Spelling Mistakes Research Articles

Analysis of the Writings of Fourth Grade Students with Low Vision in Terms of Legibility and Spelling Mistakes

This descriptive study, which aims to analyse the writings of fourth grade students with low vision in terms of legibility and spelling mistakes, is in a general survey design. The study group consisted of 32 students with low vision who were selected by criterion sampling method, one of the purposive sampling methods. In the study, Multidimensional Legibility Scale was used to evaluate the legibility of the writings of students with low vision, and Spelling Mistakes Evaluation Form developed by the researcher to determine the spelling mistakes. In the analysis of the data, Mann-Whitney U test was used together with descriptive analysis. As a result of the research, it was determined that the writings of fourth grade students with low vision were generally not legible or were legible at a moderate level. In terms of spelling mistakes, it was observed that fourth grade students with low vision made the most mistakes in “letters”, “words”, and “spelling”. “Writing the letter smaller / bigger than the relevant range” was the most frequent, and suffix (“ki”) was the least misspelled. It was determined that the legibility and spelling mistakes scores of fourth grade students with low vision did not differ according to the variables of gender, school type, and braille writing. On the other hand, a significant and negative correlation was found between spelling mistakes and legibility scores. The findings were discussed within the framework of the relevant literature, and some suggestions for future studies and applications in the field were presented.

Heuristic-Assisted BERT for Twitter Sentiment Analysis

The identification of opinions and sentiments from tweets is termed as “Twitter Sentiment Analysis (TSA)”. The major process of TSA is to determine the sentiment or polarity of the tweet and then classifying them into a negative or positive tweet. There are several methods introduced for carrying out TSA, however, it remains to be challenging due to slang words, modern accents, grammatical and spelling mistakes, and other issues that could not be solved by existing techniques. This work develops a novel customized BERT-oriented sentiment classification that encompasses two main phases: pre-processing and tokenization, and a “Customized Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)”-based classification. At first, the gathered raw tweets are pre-processed under stop-word removal, stemming and blank space removal. After pre-processing, the semantic words are obtained, from which the meaningful words (tokens) are extracted in the tokenization phase. Consequently, these extracted tokens are classified via optimized BERT, where biases and weight are tuned optimally by Particle-Assisted Circle Updating Position (PA-CUP). Moreover, the maximal sequence length of the BERT encoder is updated using standard PA-CUP. Finally, the performance analysis is carried out to substantiate the enhancement of the proposed model.

Spell corrector for Bangla language using Norvig’s algorithm and Jaro-Winkler distance

In the online world, especially in the social media platform most of us write without much regard to correct spelling and grammar. The spelling mistakes are much larger in proportion when it comes to Bangla language. In our paper, we presented a method for error detection and correction in Bangla words' spellings. Our system could detect a misspelled Bangla word and provide two following services-suggesting correct spellings for the word and correcting the word. We had used Norvig's algorithm for the purpose but instead of using probabilities of the words to prepare the suggestions and corrections, we had used Jaro-Winkler distance. The previous works done in this field for Bangla language are either very slow or offers less accuracy. Our system successfully achieved a 97% accuracy when evaluated with 1000 Bangla words.

