Spelling Mistakes Research Articles

A new Greek letter from early Ptolemaic Egypt

Description and discussion of a Greek papyrus letter from 3rd-century BC Egypt. The format, the spelling mistakes, the thickness of the strokes and the ductus of the hand suggest that this Greek letter was written by a native Egyptian using an Egyptian rush pen.

Editorial

Editorial

Spelling Errors in Text Copying by Children With Dyslexia and ADHD Symptoms

Spelling errors are usually studied in dictations, but teachers report that children with school difficulties often make spelling mistakes when they copy a text too. The present study examines the performance on a text copying task and a text dictation task of two groups of children known for their difficulties in spelling, that is, 22 with symptoms of ADHD and 13 with dyslexia, comparing them with matched controls to see whether children with spelling difficulties make more copying task errors than do controls, whether they make fewer mistakes when copying than when writing under dictation, and whether the pattern of errors remains the same or differs in copy and dictation tasks. Our results show that although children with spelling difficulties made fewer errors in the copying task than under dictation, they still made phonological errors and mistakes relating to accents and duplicates. The pattern of errors differed slightly between the children with dyslexia and those with ADHD, presumably as a consequence of their different underlying weaknesses—related mainly to phonology and orthographic representation in the case of dyslexia and to attentional control in the case of ADHD.

Using concordancing and word processing for improving EFL graduate students’ proficiency in writing English

This study aims to investigate the effect of using concordances and word processors on EFL graduates’ performance in academic writing. To achieve this aim, the subjects were asked to use linguistics corpora and word processors to correct their grammatical and spelling mistakes in their written papers in a course that lasted for sixteen weeks. The sample of the study consisted of 48 MA students. Quantitative and qualitative measures were used to gain possible results of the effect of using concordances and word processors on the learners’ achievement and performance in writing. Ratio gain relations were estimated, too. To find the participants’ achievement, pre- and post-tests were used; semi-interviews and answers to a questionnaire were also analyzed to investigate their attitude toward using concordances and word processors in writing. The findings indicated that their performance improved due to the effect of using concordances; however, spelling and grammar word processor had a slighter effect on their achievement. Recommendations were included for further research.

Trigeminal neuralgia: no laughing matter

A 21-year-old right-handed man was referred to neurology in autumn 2009. He had been a university student for 1 year, with his studies progressing well until Easter 2009, when his...

Institutional Name Confusion on Citation Indexes: The Example of the Names of Turkish Hospitals

Effectiveness of academia has usually been evaluated by using the number of publications. However, indexing with natural language on citation indexes makes evaluation process problematic for author affiliation. Affiliation information mistakes made by authors or editors can cause confusion during the indexing period. Consequently, visibility of the institutions in the citation indexes may reduce, different rankings for institutions may emerge and bibliometric studies may generate inaccurate results. It is important to understand these standardization problems in citation indexes to be able to fix them. The main aim of this study is to present name confusions of author affiliations within the citation indexes by using the example of the names of Turkish Training and Research Hospitals (TRH). In order to achieve this, 198,687 publications within the Web of Science, addressed in Turkey and produced between 1928 and 2009 were evaluated. The preliminary findings show that there are 65 unique TRHs which were mentioned with several different formats in the address section of the citation indexes. All these varying affiliation information were unified as a standard format for this study. It is observed that the names of these hospitals cause the main confusion. For example, there are four different “Numune TRH”s in different cities of Turkey. In such a case, if the author does not mention the city name in the address field, confusion becomes inevitable. In addition to that, affiliation information mistakes generally appear in the form of wrong spelling, abbreviation and translation mistakes. Findings of this study would bring up aforementioned confusion and present some recommendations to solve it.

