Spelling Mistakes Research Articles

Toward Efficient Multi-Keyword Fuzzy Search Over Encrypted Outsourced Data With Accuracy Improvement

Keyword-based search over encrypted outsourced data has become an important tool in the current cloud computing scenario. The majority of the existing techniques are focusing on multi-keyword exact match or single keyword fuzzy search. However, those existing techniques find less practical significance in real-world applications compared with the multi-keyword fuzzy search technique over encrypted data. The first attempt to construct such a multi-keyword fuzzy search scheme was reported by Wang et al. , who used locality-sensitive hashing functions and Bloom filtering to meet the goal of multi-keyword fuzzy search. Nevertheless, Wang’s scheme was only effective for a one letter mistake in keyword but was not effective for other common spelling mistakes. Moreover, Wang’s scheme was vulnerable to server out-of-order problems during the ranking process and did not consider the keyword weight. In this paper, based on Wang et al. ’s scheme, we propose an efficient multi-keyword fuzzy ranked search scheme based on Wang et al. ’s scheme that is able to address the aforementioned problems. First, we develop a new method of keyword transformation based on the uni-gram, which will simultaneously improve the accuracy and creates the ability to handle other spelling mistakes. In addition, keywords with the same root can be queried using the stemming algorithm. Furthermore, we consider the keyword weight when selecting an adequate matching file set. Experiments using real-world data show that our scheme is practically efficient and achieve high accuracy.

Difficulties of developing secondary school students’ spelling skills

The paper presents theoretical approaches to secondary school students spelling rule acquisition. It defines the main terms: spelling, skill, spelling skill, spelling activities, spelling task, spelling observation and control skill, dysgraphia, dysorthography. The author describes types of spelling skills developed at school: finding parts of words spelt according to the spelling rules, spelling words according to the rules, graphic marking of difficult spelling, finding and correcting spelling mistakes. The paper reveals conditions and criteria of successful school students spelling skills development: high scientific level of teaching spelling, correlation of spelling skills and speech development, knowledge of spelling rules and the scheme of their application, a thoroughly developed system of exercises to practice the rules. The author focuses on difficulties of using these rules in writing: difficulties of spelling rules acquisition caused by spelling rules variety, poor formedness of cognition, low motivation level, inability to process information and difficulties in applying spelling rules related to spelling task setting and its solution. The author describes mistakes caused by poor spelling rules acquisition such as mistakes in words and their significant parts, mistakes in cursive, separate and hyphenate word spelling, mistakes in capital and small letter usage, mistakes in word break. Differential diagnostics of specific spelling mistakes is presented. The types of dysorthography and their characteristics are defined. The paper lists the principles of Russian spelling the breach of which results in mistakes.

A review of software tools for spell‐checking taxon names in vegetation databases

AbstractCorrect spelling of taxon names in vegetation databases is a fundamental prerequisite for many data processing steps. However, manual detection and correction of spelling mistakes is inefficient, prone to errors and non‐reproducible, especially when scanning large databases. Here, I review six software tools that spell‐check taxon names in vegetation databases: (1) the Global Names Resolver, (2) the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera, (3) the Taxonomic Name Resolution Service and R packages (4) Plantminer, (5) Taxonstand and (6) tpl. In particular, I test their capacity to spell‐check names across the taxonomic ranks and organism groups frequently encountered in vegetation data and challenge their ability to screen names from different geographic regions. Performance by software tools differed widely in these tests. Backed up by multiple reference lists, the Global Names Resolver emerged as the most versatile software tool. All software solutions currently suffer from some minor limitations, including an inability to spell‐check names of hybrid taxa. Furthermore, some spelling mistakes, by their nature, cannot be resolved unambiguously. Given these limitations, taxon names should be spell‐checked with software tools in a semi‐automatic rather than an automatic way.

