Speed Of Light Research Articles

Relativistic analysis of the Michelson-Gale experimental result.

The result of the Michelson-Gale experiment, which shows fringe shifts by the interference between two light beams traversing a rectangular loop in opposite directions, has been nonrelativistically analyzed based on the Galilean transformation. We relativistically analyze it via the transformation under the constant light speed (TCL) and via the framework of Mansouri and Sexl (MS). The TCL provides a coordinate transformation between the isotropic frame and a rotating frame, in which the two-way speed of light is a constant c irrespective of direction on the surface that has the same radius of rotation. When using TCL, we assume that the Solar System is isotropic so that the one-way speed of light is c in it. On the contrary, considering its movement, the analysis is carried out without the assumption of isotropy based on the MS framework. The analysis results via the TCL and via the MS framework correspond to each other and are in agreement with the result of the experiment. It is shown that the difference between the travel times of the counter-propagating light beams, which results in the fringe shift, takes place due to the two factors, the anisotropy of the one-way speed of light in inertial frames and the different rotation radii at different latitudes on the Earth surface.

Interaksi Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kecelakaan di Jalan Tol dengan Kesenjangan Kecepatan sebagai Pemicu Kejadian Tabrak dari Belakang pada Malam Hari di Jalan Tol Cipali

Traffic accidents due to rear-end collisions are the highest contributor to the death rate in traffic accidents that occur on toll roads. It is suspected that vehicle, environmental, weather and driver factors as well as high speed gaps contribute to the occurrence of accidents. This study aims to determine the relationship between vehicle, environmental, weather and driver factors with the occurrence of speed gaps through observations of rear light brightness levels, vehicle visibility and speed. This study uses a descriptive observational method. The sample is a vehicle that passes through the Cipali Toll Road KM 188-108 towards Jakarta, on Sunday, January 29, 2024 at 19.30-21.00 WIB. The observer vehicle speed is 80-100 km/hour. The brightness level is measured using a luxmeter. The results of the study obtained dark weather, no rain, some toll roads did not have street lights, there were 316 minibus, bus and truck vehicles that passed or passed the researcher's route. A total of 240 vehicles (75%) of the minibus type had appropriate rear light brightness, visibility and speed. As many as 56 vehicles (23%) of the truck type had low rear light brightness, poor visibility, and speeds below regulations, resulting in a high speed gap which has a high potential to cause rear-end collisions.

Topological broadband invisibility

AbstractWhen an electromagnetic wave is incident onto an object, the scattering from the object leads to its exposure. An invisibility cloak can bend the electromagnetic wave around the object with phase velocities exceeding the light speed in free space, which seems only possible over a narrow bandwidth, as manifested in the existing approaches, such as transformation optics and scattering cancellation. Here, it is experimentally demonstrated that this bandwidth limitation can be overcome by strategically positioning objects at topological nodes, characterized by minimal electromagnetic field amplitudes and indeterminate phases. This is accomplished using all‐dielectric photonic crystal slabs, which are engineered to exhibit a pair of topological nodes at fixed planes across an extensive bandwidth. This bandwidth expansion is facilitated not by resonance, but by the enforcement of mirror and time‐reversal symmetry. These findings thus introduce a novel topological paradigm for the broadband invisibility devices.

Transferring Data Using a Visible Light

This project aims to demonstrate the availability and usability of a basic Li-Fi system that can be manufactured and utilised in daily life starting with the fundamental tools. We present a novel method of data transfer that combines sustainable energy harvesting with high-speed communication (using Li-Fi technology). This makes it suitable for a range of applications, such as secure data communication, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and wireless sensor networks. A light communication system called Li-Fi uses modulating circuits and regular LED bulbs. We shall explain in this how light from an LED diode is utilised as a transmission medium for this purpose. Compared to Wi-Fi, it transfers data more quickly. In the experimental setup, modulated light signals are emitted by LEDs and detected by solar cells that have photodetectors installed. To recover the transmitted data, the receiving signal must be decoded. Light from the source is directed through a plane convex lens to minimise losses at the lowest levels. If the light source is precisely at the focal point, the light rays on the exit will extend nearly parallel and strike the solar cell with the least amount of loss. It also emphasises how this technology will be used in the future. Additionally, it showcases the technology that will enable data transfer at the speed of light in the future and make efficient use of the light spectrum to connect gadgets to the internet. ex. Organization v2v(vehicle-to-vehicle), Smart mirror, Indoor navigation in building and landscapes, Hospital and health care...etc.,