„Zabawa w powieść” – „Wspomnienia” Barbary Czerwijowskiej

The article discusses the most important editorial problems connected with the edition of memoirs of Barbara Czerwijowska's (the sister of Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna, the granddaughter of Tomasz Zan). They were known only in fragments, which were elaborated by Józef Ratajczak and published in 1991 in the journal “W drodze”, under the title Kazimiera Iłłłakowiczówny lata dzieciństwa i młodości (Memoirs). They dealt mainly with Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna and the relationship between the sisters, and were the editor’s arbitrary choice, contradicting the intention of the author, who developed the text as a coherent and logical whole.The new edition of Memoirs assumes the publication of the entire work, in accordance with the author's intention. The typescript was prepared by the author and later revised by her. The autograph (Czerwijowska’s handwritten notes written in notebooks) is an auxiliary text with regard to several problematic or illegible fragments. When preparing the typescript, all of the author’s handwritten corrections were taken into account (mostly of an editorial nature, concerning spelling or language mistakes). A few longer notes on the margins were introduced into the main text with an appropriate annotation about their location in the typescript. A problematic issue turned out to be the longer, slightly crossed-out fragments, indicative of the author's hesitation, which – after consultation with her heirs – were included in the footnotes.In the article, a fragment of the new edition of Memoirs was presented, which comes from part 3: U pani Buynowej, describing the period in which 13-year-old Barbara was brought to the custody of Zofia Buynowa, custodian and step-mother of her sister, Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna, and moved to Stanisławów in Latvia.

Secure Multi-keyword Similarity Search Over Encrypted Data With Security Improvement

Searchable encryption (SE) is an interesting tool that enables clients to outsource their encrypted data into external cloud servers with unlimited storage and computing power and gives them the ability to search their data without decryption. The current solutions of SE support single-keyword search making them impractical in real-world scenarios. In this paper, we design and implement a multi-keyword similarity search scheme over encrypted data by using locality-sensitive hashing functions and Bloom filter. The proposed scheme can recover common spelling mistakes and enjoys enhanced security properties such as hiding the access and search patterns but with costly latency. To support similarity search, we utilize an efficient bi-gram-based method for keyword transformation. Such a method improves the search results accuracy. Our scheme employs two non-colluding servers to break the correlation between search queries and search results. Experiments using real-world data illustrate that our scheme is practically efficient, secure, and retains high accuracy.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE CAPITAL LETTERS IN THE INTRODUCTION TO THE THESIS STUDENTS OF PGSD UNIVERSITY OF RIAU

The spelling mistakes look simple, but they will affect the quality of writing and the accuracy of using spelling and are a measure of understanding one's language. Making a mistake is a natural thing, but that does not mean the rules in writing are not considered, especially in the use of capital letters in writing. This study aims to determine the use of capital letters in the thesis introduction for PGSD students at Riau University. The method in this study is a quantitative descriptive method. Of the 13 rules for using capital letters in PUEBI (General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling), researchers only took 7 rules. The overall average use of capital letters is 86.67 with a very good category.

Just Words: Intentions, Tolerance and Lexical Selection*

AbstractWe all make mistakes in pronunciation and spelling, but a common view is that there are limits beyond which a mistaken pronunciation or spelling becomes too dramatic to be recognized as of a particular word at all. These considerations have bolstered a family of accounts that invoke speaker intentions and standards for tolerance as determinants of which word, if any, an utterance tokens. I argue this is a mistake. Neither intentions nor standards of tolerance are necessary or sufficient (individually or jointly) for determining which word an utterance tokens. Instead, drawing in part on empirical research on word production, I offer an alternative account, Originalism‐plus‐Transfer (OPT), according to which word tokening depends entirely on lexical selection during word production, and on how the selected lexical item is situated within the network of causal/historical connections leading back to its neologizing. Once the elements of my account are in place, as a bonus, we will have resources for a promising answer to the question of word individuation as well.

Identifying Predatory Journals in Plastic Surgery: A Prospective Study.