Digital literacy and digital content supports learning

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the impact of blogs on teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) to primary students. The study also explores educators’ perceptions of social media tools and digital literacy in school environments. Design/methodology/approach A three-step approach was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. First, the blogs of 23 fifth-grade students in an EFL class in Kuwait was analysed for one semester along with student perceptions and teacher observations. Second, a survey was distributed to the students at the end of the semester, and finally, four focus groups were conducted regarding educators’ perceptions on the use of social media, their skills and needs and problems encountered. Findings The findings showed that by the end of the semester, students were writing lengthy sentences, had fewer spelling and grammatical mistakes, were more motivated and independent and displayed a more positive attitude towards learning EFL. In addition, educators are enthusiastic about using Web technologies in their teaching practices but have several concerns such as digital literacy competencies, technology-use behaviour and lack of accessibility to digital content. Research limitations/implications The number of questions on the student survey could be reduced. Also, it would be preferable in future studies to require all students to blog at least twice a week which could provide a broader representation of their writing abilities. Originality/value Little research has been reported in the literature on the use of blogs in teaching EFL to primary school students. Most literature focuses on teaching EFL to university students. By using a mixed-methodology approach, this study also highlights the needs of educators and students in technology learning environments and makes a good contribution towards offering pragmatic solutions.

An ElGamal Encryption with Fuzzy Keyword Search on Cloud Environment

With the continuous development of cloud computing, more and more sensitive data needs to be centrally stored in the cloud storage. For protecting the privacy of data, sensitive data must be encrypted before being outsourced to the server. The traditional PEKS (Public Encryption Keyword Search) enables users to search data by using keywords in the condition of encryption, however, it not only needs the security channel but also tolerates the huge pairing-computation. Although the pairing-free public key encryption with keyword search has been proposed, it can not support fuzzy keyword search and this drawback greatly reduces the usability of the system. In this paper, the proposed scheme features three good aspects: First, the keywords and data have been encrypted under the server's public key and thus the secure channel of the keywords transmission has been eliminated in the sense that the outside attackers cannot obtain any information related to the keywords without the knowledge of the server's private key. Second, our scheme not only supports accurate keyword search encryption but also supports the search when the keywords input have any spelling mistakes or format inconsistencies, which significantly improved the availability of the system. Finally, the proposed scheme is constructed on the El Gamal encryption instead of the bilinear-pairing encryption, which greatly improve the computational efficiency.

Investigating EFL Learners' Spelling Mistakes in Exams at the University of Halabja Department of English Language

عادة ما يرتكب الطلاب أخطاء إملائية ، خاصة في الامتحانات. لاحظ الباحث هذه الظاهرة طوال فترة خبرته التدريسية لمدة أربع سنوات تقريبًا. لذلك قرر إجراء هذه الدراسة البحثية لتقصي هذه الأخطاء وتحليلها. لتحقيق هذا الهدف ، قدم خلفية نظرية حول تهجئة اللغة الإنجليزية وبعض الكلمات التي بها أخطاء إملائية شائعة. بعد ذلك ، أخذ عينة من أوراق امتحان الطلاب من الوحدة التي يقوم بتدريسها. في أوراق الامتحان هذه ، اكتشف العدد الإجمالي للكلمات التي استخدمها كل طالب للإجابة على الأسئلة وعدد الكلمات التي بها أخطاء إملائية لتحديد النسبة المئوية للكلمات التي بها أخطاء إملائية. أخيرًا ، استخلص استنتاجات وتوصيات على أساس هذا التحليل. تظهر النتائج الرئيسية للدراسة أنه لا توجد ورقة امتحان خالية من الأخطاء الإملائية. هذا يعني أن ارتكاب الأخطاء الإملائية لا يتعلق بمستوى الطلاب لأنه حتى الطلاب الذين حصلوا على درجات عالية ارتكبوا أخطاء إملائية معينة.

О лингвистической экспертизе законопроектов

The article is devoted to the problem of determination of the subject of linguistic expert examination of draft laws on the basis of the current legislation analysis in the aspect of theoretical and applied linguistics. In this research the author uses the comparative, statistical methods, as well as induction, analysis and synthesis. The article analyzes different types of definitions of linguistic expert examination of draft laws, and examines some problems related to the expert analysis of draft laws. The author of the article notes certain features of correlation between linguistic expert examination of draft laws and legal expert examination of draft laws. The author expresses her own position in relation to the concept and content of linguistic expert examination of draft laws, on the basis of the current practice in the rule-making sphere. The author pays attention to the criteria for evaluation of the text of the draft law: “consistency of presentation” (allows analyzing and evaluating linguistic units and the text of the draft law as a voice unit), “literacy” (allows checking the draft law text for grammar, spelling, punctuation, slips, factual or technical mistakes) and “matching style” (allows analyzing and evaluating the draft law text talking into account the compliance to stylistic features of drafting legislative texts).