Language Learners and Generic Spell Checkers in CALL

This paper presents a study in which we examined spelling mistakes made by 34 learners of German in an online CALL exercise. We analyzed a total of 374 spelling errors that occurred in 341 words and subsequently classified them along four dimensions: (a) competence versus performance, (b) linguistic subsystem, (c) language influence, and (d) target deviation. We also evaluated the performance of a generic spell checker, one that is not specifically designed for second language learners, to determine the kinds and frequencies of errors it can successfully correct. Results indicate that 80% of the spelling errors in our study are systematic competence errors rather than accidental typographical mistakes. The study further reveals that MS Word 2003, the spell checker used in our study, fails to detect or provide a correction for 48% of the spelling mistakes made by our language learners. Our study offers explanations for the spell checker's failure to correct many of the misspellings and makes several computational and pedagogical suggestions to overcome some of the shortcomings of a generic spell checker in the CALL classroom.

Medicines reconciliation at the point of hospital discharge for children

ObjectivesHospital discharge is a transition of care, where medication discrepancies are likely to occur and potentially cause patient harm. The purpose of our study was to assess the prescribing accuracy...

Dictée notée ou dictée non notée ? Analyse des erreurs orthographiques des élèves en situation scolaire

L’exercice de dictée permet-il une bonne mise en œuvre des compétences orthographiques des élèves ? Telle est la question centrale de cette recherche. Plus précisément, nous avons évalué les effets des trois situations scolaires au cours desquelles des élèves ont été conduits à écrire un texte sous dictée : un contexte « orthographe-dictée » où l’on testera d’abord l’effet de l’annonce d’une dictée notée, et ensuite l’annonce d’une dictée non notée ; enfin un contexte non lié à l’orthographe. Pour fonder nos hypothèses de travail, nous avons ancré notre recherche sur un ensemble de travaux liés à la régulation sociale des performances scolaires. Or, contrairement à nos attentes, l’analyse des résultats révèle que les situations dont l’enjeu évaluatif est élevé conduisent les élèves à réaliser de meilleures performances orthographiques, et ce quel que soit leur niveau. Aussi une discussion tentera-t-elle de construire de nouvelles hypothèses explicatives. Les résultats obtenus semblent révéler qu’un des problèmes majeurs de l’orthographe n’est peut-être pas d’avoir des compétences mais d’être en mesure de les mettre en œuvre en situation.

The point of grammar

Primary Teacher UpdateVol. 2012, No. 5 LiteracyThe point of grammarClaire BarnabasClaire BarnabasSearch for more papers by this authorClaire BarnabasPublished Online:29 Sep 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/prtu.2012.1.5.22AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 February 2012Volume 2012Issue 5ISSN (print): 2047-8917ISSN (online): 2052-4609 Metrics History Published online 29 September 2013 Published in print 1 February 2012 Information© MA Education LimitedPDF download

Recent Advances in the Treatment of Kala-Azar: B. B. Jha (ed)

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease caused by leishmania donovani and transmitted by phlebotomus argentipes. VL is distributed worldwide and about 12 million people are estimated to be infected with about 5,00,000 new cases each year. Approximately 90% of the estimated new annual cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur in rural areas of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sudan and Brazil. In India, Bihar contributes approximately 2,00,000-2,50,000 new cases per year and 28 out of 37 districts are endemic and nearly 67.5 million people are at risk of disease. Hence, a book on recent advances on treatment of VL is of great utility for practicing pediatrician and physician. The book starts with two letters of personal communication published in Indian Pediatrics followed by published and unpublished articles regarding treatment of VL. Then the book covers in detail about epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment along with recent advances. Recent advances on cytokines therapy, interferon therapy and targeted drug delivery system are widely covered and would be of immense help for postgraduate and undergraduate students too. The information provided on VL is more of review article in detail, compiled in book form from various text books. Tables and patients details in last 20 pages are probably useless as it reflects cases seen and managed by the author. It would be better to provide more information on complications encountered during treatment with their management protocol. There are innumerable grammatical and spelling mistakes (each page), which should be taken care in forthcoming edition of this book. In my suggestion, Index must be added at the end of this book. The book is handy, informative and would be beneficial to the pediatrician and physician, who treat kala-azar regularly.