Space Viscosity and Fundamental Constants

Fundamental constants in physics, such as the speed of light and the gravitational constant, are usually considered to be constant over time and space. This means that their value does not change with the expansion of the universe. Constants determine all the properties and behaviors of the cosmos, and any change in them would lead to the formation of a universe with new physical characteristics. The constants of physics in an expanding universe have always been a research challenge. In this context, some models suggest these constants may vary over time due to changes in the conditions of the cosmos; however, these theories have not yet been widely accepted by the scientific community. Fundamental forces in the universe are interactions that govern the behavior of matter and energy at the most elementary level. For example, the gravitational field, which follows the universal constant of gravity, clearly demonstrates its effect on large cosmic structures. According to the theory of general relativity, gravity is the result of distortions in space-time created by mass and energy. Moreover, gravity interacts with a specific type of matter in the universe known as dark matter. In fact, from the perspective of cosmologists, it is believed that this type of matter consists of hypothetical fundamental particles that do not emit electromagnetic radiation, such as light, and can be detected through their gravitational effects on visible matter and the large-scale structure of the universe. In conventional cosmology, dark energy can also be considered as a cosmological constant, is fundamentally a characteristic of space itself, which possesses a constant negative pressure and, contrary to gravity, causes the universe to expand at an accelerating rate. Dark energy is a dynamic quantity that can vary over time and space. However, T-Consciousness Cosmology posits that space has viscosity, and does not consider it constant. In other words, this viewpoint sees gravity as a result of the contraction of space (space viscosity) caused by the mass of light matter (ordinary matter). Additionally, this perspective introduces different types of dark matter (solid-like, liquid-like, gas-like), stating that dark matter is representative of high levels of space viscosity that envelopes massive objects or galaxies. Consequently, dark matter corresponds to high space viscosity and dark energy to low space viscosity. Moreover, both dark matter and dark energy not only possess gravitational properties but also act as the glue that holds massive cosmic objects and structures together. Due to the positive pressure it exerts within the isolated spherical cosmos, dark energy is recognized as one of the factors that drive cosmic expansion, effectively counteracting gravity. T-Consciousness Cosmology introduces a viscosity coefficient of space, ranging from infinity in the Cosmic Black Hole to zero at the Terminal Edge of the Cosmos (the final stage of space Rebound). Furthermore, this perspective argues that the speed of light varies in different viscosities of space, such that in areas of high viscosity, light's frequency increases and its wavelength decreases, slowing down the speed of light, and the opposite occurs in areas of low viscosity. Consequently, the speed of light is not constant throughout the cosmos due to the variability of space viscosity. The speed of light increases significantly higher than its currently calculated speed as the cosmos approaches its final stage of Rebound. It is important to note that while the notion of variable light speed is present in mainstream science, the approach taken by T-Consciousness Cosmology is distinctively different from these theories.