Means of Emphasis in English Writing

In the recent past, as the teaching quality of English course has steadily improved, students’ basic knowledge of English is much stronger than before. The once popular mistakes in spelling, grammar and syntax are less witnessed in their compositions. Nevertheless, judging by the examples of students of different levels, we presume that their writing are not very emphatic, colorful, or even very prosaic. Upon elaborate analysis, we find that they the phenomenon mainly arises from students’ lack of specific writing techniques, of which emphasize ranks very high on the list. This essay analyzes the significance of emphatic writing, and summarizes some approaches to help students attain emphasis in their writing.

Reference Accuracy in Psychology Theses

The present study is an attempt to examine the accuracy of references found in five psychology theses submitted to University of Mysore from 2006 to 2010. All the 1, 477 references found in the theses were selected for verifying their accuracy. The study finding reveals that out of the 1, 477 references, 54.91% were incorrect and 24.98% were correct. The accuracy of the remaining 20.10% references was not verified because of unavailability of original or authentic sources. The error rate presented in the references is extremely high. On an average, the error rate present is 1.59. The errors presented in the incorrect references were mainly classified as major and minor errors. The presence of major errors was higher (969; 74.71%) than the minor errors (328; 25.29%). Omission of the authors (83), omission of important word from the title (29), spelling mistakes in the title (22), incorrect place name (15), incorrect publisher name (15), wrong year (37), edition number missed (7), wrong volume (19), issue number missed (490), first page number missed (47) and spelling mistakes in title of the journal (17) were the types of major errors identified in the study. Similarly, omission of authors’ initials (122), incomplete title (19), wrong last page number (38) and the omission of a not important word from journal (22) were the types of minor errors identified. The reasons for the presence of such inaccuracy in references were inadequate orientation and training in preparation of bibliography, lack of awareness about citation style of American Psychological Association (APA) manuals and reference management tools, and lack of policydirections from the universities for various components of a thesis.

Developing the PR Students’ Written Communication Skills

Communication intertwingles two distinct, but interrelated areas: language, on the one hand, and the system based on rules, beliefs and socio-cultural practices, on the other. The breakthrough of the new communication technologies in our daily lives has lead to new social practices and to less accurate messages in terms of the displayed linguistic and discoursal features. Spelling and punctuation mistakes, vocabulary and language mistakes, discoursal mistakes have been noticed in the messages transmitted by the nowadays teenagers who are ardent users of various social networks. This is the very reason for which the PR students need to develop written communication skills. In order to fulfill this purpose, we have conceived a written communication guide made up of three chapters. One of the chapters deals mainly with spelling and punctuation rules, the other two focus on the interrelationship between language and social norms. The guide abounds in examples of faulty communication to be discussed and analysed, and in exercises dealing with the message construction, placement, customization, etc.

Opinion Mining Techniques on Social Media Data

In the current scenario, at the crossroad of computational linguistics and data retrieval opinions and emotions are more valuable than the subject of the document. Linguistic resources are used to retrieve sentiments and also to classify it. Over the internet, not only the large volume of unstructured data is available but also the large amount of text is also generating day by day in the form of blogs, emails, tweets and feedbacks e.t.c. Text analysis is much more mature than unstructured data. Mining is tough for these types of data because of its noisiness and this is the chief bottleneck for designing text mining system.They suffer from spelling mistakes, grammatical errors and improper punctuations because they are informally written.Opinion mining provides a clear platform to catch public‟s mood by filtering the noise data. It also provides computational techniques used to extract and consolidate individual‟s opinion from unstructured and noisy text data.This paper tries to cover some techniques and approaches of opinion mining process and also highlight comparative study of some techniques.

Comparison criteria between matching algorithms texts application on (horspool's and brute force algorithms)

<p>The subject of matching text or search the texts is important topics in the field of computer science and is used in many programs such as Microsoft word program in correct spelling mistakes and search &replace, and other uses. The aim of this study was to learn how to trade-off texts matching algorithms, which are very much where we have the application on Horspool's and Brute Force algorithms. According to the standard number of comparisons and time of execution. The study pointed on preference Horspool's algorithm.</p>

أثر التکامل بين النحو والإملاء في علاج بعض الأخطاء الإملائية الشائعة لدى طلاب کلية التربية بجامعة الجوف بالمملکة العربية السعودية في استخدامهم وسائل الاتصال الحديثة

