increases turnover among special education teachers. Relative to their counterparts, special education teachers are 5 percentage points more likely to move across schools and 18 percentage points more likely to switch to general education teaching after the implementation of census funding in their state.

EFEITOS DOS GASTOS PÚBLICOS NO DESENVOLVIMENTO REGIONAL: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE UMA UNIVERSIDADE PÚBLICA (UESB) E TRÊS MUNICÍPIOS BAIANOS (VITÓRIA DA CONQUISTA, JEQUIÉ E ITAPETINGA)

This paper analyzes the effects of public educational spending at the municipal level, based empirically on expenditures carried out by the State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB) and three municipalities in Bahia (Vitoria da Conquista, Jequie and Itapetinga). This is an exploratory, qualitative study, instrumentalized through secondary data, available in databases of public institutions, based on theories of regional development and public spending. The result shows the influence of the University in the local economic system, due to the advantages arising from the agglomeration and the externalities produced (spillovers), verified through the multiplier effects of spending on personnel, costs and investments on the municipalities. There is a positive influence between the upward gradual public spending made by the University and the evolution of GDP in the municipalities surveyed, both because of the contributions to the productivity of the economic sectors and because of its driving force in attracting new businesses and endogenous promotion. new ventures.

Does Government Spending in Health, Education, and Military Improve Welfare in Asian Developing Countries?

The study of government expenditure is essential for economists and policymakers. This study aims to analyze the impact of various government spending, mainly on education, health, and military, on the effect of welfare on Asian Countries. This study was conducted in 20 Asian countries constructed on panel data from 2013–2017 and is analyzed using the fixed effect general least square (FEGLS) method. The results show that, government spending in health, military, and education had a positive and significant effect on Asian Countries' welfare. This research concludes that, the government health expenditure had the highest impact on welfare, followed by education and military spending.

Farmer Exchange Rate, Government Spending On Education And Government Spending On Health of the Human Development Index in North Sumatra Province

Human development is one of the factors in increasing the implementation of national development. Human development that is implemented can be calculated with the human level, health and standard of living. Then the level of the human development index can also affect government spending in the education sector and the health sector. The use of the model in this article with the multiple linear regression program is used to process, classical assumptions of test data using SPSS 22. The results of the analysis show that farmer exchange rates can significantly affect the human development index in North Sumatra Province, government spending in the education sector has a significant effect on the human development index in North Sumatra Province and government spending on health sector spending has no significant effect on human development index in North Sumatra Province. This shows that government spending in the health sector has not been properly realized so that it is not strong enough to increase the human development index in North Sumatra Province. The results of research on government spending in the education sector have a dominant effect in increasing the human development index in North Sumatra province.

Review: Takeover: Race, Education, and American Democracy, by Domingo Morel

Review: <i>Takeover: Race, Education, and American Democracy</i>, by Domingo Morel

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Individual Local Political Elites and Decision-Making Collective on Educational Fiscal Expenditure in China

Under the current decentralization system in China, individual characteristics of the local political elites and collective characteristics of the standing committees of the local party have an impact on local education fiscal policy. Yet published research on the similarities and differences between the collective influence of the Standing committee and the individual influence of the political elite are lacking. To address this gap in the literature, our study discussed the impact of local political elites represented by the mayor and the secretary and the collective of standing committees of the local party on education fiscal expenditure. We construct multiple regression models and analyze the R2 Change of variables is based on the cross-sectional data from 2015 of 283 prefecture-level administrative units in China. We find that both political elites and the standing committees have significant impacts on fiscal expenditure in education, and that the influence of the latter is greater than that of the former. The effect of individual characteristics and collective characteristics on education fiscal expenditure is not completely consistent across prefectures. China's prefectural governments implement China's unique principle of democratic centralism when they make decisions on local spending for education and the collective decision-making under the leadership of the committee plays an important role in education fiscal expenditure. Based on this, we put forward policy suggestions to further develop the principle of democratic centralism and to optimize optimizing the local government education supply and evaluation mechanism.

Investment in children, social security, and intragenerational risk sharing

We analyze the role of pay-as-you-go social security in intragenerational risk sharing in an overlapping-generations model with individual heterogeneity. Parents invest in their children’s education in state schools in exchange for old-age financial support. Due to random factors such as luck in the job market, children may have different earning capacities despite that they receive the same education. Without social security, a parent gets a transfer payment from her own child, so the received amount is uncertain as it depends on the child’s earnings. The social security scheme, which essentially serves to pool transfer contributions from all children and then redistribute them equally to each parent, insures parents against the risk of educational investments. Our model shows that social security stimulates educational spending, enhances labor earnings, and increases ex ante individual utility. However, it may worsen ex post intragenerational inequality of lifetime income.