Space, Gravity-Time

Space and time, from Newton's point of view, were considered as two separate and absolute concepts, and gravity was also defined as a force that varies according to the mass of two objects and their distance from each other. However, Hermann Minkowski, using Einstein's theory of relativity, offered a geometric interpretation of special relativity, integrating time and the three dimensions of space into a unified four-dimensional model now known as Minkowski space. In the theory of general relativity, gravity is also defined as a geometric function and a consequence of the curvature of space-time, which itself arises from the uneven distribution of mass and energy. One of the key outcomes of the theory of general relativity is that the motion of celestial bodies orbiting around other bodies in curved paths is not driven by a force known as gravity. Instead, bodies are actually following the closest objects to them through curved space-time, a bending that gravity is a result of. This movement happens along the shortest path, known as a geodesic. In contrast to Newton's view, the theory of relativity has shown that the speed at which gravity acts is limited to the speed of light. Modern physics proposes that this transmission of gravity might be carried out by hypothetical particles called gravitons. Another prediction of this theory is the concept of a gravitational potential well, which explains why the frequency of light increases or decreases as it falls into or escapes from this well, due to the curvature of space-time caused by a massive object. Time dilation near a massive object is also a phenomenon that occurs due to the strong gravitational field of that object. In this regard, Einstein's theory of special relativity explains how the laws of physics are the same for all observers moving at the same velocity and how the speed of light is constant in a vacuum. One of the consequences of this theory is that mass and energy are considered equivalent and interchangeable according to the famous E=mc2 equation. However, in the theories of T-Consciousness Cosmology, space is conceptualized independently and as a principle, in the form of a mesh, and time is described as an entropic force that acts opposite to gravity to break down objects that cause space to contract. In other words, the entropic force of time is introduced as a force that arises from mass to release space from stress, not as a fourth dimension perpendicular to the dimensions of space. Furthermore, this perspective considers varying viscosities for the space surrounding celestial objects. It introduces gravity as a force that is equivalent to the viscosity of space, rather than as a consequence of curved geometry, as typically presented in relativity. Gravity functions in accordance with the structure of space mesh. Consequently, phenomena such as gravitational redshift or blueshift are interpreted as outcomes of the viscosity of space. This perspective states that as light enters black holes, the mass-energy equivalence principle is violated because of the energetic resonance of the wave during its gravitational blackshift; implying that black holes are matter production factories. Furthermore, the mass-energy equivalence principle and the law of conservation of matter and energy do not hold true in the Cosmic Black Hole, which is the beginning of the cosmos, or after the final stage of space Rebound.

The Shell of the Cosmos

The Big Bang theory, widely accepted by cosmologists, explains the origin, expansion, and eventual fate of the universe. It was further developed by inflation theory, which solves issues like the horizon and flatness problems. This theory states that the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), a remnant of the Big Bang, permeates the entire universe. Cosmologists believe these photons were emitted during the recombination epoch, approximately 380,000 years after the Big Bang when the cosmos had a temperature of around 3,000 Kelvin. Additionally, the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model addresses questions arising from observations of the cosmos, such as the existence of light elements like hydrogen, helium, lithium, and the anisotropy in the CMB, and eventually, the continuous expansion of space. In this model, dark energy, represented as the cosmological constant lambda (Λ), exerts negative pressure on empty space, counteracting the effects of gravity with a repulsive force. While the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SMPP) posits that the universe's matter originated from fundamental particles (quarks and leptons), it cannot explain the origin of these particles and how they came into existence, because general relativity and the SMPP cannot be integrated to explain matter production at the singularity point. T-Consciousness Cosmology introduces the ‘Spherical Cosmos Model’ (SCM) to answer questions about the cause of the explosion, expansion, and shape of the universe, the nature of ordinary matter and energy, dark matter and energy, the fate of the universe, the reason for the high density of objects in the depths of space, etc. In this model, the spherical cosmos has a shell called the ‘Shell of the Cosmos,’ made of Taheri Absolute Matter (TAM) that not only isolates it but also produces dark matter and dark energy, ordinary matter and ordinary energy, and finally space mesh from the inner surface to the inside of the cosmos since the birth of the universe. The Shell of this isolated sphere is currently expanding at a speed faster than the speed of light. In this perspective, dark matter and energy are the same space mesh that have been compressed to varying degrees. Dark energy, which is constantly being released from the Shell into the cosmos, unlike the standard model of cosmology, is one of the factors in the expansion of the isolated cosmos by creating positive pressure in it. Also in this model, the recombination epoch will always be located spherically at a certain distance from the Shell until the ultimate stage of Rebound. In other words, not only is the origin of the CMB not related to the past of the cosmos, but it also exists now, and given the vastness of the sphere and the position of the Earth within this sphere, we detect it in the microwave wavelength with a delay of several billion years. Therefore, the observed distant galaxies that have been attributed to the early epochs of the cosmos in the Big Bang model are currently being created by the Shell according to the Spherical Cosmos Model, and we are surrounded by particles and objects that are constantly being produced.