هدفت الدراسة إلى تقديم معالجة جديدة في علاج بعض الأخطاء الإملائية التي يقع فيها طلاب کلية التربية بجامعة الجوف أثناء استخدامهم وسائل الاتصال الحديثة ، وهي (البريد الإلکتروني ، الفيسبوک ، أجهزة الهاتف النقالة) ؛ وذلک من خلال تحقيق التکامل بين النحو والإملاء ، وکان من بين أدوات الدراسة التي استخدمها الباحث : قائمة بالأخطاء الإملائية الشائعة لدى الطلاب عينة الدراسة والتي رصدها الباحث من خلال تحليل محتوى المکتوب لديهم أثناء استخدامهم لبعض مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي ، ومن خلال الاطلاع على قوائم الأخطاء الإملائية التي توصلت إليها الدراسات السابقة ، کما تضمنت الدراسة اختبار الأخطاء الإملائية ، ودليلا للمعلم للاسترشاد به في تدريس المعالجة المقترحة ، وشملت العينة عددا من طلاب کلية التربية بجامعة الجوف بالمملکة العربية السعودية ، وتوصلت النتائج إلى فاعلية المعالجة المقدمة في ضوء التکامل بين النحو والإملاء في تحسين مستوى الطلاب في المهارات الإملائية ، وتجنبهم لکثير من الأخطاء الإملائية التي کانوا يقعون فيها قبل تدريس البرنامج لهم . محاور البحث: يسير البحث في محورين رئيسين ، هما: المحور الأول : ويتضمن الإطار النظري للبحث ، وفيه يتناول الباحث عرض مشکلة البحث والتأصيل النظري لها ، من حيث : التعريف بأهمية الإملاء ، وعلاقة الإملاء بالنحو ، وأهمية التقنيات الحديثة وارتباطها باللغة ، وتحديد المشکلة ، والدراسات السابقة ذات الصلة ، کما تضمن هذا المحور :حدود البحث ، وأهميته ، وأهدافه ، وأدواته ومصطلحاته . المحور الثاني :ويتضمن الجانب التطبيقي للبحث من حيث : إعداد أدواته والتحکيم عليها ، ثم التطبيق القبلي والبعدي ، تمهيدا لحساب الفروق المتوسطية بين مجموعتي الدراسة ، ثم يعقب ذلک تفسير النتائج ووضع مجموعة من التوصيات والمقترحات ،کما تضمن البحث مجموعة من المراجع تنوعت ما بين عربية وأجنبية ، وأخيرا ذيل البحث بمجموعة من الملاحق اشتملت على أدوات البحث وجميعها من إعداد الباحث. بجامعة الجوف. Summary the study aimed to provide a new method in correcting the mistakes that, students committed during the use modern means of communications such as ( e-mails, face book, and mobile devices), through the integration achievement between the Gramer and Syntax error . the tools the researcher used was: a list of common spelling mistakes committed by the students as a sample of the study through the analysis of its contains and through the access to the previous studies . the researcher also used the teacher's gaudiness in teaching the suggested methods . the result of the study reached to the importance of the suggested of new method in the light of syntax and spelling integration to improve the spelling skills of the students and avoiding a lots of previous spelling mistakes Research axes: The first axis: deals with the theoretical framework : the researcher stated the research problem through highlighting the importance of spelling and their relation with syntax and the importance of the new technology and it relation with language . The second axis: contain the applied part of the research through preparing its tools, and apply it nearest and post. To calculate the average differences among the group studies then explaining the result and giving some suggestions.