Predatory journals promise high acceptance rates and quick publication in exchange for a processing fee. As these journals aim to maximize profits, they neglect traditional mechanisms used to ensure a high-quality publication. Unsolicited email invitations are a characteristic of predatory journals that often inundate the inboxes of surgeons. The objective of this study is to use these emails to identify potentially predatory journals in the area of surgery and plastic surgery. Unsolicited email requests from surgery-related journals were collected over a 3-month period. Journals were evaluated using a modified version of the Rohrich and Weinstein checklist. The average number of "predatory" criteria met by these potentially predatory journals (PPJs) was compared to that of the top open-access plastic surgery journals which were assumed to be non-predatory for the purposes of this study. In total, 437 unsolicited email requests were received. Of these, 92 emails, representing 57 PPJs, were eligible for inclusion. On average, the PPJs met 5 of the 12 "predatory" criteria, compared to less than 1 in the comparison group. Approximately 96% of these emails, or the respective websites, contained obvious spelling or grammatical mistakes; 98% of these emails came from journals not listed on Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and/or Web of Science. Of the journals that sent unsolicited emails, 98% met 2 or more criteria and were deemed to be predatory. If a journal contains grammatical mistakes and is not listed on Scopus, DOAJ, and/or Web of Science, authors should be cautious.

Exploring Grade 8 Khelobedu-speaking learners’ writing challenges in Sepedi Home Language in Mopani District, South Africa

In South Africa, Khelobedu-speaking leaners learn Sepedi as their ‘home language’ at school because Khelobedu (sometimes referred to as ‘Selobedu’) is classified as a dialect of Sotho. This article draws on the challenges that Grade 8 Khelobedu-speaking learners experience when writing in Sepedi Home Language. This article will encourage teachers to reflect on their teaching and support the learners to write better. The study aimed to investigate the Selobedu-speaking leaners’ writing experiences in Sepedi Home Language with reference to dialectical variations, exploring the strategies learners use to adapt and making recommendations to support them. A qualitative research study was conducted at two public high schools in Mopani District. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with four Sepedi teachers, learner group interviews with 30 learners from two high schools (15 per school) and 60 learner essays (30 per school). The data were analysed through content analysis and error analysis. Both the teacher interviews and learner focus group interviews revealed that the teachers used Khelobedu in the Sepedi classrooms. Moreover, teacher interviews also suggested that the learners also used Khelobedu words and pronunciation in their writing and spelt Sepedi words the way they pronounced them in Khelobedu. Further, the essays indicated that the learners struggled to write in Sepedi; they made spelling mistakes, had limited Sepedi vocabulary and struggled with conjunctive and disjunctive writing. Finally, the findings revealed that the dialectal variations between Khelobedu and Sepedi interfered with the learners’ writing instead of being additive. The learners used Khelobedu words in their writing and spelt Sepedi words the way they pronounced them in Khelobedu.

Spell corrector for Bangla language using Norvig’s Algorithm and Jaro-Winkler distance

In the Online World, especially in the social media platform most of us write without much regard to correct spelling and grammar. The spelling mistakes are much larger in proportion when it comes to Bangla language. In our paper, we presented a method for error detection and correction in Bangla words' spellings. Our system could detect a misspelled Bangla word and provide two following services- suggesting correct spellings for the word and correcting the word. We had used Norvig's Algorithm for the purpose but instead of using probabilities of the words to prepare the suggestions and corrections, we had used Jaro-Winkler distance. The previous works done in this field for Bangla language are either very slow or offers less accuracy. Our system successfully achieved a 97% accuracy when evaluated with 1000 Bangla words.

Development of Bangla Spell and Grammar Checkers: Resource Creation and Evaluation

A spell and grammar checker is profoundly essential for diverse publications especially for Bangla language in particular as it is spoken by millions of native speakers around the world. Considering the lack of research efforts, we demonstrate the development of a comprehensive Bangla spell and grammar checker with necessary resources. At first, a full-fledged and generalised Bangla monolingual corpus comprising over 100 million words has been built by scraping reputed, diversified online sources and then an extensive Bangla lexicon consisting of over 1 million unique words has been extracted from that corpus. Based on these corpus and lexicon, we have developed a combined spell and grammar checker application that simultaneously detects distinct spelling and grammatical mistakes and provides appropriate suggestions for both as well. The spell checker uses the Double Metaphone algorithm and Edit distance based on the distributed lexicons and numerical suffix dataset to detect all types of Bangla spelling mistakes with an accuracy rate of 97.21% individually. The grammar checker detects errors based on language model probability i.e. combination of bigram and trigram, and generates suggestions based on the Cosine similarity measure with the accuracy rate of 94.29% individually. The datasets and codes used in this work are freely available at https://git.io/JzJ4w .