The Dynamical Equations of the Restricted Three-Body Problem with Poynting-Robertson Drag Force and Variable Masses

The restricted three-body problem (R3BP) is a formulation which defines the motion of a passively gravitating test particle having infinitesimal mass and moving in the gravitational environment of two bodies, called primaries. The R3BP is still an exciting and active research field that has been getting attention of scientists and astronomers because of its applications in dynamics of the solar and stellar systems, lunar theory, and artificial satellites. The equations of motion are usually the starting point in the investigations of the dynamical predictions of the infinitesimal mass. Therefore, in this paper, we examine the derivations of the dynamical equations of the R3BP with Poynting-Robertson (P-R) Drag force and variable masses. In this model formulation, both primaries are assumed to vary their masses under the combined Mestschersky law (CML) and they move in the frame of the GyldenMestschersky equation (GME). Further, the bigger primary is assumed to be emitting radiation force, which is a component of the radiation pressure and the P-R drag. The non- autonomous dynamical equations of the model are derived and converted into the autonomized equations with constant coefficients using the Mestschersky transformation (MT), the CML, the particular solutions of the GMP, and a transformation for the time dependent velocity of light. We observed that the P-R drag of the bigger primary depends on the mass parameter, radiation pressure, velocity of light and the mass variation constant . The derived systems of equations with variable and constant coefficients can be used to model the long-term motion of satellites and planets in binary systems.

Characterisation of optical waveguides for photonic integrated circuits

Fast signal processing at the speed of light is the main advantage of photonic integrated circuits. Therefore, these circuits have good prospects for the implementation of mathematical calculations, including matrix to vector multiplication. The purpose of the research was to create and investigate a technique for automatic measurement of brightness distribution along optical waveguides of analogue photonic integrated circuits. Empirical methods (observation, measurement, comparison, experiment) and a complex method (analysis and synthesis) have been used during the research. The proposed technique uses a digital camera that captures images of optical waveguide illuminated by light emitting diodes and image processing software to calculate brightness distribution. This technique determines the best approximation of this distribution, calculates parameters of brightness non-uniformity and losses of optical radiation. Measurements of a set of optical waveguides help to identify the best candidates for photonic integrated circuits. It has been found that optical waveguides with grinded surfaces acting as diffusive scattering have good combination of smooth brightness distribution and small losses of optical radiation. Due to multiple diffuse reflection and scattering within waveguide material, these waveguides are promising candidates for analogue photonic integrated circuits. All other waveguides with non-processed surface, with grooves or grinded with a large grain have sufficient losses of optical radiation. These losses are usually caused by the exit of optical radiation from waveguide surface. The obtained results are necessary for accurate design of circuits that takes into account scattering and losses in optical waveguides. The proposed technique can be applied in automatic technological process of manufacturing a fast and economical photonic matrix to vector multiplication, which does not require expensive electron-beam, optical or laser lithographic equipment

Clusters of Compact Intracloud Discharges (CIDs) in Overshooting Convective Surges

AbstractWe observed five clusters of upper‐level compact intracloud discharges (CIDs) moving positive charge up over land and over water in Florida. The clusters each contained 3 to 6 CIDs, and the overall cluster duration ranged from 27 to 58 s. On average, the CIDs in a given cluster occurred 11 s apart and were separated by a 3D distance of about 1.5 km. All the clustered CIDs were located above the tropopause and were likely associated with convective surges that penetrated the stratosphere. The average periodicity of CID occurrence within a cluster (every 11 s) was comparable to the periodicity at which the average cluster area is expected to be bombarded by ≥1016 eV cosmic‐ray particles (every 5 s). Each of such energetic particles gives rise to a cosmic ray shower (CRS) and, in the presence of sufficiently strong electric field over a sufficiently large distance, to a relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA). We infer that each of our upper‐level CIDs is likely to be caused by a CRS‐RREA traversing, at nearly the speed of light, the electrified overshooting convective surge and triggering, within a few microseconds, a multitude of streamer flashes along its path, over a distance of the order of hundreds of meters (as per the mechanism recently proposed for lightning initiation by Kostinskiy et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033191). The upper‐level CID clustering was likely made possible by the recurring action of energetic cosmic rays and the rapid recovery of the negative screening charge layer at stratospheric altitudes.