Library Instruction for Romanized Hebrew

University students, looking for records in Hebrew language in the library catalog, often face difficulties finding material due to the unfamiliarity with the Library of Congress rules for romanization. These difficulties may hinder their research results. This paper will present the findings of a study conducted at McGill University that investigated students' abilities to romanize Hebrew titles so they can consequently search these in the library catalog, and will show how library instruction can be a very successful tool for providing students with the knowledge they require in order to retrieve these titles.Objective — This study examined the impact on students who attended a library workshop on the Library of Congress (LC) rules of Hebrew romanization. Although this group of users had knowledge of the Hebrew language, most of the bibliographic records on McGill University's online catalog are romanized. A lack of understanding of the rules involved in romanizing makes the retrieval of records more difficult due to the inexactitudes of the spelling.Methods — The students enrolled in the course Advanced Hebrew at McGill University where selected for this study due to their knowledge of the Hebrew language. Students were asked to spell six Hebrew titles in romanized characters, a task that it is necessary to do in order to search for these titles in the catalog. This was followed by a presentation on the LC rules on romanizing the Hebrew language. Each student received a copy of the LC romanization table (see Appendix A) and with the table in hand and the explanation on how to apply it, students were asked to spell six different Hebrew titles.Results — There was an 81% improvement in the accuracy of spelling six new Hebrew titles once the students were familiar with the romanization rules. We can consider this gain a very successful outcome that would benefit these students in their academic endeavors.Limitations — One of the main limitations for this research was the small number of students (68.7% of the total enrolment for that course) that was present in the class on the day of the study. Another important limitation was the time allotted for this study. The students did not have time to practice the methodology for romanization. Right after the presentation of the LC rules, they were asked to answer the second questionnaire.Conclusions — Spelling mistakes when searching for romanized Hebrew titles in the catalog can be diminished through a targeted library instruction workshop. This research demonstrated that being familiar with the romanization rules is an effective tool for increasing students' abilities to spell correctly and thus retrieve Hebrew bibliographic records.

A Correction Model for Real-word Errors

Spell Checker is used to identify and correct mistakes made by users while writing text and the mistakes are generally spelling mistakes. An intelligent spelling correction system SMC is proposed to automatically correct spelling mistakes in text-editor or text documents using contextual information of the confused words. The system is capable to correct words belonging to the set of confused words fed into it if they are contextually wrong. In this technique, an algorithm to identify and correct real-word errors is proposed. One phase of algorithm uses trigram approach to correct spelling mistakes and the other phase of algorithm uses Bayesian approach to correct spelling mistakes. Brown corpus is used as a training set and a set of commonly confused words is used in this case. Selection of words in other phase of algorithm uses synonyms derived from dictionary in the scenario when words are not found in the corpus. Comparative analysis of the proposed approach with tribayes has also been performed to identify the accuracy of SMC. The results indicate that SMC gives higher accuracy for spelling mistakes identification and correction for the commonly confused words as compared to other spelling correction algorithms.

Comparative Analysis of Numerous Routing Protocols of Mobile Ad hoc Network

In this paper, we can focus on various routing protocols of mobile adhoc network which are categorized into proactive, reactive and hybrid. These can be further divided into number of protocols. Proactive protocols determine the routing path at the time up of start up and maintain the routing table while Reactive routing protocols determine routing information as and when needed. It means no prior information about routing is collected. Hybrid routing protocols are a newly generated protocols, which are having nature of both proactive and reactive protocols. The hybrid routing protocols employ both reactive and proactive properties by maintaining intra-zone information proactively and inter-zone information reactively. These various protocols are subjected to studies in contrast of time complexity and communication complexity with their compensation and limitations. It was concluded the basic possible concepts on different protocols being used in MANETs. Thus, it was tried to analyze and compare them in accordance with the protocol being used in the network. We have used parameters such packet drop ratio, throughput, latency, applicability, scalability which are used for comparative analysis between various routing protocols. This paper discusses the open research issues on routing protocol of ad hoc network. We have discussed Proactive Protocol (DSDV, WRP, GSR, FSR), Reactive Protocol (AODV, DSR, LMR, LAR) and Hybrid Protocol (ZRP, ZHLS, SLURP, DST). “Paper formatting is very poor ”“I have done various changes in the abstract but it is not sufficient, so re correct it because abstract is very important. Do not use the definition of routing protocol in the abstract, write down the name of routing protocol which shows the high performance in the respect of various parameters. ”Remove the grammatical and spelling mistakes and increase the number of references. “Do follow the IEEE format ”Reduces the number of pages, uses the main heading Abstract, Introduction, Routing protocols, challenges in routing, comparative analysis, conclusion, references. After check the pplagiarism of the paper. It should contain only 20% copy paste data from other resources.

The impact of dictation practice on Turkish as a foreign language learners writing skills

The purpose of this study is to learn about the impact of dictation practice on B1 level Turkish as a foreign language learners’ writing skills. In this study, a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with control group was used. The study was carried out with 24 B1 level students enrolled in Gaziantep University Turkish and Foreign Languages Research and Application Center (TOMER). Both experimental and control groups consisted of 12 students. The data were analyzed by using both content analysis and descriptive statistics (frequency distribution).The results of the study revealed that students in experimental group made statistically significant gains in terms of word count (25%), vowel spelling mistakes (32%) and consonant spelling mistakes (44.5%). The results of the current study indicated that dictation practices have positive impacts on the ratios of students’ perceived word counts and their phonemic perceptions. In the light of these results, some practical recommendations and suggestions to improve TFL learners’ listening and writing skills were presented. Key words: Dictation, Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language, writing skill.