Policy-Making in Multi-Level Systems: Ideology, Authority, and Education

Most political systems consist of multiple layers. While this fact is widely acknowledged, we know surprisingly little about its implications for policy-making. Most comparative studies still focus exclusively on the national level. We posit that both “methodological nationalism” and “methodological subnationalism” should be avoided. We argue instead that in multilevel systems national and subnational governments jointly affect policy-making. Their respective influence is, however, conditional on the distribution of policy authority. Moreover, we identify power asymmetries, as subnational governments hardly affect policy-making in centralized systems whereas national governments shape subnational policy-making even in decentralized polities. Empirically, we study the case of education policy. Novel data on regional education spending, regional and national governments’ ideology, and regional authority over education in 282 regions in 15 countries over 21 years reveals strong support for the interplay between ideology and the distribution of authority across levels. We conclude by sketching a resulting research agenda.

Economic growth and inequality of income distribution between regions: Evidence from Bali Province, Indonesia

Bali Province shows a prominent performance in the development of the tourism sector. However, essential problems were found related to inequality in the distribution of income between regions. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of locally-generated revenue, education spending, health spending, investment and infrastructure on economic growth and inequality in income distribution between districts/cities in the province Bali. This study uses a quantitative approach. The study explores panel data that combines time series and cross section data from the Regency / City of Bali Province during 2010 - 2017. The data analysis method uses path analysis. The results showed that local revenue, education spending, government spending on health, investment, and infrastructure had a positive effect on economic growth and reduced income inequality between regions. Economic growth is also able to mediate the influence of variables on inequality. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of planning coordination from each district and city to mutually commit to mobilizing all local resources such as human resources, finance, investment and infrastructure; to generate economic growth and reduce inequality between regions.JEL Classification E27; H75; R58

How important are health and education in boosting sub-national economic growth?

Development of the global economy is marked by increasing attention towards the health sector due to Covid-19 outbreak. This research contributes by examining how important is health and education for provincial economic growth, and connect it with foreign direct investments, and infrastructure spending. Taking Indonesia as a case study, and employing GMM and Fixed Effects methods, the analysis found that improving health and education outcomes are key for sub-national economic growth. However, foreign direct investment, domestic direct investment and public spending on infrastructure failed to support growth in the sub-national level. The finding is robust against alternative specifications. For policy suggestions, in order to dampen the negative economic effects of Covid-19 and to boost growth at post-pandemic period, government at all levels must maintain or even increase public spending in health and education which directly target improvements of health and educational outcomes. To ensure the improvements, public spending must be directed to provide good quality health and educational services; services which enhance health outcomes and develop students’ cognitive skills. In addition, good quality health and educational services must be evenly distributed across sub-nationalities. This is aligned with achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals number 10; reducing inequality within a country.JEL Classification H51; H52; O15

Gender and Household’s Spending on Education: An Empirical Evidence

This paper examines whether the household's spending on education based on gender exhibits pro-boy bias or not. The study examines two potential mechanisms through which the gender-based difference in education spending can situate itself. Firstly, the association of gender with the enrolment of children in schools is tested. Secondly, the difference in expenditure on education of children, conditional on enrolling them in schools, is examined. The study used multiple regression analysis and chi-square test to achieve its objectives. The data for the study was collected through a structured interview schedule. The data for the study was collected at individual level. The results of the analysis reveal that, on the whole, gender has no association with the school enrolment. The study found that the annual household expenditure on boys is 7.35% higher than on girls.

Does government education expenditure boost intergenerational mobility? Evidence from China

This article assesses the relationship between government education spending and intergenerational mobility using parent-child pair information from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and data on government education expenditure from the China Educational Finance Statistical Yearbook, Provincial Statistical Yearbook and China City Statistical Yearbook. We introduced family classification (chengfen) as the instrumental variable for permanent income and used child income for the age bracket 23–40 as the approximation for lifetime earnings to minimize estimation bias. We found that the intergenerational elasticity in China is about 0.384 and the government education expenditure boosted the intergenerational mobility. Moreover, we estimated the absolute mobility in China. And our analysis pointed to the importance of government spending in increasing the intergenerational mobility of underdeveloped family and improving equality of opportunity in China.