Grammatical and context‐sensitive error correction using a statistical machine translation framework

SUMMARYProducing electronic rather than paper documents has considerable benefits such as easier organizing and data management. Therefore, existence of automatic writing assistance tools such as spell and grammar checker/correctors can increase the quality of electronic texts by removing noise and correcting the erroneous sentences. Different kinds of errors in a text can be categorized into spelling, grammatical and real‐word errors. In this article, we present a language‐independent approach based on a statistical machine translation framework to develop a proofreading tool, which detects grammatical errors as well as context‐sensitive spelling mistakes (real‐word errors). A hybrid model for grammar checking is suggested by combining the mentioned approach with an existing rule‐based grammar checker. Experimental results on both English and Persian languages indicate that the proposed statistical method and the rule‐based grammar checker are complementary in detecting and correcting syntactic errors. The results of the hybrid grammar checker, applied to some English texts, show an improvement of about 24% with respect to the recall metric with almost similar value for precision. Experiments on real‐world data set show that state‐of‐the‐art results are achieved for grammar checking and context‐sensitive spell checking for Persian language. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Phonological and Spelling Mistakes among Dyslexic and Non-Dyslexic Children Learning Two Different Languages: Greek vs English

The aim of our study was to examine the phonological and spelling errors made by dyslexic and non-dyslexic children in two different languages, one (Greek, L1) much more transparent than the other (English, L2). For these purposes, our subjects (poor spellers officially diagnosed as dyslexics) composed two picture elicited narratives, one in Greek and one in English with the aid of Script Log, an online recording tool for experimental research on the process of writing. Our results showed that dyslexics generally made statistically significant (p < 0.05) more mistakes in both languages in comparison to non-dyslexics and statistically significant more phonological mistakes in English than in Greek. In addition, dyslexics made a great number of spelling mistakes in both languages, though of different nature depending on the language in which they occurred. Thus, the dyslexics in our study presented different error profiles in English and in Greek and implications are made that instruction methods should be language specific.

Important Cofactors

The article described very competently the diagnostic evaluation and therapy of dyslexia from the perspective of child and adolescent psychiatry. In order to be able to assess the child in its entire cognitive-language learning development and not only with regard to the acquisition of written language competencies, the importance of peripheral auditory disorders, peripheral visual disorders, and auditory and visual processing and perception disorders should not be forgotten. As an example, peripheral auditory disorders —especially unilateral or minimal hearing impairments—have been confirmed to affect the quality of performance at school (1), so that the relevant diagnostic evaluation of peripheral auditory ability should be included in the diagnostic evaluation of dyslexia. Furthermore, close associations between specific language impairment and dyslexia are well known, so it seems advisable in a child with dyslexia to also test the current state of their expressive and receptive language skills development, in order to be able to include any deficits in these areas into the therapeutic concept. Finally, in case of primarily perception related spelling mistakes, diagnostic evaluation of auditory processing and perception (2) may be helpful, including performance of phonological awareness, especially as training in differentiating and identifying phonemes can have a positive effect on spelling (3), whereas, according to the current state of research, merely language-free auditory training does not yield any transfer effects for reading-spelling performance (3).

Operative Orthopaedics: The Stanmore Guide

This is the latest product from the Stanmore Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH) teaching programme. The book covers a number of broad facets of operative orthopaedic surgery broken down into regions. For each section, a trainee and a consultant from the RNOH have come together to give a brief synopsis of the relevant techniques and of the typical exam questions with which they might be challenged. The green colour is at times painful and the size of the book is too big for it to be easily portable but it is still within the range that can be carried in a briefcase. The book summarises the basic principles well without going into great detail. The formatting is similar throughout. The x-rays and diagrams are very clear. It could prove to be a very useful guide for junior trainees who were starting out on their orthopaedic rotation and wished to have a quick update on the operation that they are about to see or participate in. It is a tremendous practical guide to issues such as consent and the typical risks that can challenge the young operator. There are some unfortunate spelling mistakes such as patella tendon instead of patellar tendon. Some details are lacking; there are limited data on posterior cruciate reconstruction. The information, although accurate, is at trainee rather than consultant level; this book will be very useful for the FRCS (Orth) exam but not beyond it. The text is nicely illustrated and the material is simplified appropriately. The authors have provided appropriate basic references and a useful index. The structure is uniform and sensible. This book is to be highly commended to the trainee who wants broad exposure to orthopaedics for an exam rather than practical purposes.