Sarcasm Discernment on Social Media Platform

Past studies in Sarcasm Detection mostly make use of Twitter datasets collected using hashtag-based supervision but such datasets are noisy in terms of labels and language. To overcome the limitations related to noise in Twitter datasets, this News Headlines dataset for Sarcasm Detection is collected from two news website. TheOnion aims at producing sarcastic versions of current events and we collected all the headlines from News in Brief and News in Photos categories (which are sarcastic). We collect real (and non-sarcastic) news headlines from Huff Post. Sarcasm Detection on social media platform. The dataset is collected from two news websites, theonion.com and huffingtonpost.com. Since news headlines are written by professionals in a formal manner, there are no spelling mistakes and informal usage. This reduces the sparsity and also increases the chance of finding pre-trained embeddings. Furthermore, since the sole purpose of TheOnion is to publish sarcastic news, we get high-quality labels with much less noise as compared to Twitter datasets. Unlike tweets that reply to other tweets, the news headlines obtained are self-contained.

CHALLENGES OF WRITING ACADEMIC ESSAYS AND WAYS OF OVERCOMING THEM

The paper highlights major challenges in writing academic essays. The article reveals the role of essay writing in studying, communication, creating and conveying information. The work on an academic essay requires development of three types of competences – metalinguistic, communicative and discourse competence. Difficulties in writing essays emerge when learners fail to recognize essential text properties – text cohesion and coherence, informativeness and modality. Lack of a deep analysis of the subject under study, superficial conclusions and poor analytical skills result in producing a one-dimensional, linear text. Insufficiently reasoned structure elements of the text can sometimes provoke learners to provide examples contrary to the topic sentence. The main way of solving this problem is making a logical and structural scheme, – an outline, before starting to write the text. It is equally important to follow the principle of ordering information, organizing the material in a certain succession, keeping the line of reasoning throughout the text. Learners can choose a relevant way of information organization – cause and effect, chronological, spacial and thematic. The article contains examples of exercises aimed at choosing an appropriate way of representing information and exercises for developing discourse competence. Another category of difficulties embraces lexical and stylistic, grammar and spelling mistakes. These errors deal with the operational dimension of the text and their prevention requires developing necessary competencies by doing special exercises to improve the technical aspects of writing. Writing an essay implies keeping to the language norms, grammar and stylistic accuracy. Scientific and research papers are characterized by developed syntactic constructions, complex sentences with clauses of cause and result, abstract vocabulary, while colloquial words and expressions must be omitted. Academic essay is viewed as a product of analytical research work, as a multidimensional text that integrates operational, cultural and critical components. The content of the academic text depends primarily on the depth of information analysis and its critical comprehension. The profound research work triggers the generation of new ideas. Regular and stage-by-stage work on writing the academic essay promotes the development of academic literacy skills. In addition, writing essays helps to train analytical and metalinguistic skills, shapes a personality, capable of thinking critically and articulating ideas.

Types of Spelling Mistakes in Personal Documents of Russian Citizens and Migrants Applying for Russian Citizenship