Letter from the Author

190 Reviews c:\users\ken\documents\type3402\rj 3402 050 red.docx 2015-02-04 9:19 PM LETTER FROM THE AUTHOR Jyotish Ch. Basak jyotishcbasak@yahoo.co.in have come across a review of my book Bertrand Russell’s Socio-Political Ideas in Russell 30 (2010): 90–3, and available on the web at http:// dx.doi.org/10.15173/russell.v30i1.2183. The book was written keeping in mind some facts that I found widespread in various corners of my country, i.e. India. Usually what is seen, so far as I am aware, in this part of the globe, is that people know or take an interest in Bertrand Russsell’s contribution in the areas of analytic philosophy, epistemology , metaphysics, logic, etc. I have not found a significant number of persons of the mainly younger generation taking an interest in his socio-political philosophy. It is this fact that goaded me to write that book. This was stated in the very first page of the flap: “the present work is an attempt to bring various fabrics of Russell’s socio-political thought in one book.” Hence it was never claimed in the book that it was a scholarly book. The number of writings of Russell in this area was vast. Hence most of the time I tried to concentrate my attention on original sources. This was admitted on page x. About grammatical and spelling mistakes the review will definitely help me. On the point mentioned by the reviewer about the content of page 7, I would like to state that it has been clearly mentioned that “In his Autobiography Russell mentioned....” Hence I acknowledged that it was taken from his biography and the portion that was taken verbatim was given reference no. 3. The acknowledgement of Ronald Jager’s point was made on page 89. The reviewer did not find anything worthy in my book. With due respect to him I would like to state that a man of his stature may not find anything important in my venture. However, I got plenty of calls from many college teachers of my country who opined that it helped them immensely to introduce them to Russell’s contribution in this area. To my mind, it proves that I at least gave them a glimpse of Russell’s socio-political thought in miniature. In the end I would like to record I am indebted to the reviewer, Peter Stone, for reviewing my book and publishing the review in a premier journal. f= ...

Do you know English? The challenge of the English language for patent searchers

The complex and inconsistent nature of the English language presents problems for patent searchers researching the prior art. This is true for native speakers as well as for those who use it as a second language. These problems include confusion in translations; “Patentese”, the jargon used by patent attorneys; terminology, which can take time to be adopted; “faux amis”, words which you think you know as they look identical to foreign words; the oddities of English spelling; multiple meanings for the same words; words that have opposite meanings; synonyms; Americanisms as different spellings and different words; words that are both nouns and verbs; compound nouns, which are often spelt as two words; spelling mistakes; and syntax. Conclusions suggest using broad classes together with keywords; looking for synonyms; allowing for two words in compound nouns; using adjacency operators; combining sets of results; and using citation searching as an additional search, especially if little is found, or the invention is difficult to describe. A thesaurus of recommended words and spellings would be useful if adopted by those preparing abstracts.

Usability of Mobile Technology to Screen for Drug-Drug Interactions in Kidney Transplant Patients

Background and Objectives: Kidney transplant recipients are at increased risk for adverse safety events related to reduced renal function and polypharmacy. Health information technology tools have a precautionary role in improving safety in patients with kidney transplants who are at risk of drug-drug interactions. Materials and Methods: Usability testing of a drug-drug interaction inquiry system on a convenience sample of kidney transplant patients and their family members was conducted between January and April 2013 by a single interviewer. Each participant was provided with 35 tasks to complete on a cell phone with a manual keypad. The tasks were classified according to how it was completed: easily completed, noncritical error, or critical error (where a participant was unable to complete the given task without intervention by the interviewer). The final task was timed using a stop watch. Results: Out of a total of 16 volunteers, 15 completed the testing. The median time to complete the final task was 4 min (range: 2-9). In a cumulative total of 525 tasks, 33 critical errors were noted. Twelve participants had one or more critical errors. The most frequent critical errors were related to typing and spelling mistakes. Twelve out 15 participants were able to complete the final task without any critical errors. Conclusions: Understanding transplant patients' preference in technology use and adapting applications to a variety of technological portals will ensure the most effective use of targeted interventions in patient safety, particularly when applied to preventing drug-drug interactions.