Pour une analyse morphologique des productions écrites d’élèves FLS

In this article we study a corpus of written work by allophonic secondary school pupils (aged 11-15), the majority of which are Turkish native speakers whose language at school is French. Although their written work in French does not conform with conventional spelling due to the fact that it is based on sound, the linguistic description of the corpus also shows that it does not comply either with phonetic spelling. Their written work both testifies to a number of skills acquired through learning and provides an explanation as to the origin of their spelling mistakes. It is our contention that the strategies of French language spelling are for the most part based on the paradigmatic dimension of the language, independently of its segmental dimension structuring its verbal or nominal units.

De l’incidence du cotexte sur les choix orthographiques en FLE: étude de cas

This article is based on a survey carried out at the ISLV (University of Liège) among students in French as a Foreign Language (FLE) with a B1-level. The given exercise consisted of writing a sequence of words out of context and then of relocating the exact same words in the text from which they were taken. By means of a keen statistical analysis of the transcriptions, we attempt to determine where the most common spelling mistakes (lexical as well as grammatical) are made for a student in FLE, thereby assessing the impact of context on spelling.

Les Deux Cousins: histoire véritable by Gabriel Sénac de Meilhan

MLR, 105.2, 2010 559 etc.) rather than integratingmore inclusive and accurate expressions such as 'hu manity, 'humankind', 'human beings', 'people', 'women and men', etc. However, these problems aside, this is an excellent study which Diderot scholars will not justwant to read but to own. Itprovides a solid platform for further research into Diderot's scientific world-view and will remain a valuable resource for years to come. Acadia University Romira Worvill Les Deux Cousins: histoire veritable. By Gabriel Senac de Meilhan. Ed. byVit torio Fortunate (Age des Lumieres, 38) Paris: Champion. 2007. 185 pp. 40. ISBN 978-2-7453-1548-9. Interest in late eighteenth-century novels is on the increase. Senac de Meilhan's Les Deux Cousins (1790) had never been reprinted. One is grateful to themodern editor for enabling us to discover a little-known facet of the author. The tale is slight. Two newborn boys are endowed with gifts by a good and a bad fairy.The story shows that it is generally better to be mediocre and active than brilliant and sensitive. The introduction is laboured and written in sometimes incorrect French. Ca sanova's Italianisms have their charm. The series editor should have suppressed Vittorio Fortunati's, which range from spelling mistakes (e.g. eretique' or 'im magination') to inexact usage of terms and grammatical improprieties. Fortunati stresses the base text's flaws: 'La seule edition imprimee [. . .]presente un nombre important de coquilles et de fautes (au moins par rapport a la longueur du texte)' (p. 39). He is casting stones fromwithin a glass house. He admits to having silently amended certain errors; one wonders why others remain (plutot' for plus tot' on page 89). There are questionable choices and it is hard to discern any coherence in the editorial principles. Senac calls the Calender's homeland Tmirette'. Fortu nati substitutes Tmeretie'. Footnotes explain standard terms such as compliment de condoleance' but offer one meaning only for 'carreau', omitting the one most present in the text (cushion), etc.Using Trevoux (rather than the 1799 Dictionnaire de VAcademie or Gattel's 1802 lexicon) to define buzzwords such as sensible' is hardly the best choice: innearly three-quarters of a century,meanings had evolved and dictionaries are conservative at best. Some aspects of the tale deserve to be contextualized: what should one make of a good king surrounded by incompetent counsellors? Is Senac, overlooked in favour ofNecker, among others, making a wider point? Is Salem's knowledge of regimental uniforms a jibe at a Versailles contemporary? More should be made of theOriental allusions. There isno comment on themain character's name, Aladin, and little is said of the influence of the Thousand and One Nights. The bibliography is incomplete, forboth Senac's own writings and critical texts. Henry Stavan's 1968 monograph on Senac ismissing (Gabriel Senac deMeilhan (1736-1803): moraliste, romancier, homme de lettres (Paris: LettresModernes)). In a short passage about Les Deux Cousins itraises important issues like the influence 560 Reviews of philosophical tales such as Zadig, the parallel double figures of the young and the older wise man, seen as two aspects of the same character, here and inVEmigre etc. On thewhole, Fortunati's edition shows that an excellent idea isnot enough to guarantee the quality of the end product. Universite de Nancy 2 Catriona Seth Jean-Louis Wagniere, secretaire de Voltaire: lettreset documents. By Christophe Paillard. (SVEC, 2008:12) Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. 2008. xiv+416 pp. ?75. ISBN 978-0-7294-0951-3. No painting gives a better impression ofVoltaire's frenetic energy than JeanHuber's Le Lever du philosophy which depicts him dictating to his secretary while pulling on his culotte and standing on one leg.Evidently, not amoment is tobe wasted. That secretary, Jean-LouisWagniere, sits attentively plume inhand, ready towrite down his master's words while the latter is struggling with his clothes. The picture ad mirably illustrates, alongside Voltaire's self-absorbed mental state, the exceptional devotion of this his greatest amanuensis, who has leftan account of how Voltaire would call on him at any hour of the day or night: Voltaire's 'Dictionnaire vivant', as theGenevan Francois Tronchin described him. Thus he has become known as Te...