The paper analyses mistakes and inconsistencies that tend to occur in the spelling of surnames, first names, and patronymics in personal documents of Russian citizens when they register for pensions and other welfare payments, as well as in the documents of migrants applying for Russian citizenship. The material for the study was retrieved from in-person enquiries received at the Department of Russian Language, General Linguistics and Speech Communication of the Ural Federal University during 2005–2021. The certificates issued by the author in response to those requests served to confirm the identity of the names of applicants and their relatives in birth certificates, passports, employment records, marriage certificates, etc. The material includes the documents drawn up on the territory of the USSR and former Soviet republics, and some in the far abroad. The paper identifies the types of mistakes and variations in the spelling of names, patronymics, and surnames in these documents and looks for the reasons to such variation. The study showed that along with spelling mistakes which are generally few (dropping / replacing a letter, adding an extra letter, word formation errors), there are much more frequent cases of variation of names, patronymics and surnames due to linguistic and sociolinguistic reasons: 1) the use of orthographic name variants, 2) the use of the literary and colloquial version of the name, 3) replacing a little-known name with a more popular one with similar pronunciation, 4) the existence of word-formation and phonetic variants including multilingual equivalents of the personal name, 5) new variants appearing in the course of rendering the name into Russian and transliteration of specific vowels and consonants of other languages, 6) changes in the graphics and spelling in the languages of the former Soviet republics and a tendency to correct the Russified forms of names, patronymics, and surnames initially recorded in Soviet times to match the updated norms.

Wolfram syndrome: new pathophysiological insights and therapeutic strategies.

Wolfram syndrome - disease mechanisms and treatment options Wolfram syndrome (WS) is an ultra-rare genetic disease that causes diabetes mellitus and progressive loss of vision from early childhood. Vision is affected in WS because of damage to a specialized type of cells in the retina, known as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which converge at the back of the eye to form the optic nerve. The optic nerve is the fast-conducting cable that transmits visual information from the eye to the vision processing centers within the brain. As RGCs are lost, the optic nerve degenerates and it becomes pale in appearance (optic atrophy). Although diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy are the main features of WS, some patients can develop more severe problems because the brain and other organs, such as the kidneys and the bladder, are also affected. The majority of patients with WS carry spelling mistakes (mutations) in the WFS1 gene, which is located on the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.1). This gene is highly expressed in the eye and in the brain, and it encodes for a protein located within a compartment of the cell known as the endoplasmic reticulum. For reasons that still remain unclear, WFS1 mutations preferentially affect RGCs, accounting for the prominent visual loss in this genetic disorder. There is currently no effective treatment to halt or slow disease progression and management remains supportive, including the provision of visual aids and occupational rehabilitation. Research into WS has been limited by its relative rarity and the inability to get access to eye and brain tissues from affected patients. However, major advances in our understanding of this disease have been made recently by making use of more accessible cells from patients, such as skin cells (fibroblasts), or animal models, such as mice and zebrafish. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which WFS1 mutations affect cells, impairing their function and eventually leading to their premature loss. The possible treatment strategies to block these pathways are also discussed, with a particular focus on drug repurposing (i.e., using drugs that are already approved for other diseases) and gene therapy (i.e., replacing or repairing the defective WFS1 gene).

Commercial Names and Logos

This paper entitles 'Commercial Names and Logos: A practical Study' addresses naming job place boards with a special focus on the overuse of foreign names; grammatical and spelling mistakes; and other legal violations. The study consists of two parts, conclusion, and the bibliography. The first part which is theoretical, throws light on the definition and the functions of commercial names; commercial logos; the relation between commercial names and logos; the history of logo; and the related legal procedures. In the practical part i.e., second part, we have specified and corrected the observed mistakes It concentrates on the ways to name business places, the related required conditions such as innovation and renovation. Then, we have suggested some regulations. The samples are taken from Sulaymanyah, Erbil, Koya and Ranya. We have explained the situation in terms of culture, and using foreign words, language policy, and the ways to choose a name, and the mistakes were explained. The researcher concluded that most of those shop boards in Kurdistan Region do not conform to the Kurdish linguistic rules. They use foreign words. There is a strong tendency to attract customers. KRG has not taken the situations seriously. The spelling mistakes are common. They need to be proofread and corrected.

Okuma Güçlüğünü Gidermede Nörolojik Etki Yönteminin Rolü

Bu araştırmada görsel, işitsel ve zihinsel herhangi bir problemi olmayan bir üçüncü sınıf öğrencisinin okuma ve okuduğunu anlama problemi, nörolojik etki yöntemi ile giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada durum çalışması desenlerinden bütüncül tek durum deseni kullanılmıştır. Seçilen öğrencinin herhangi bir görsel, işitsel ve zihinsel probleminin olmadığından emin olduktan sonra öğrencinin okuma ve anlama düzeyini belirlemek için ön test yapılmıştır. Yapılan ön test sonucunda öğrencinin endişe düzeyinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak “Hızlı Kelime Tanıma Tabloları”, “Araştırmacı Gözlem ve Notları”, “Hikâye Edici Okuma Metinleri” ve “Yanlış Analizi Envanteri” kullanılmıştır. Öğrencinin okuma sırasında heceleme hataları yaptığı, okuma hızının çok yavaş olduğu, akıcı okuyamadığı, yanlış okuduğu ve atlayıp geçtiği tespit edilmiştir. Öğrencinin okuma beceri düzeyi dikkate alınarak bireyselleştirilmiş bir okuma programı hazırlanmıştır. Program 48 saatlik bir süreyi kapsamakta olup her bir oturum bir saatlik dilimlerden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın her bir oturumu iki bölüm halinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Birinci bölümde öğrenciye okunacak metinde en sık tekrarlanan kelimelerin yer aldığı, farklı desenlerde hazırlanmış “Hızlı Kelime Tanıma Tabloları” verilerek okuma çalışması yapılmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise öğrenci ile birlikte “Nörolojik Etki Yöntemine” uygun olarak okuma çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda araştırmacı tarafından yapılan son testte öğrencinin okuma ve anlama düzeyinin endişe düzeyinden öğretim düzeyine çıktığı belirlenmiştir.

Gender and ethnic differences in publication of BMJ letters to the editor: an observational study using machine learning

ObjectivesTo analyse the relationship between first author’s gender and ethnicity (estimated from first name and surname), and chance of publication of rapid responses in the British Medical Journal (BMJ). To...

A correction method of word spelling mistake for English text

Spell correction is already a mature field, the need to combine advantages of different methods for better performance arises in non-word problem. A combined spell correction method is proposed in this paper, which contains Levenshtein distance for comparation between misspelled words and correct spelled words in dictionary, improved Double Metaphone algorithm that includes vowel phoneme rule sets aimed at Chinese English learners, and global vectors(GloVe) for character representation that can generate vectors in order to obtain better suggestion lists for misspelled words. Result shows that the combined approach proposed in this paper is better than phonetic correction or edit distance method only, and a comparison with two generally implemented spell check tools is done for experiment which shows that this approach is better than them in correcting misspelled words, and the success rates of suggestion lists for spelling mistakes hit the spot.

Errors Analysis of Spelling Among University Students of English in Jordan: An Analytical Study

This paper aims at investigating the spelling mistakes made by students of English language in The World Islamic Sciences and Education University (WISE) in Jordan. The researcher adopted Cook‘s classification of errors in this study. Students mistakes were categorized into four classifications: substitution, omission, insertion, and transposition. Fifty students were participated in the study by enrolling in the "Error Analysis" course in two semesters of the academic year 2016/2017. The data for the study were derived from three exams: the first, the second, and the final exams, given to the students during the two semesters. Then the data were analyzed after completing the course in the second semester of 2016-2017. The results of the study revealed that (38%) of the errors referred to omission and (28%) to insertion. However, the study showed that (22%) of errors referred to substitution, while only (15%) of them referred to transposition. This study showed that using vowels and pronunciation incorrectly is one of the major causes of the learners' errors. Further, the interference of the first language plays a significant role in this regard. The study concludes that more efforts and concern should be given to spelling errors made by students since the learning of spelling is an integral part of language learning. The researcher suggested some recommendations and pedagogical implications to be studied in the future.