Poprawne tłumaczenia z błędami. O tłumaczeniu błędów językowych użytych jako zabieg literacki

The paper presents the results of the analysis of some theoretical and practical issues related to errors in translations, especially those used as a literary device. The first part shows two classifications of errors in translations, by Hejwowski and Nord. The author of the paper adds another, more general classification, that focuses on the difference between the errors introduced in texts by the authors or translators intentionally or unintentionally. The second part presents 10 types of errors used by Daniel Keyes in his novel Flowers for Algernon . The story is written as a diary of a mentally retarded man who makes a lot of mistakes: spelling, punctuation, grammatical, lexical, syntactic and stylistic. The types and the frequency of errors in the original are compared to the types and the frequency of errors in the French and Polish translation. It shows that in different language systems the translators could not or decided not to copy the model of the hero’s faulty writing. Only one type of errors is impossible to introduce in the Polish version, i.e., the omission of the apostrophe. All the remaining errors are present in both versions but their frequency may be different. The French translation intensifies spelling mistakes, uses fewer lexical errors and its grammatical errors are due to the spelling of unpronounced flexions. The Polish text contains more lexical, grammatical, especially fexional, and syntactic errors. It also introduces one type of error, inexistent in the original, which is typical of the Polish language system, namely, the transcription of denasalisation and devoicing. The translators had to adapt the types of errors and their frequency to create a model of faulty writing that would be seen as natural by the French and Polish readers.

A Web Replication of Snyder, Decker, and Bersheid's (1977) Experiment on the Self-Fulfilling Nature of Social Stereotypes

Authors instructed two groups of male participants to respond to a web personal advertisement that had a photograph of either an attractive or unattractive woman. In the physically attractiveness condition, it was found that the message was longer and contained few spelling and grammatical mistakes than in the condition where the male's participant believe that the personal advertisement came from an unattractive woman. Two undergradutates females who were unaware of the experimental conditions judged that they had more probability to respond to the male's message in the physically attractiveness condition.