Carrollian Fluids and Spontaneous Breaking of Boost Symmetry.

In the hydrodynamic regime, field theories typically have their boost symmetry spontaneously broken due to the presence of a thermal rest frame although the associated Goldstone field does not acquire independent dynamics. We show that this is not the case for Carrollian field theories where the boost Goldstone field plays a central role. This allows us to give a first-principles derivation of the equilibrium currents and dissipative effects of Carrollian fluids. We also demonstrate that the limit of vanishing speed of light of relativistic fluids is a special case of this class of Carrollian fluids. Our results shine light on the thermodynamic properties and thermal partition functions of Carrollian field theories.

On the jerk and snap in motion along non‐lightlike curves in Minkowski 3‐space

In this paper, we study the jerk vector that is the rate of change of the acceleration vector over time. In three‐dimensional space, the decomposition of the jerk vector is a new concept in the field. This decomposition expresses the jerk vector as the sum of three unique components in specific directions: the tangential direction, the radial direction in the osculating plane, and the radial direction in the rectifying plane. The snap vector is the rate of change of the jerk vector over time. In this paper, the authors examine non‐relativistic particles moving along non‐lightlike Frenet curves at low speeds compared to the speed of light in Minkowski 3‐space. They resolve the jerk and snap vectors using Frenet–Serret frames. Additionally, the cases for motion along non‐lightlike Frenet planar curves in the Minkowski 3‐space are given as corollaries. To help understand these results, the paper provides some illustrative examples

Optimal strategies for the exploration of near-by stars

In the past decade, the discovery of exoplanets has sparked new interests in the idea of interstellar travel and exploration. Despite various proposals for probe concepts and relevant technologies, there is a lack of extensive literature on viable exploration strategies for journeys beyond a single star system. Such exploration strategies might not only have implications on technology development strategies for achieving interstellar exploration but could also enrich existing models for galactic exploration feeding into solutions of the Fermi Paradox. This article presents optimal strategies for the exploration of a large number of near-by stars, using a dedicated, novel methodology, which sets it apart from existing literature: For the first time, the mission design problem of interstellar exploration is redefined as a bi-objective multi-vehicle open routing problem with profits. It is tackled by an adapted hybrid multi-objective genetic algorithm, which is further improved and modified according to the problem characteristics (e.g. large search space). The overall mission model assumes probes traveling on straight trajectories, utilizing flybys, and maintaining an average velocity of 10% of the speed of light. Surpassing prior research that typically relies on statistical models or restricted star data, the star models are founded on the second Gaia data release (Gaia DR2), which represents the most extensive star catalogue to the date of this study and is employed for the first time in the context of interstellar exploration. The resulting star model contains a maximum of 10,000 stars within a spherical region around Sol, covering a distance of 110 light years.It is found, that the number of explored stars J1 scales with mission duration J2 and probe number m according to J1∼J2m0.66, which provides an initial guidance for future interstellar mission design. Furthermore, the routes and selection of stars vary depending on the number of probes used: When conducting missions with a large number of probes, stars in close proximity to the Solar System are given more focus. On the other hand, missions with a small number of probes include more distant stars to facilitate shorter transfers along the route. Based on these findings, the following recommendations for interstellar exploration strategies can be drawn: When energy resources such as fuel reserves are scarce and the exploration mission is not limited to nearby stars, low probe numbers are more efficient. In contrast, high probe numbers enable faster exploration of nearby stars but involve less resource-efficient transfers, making them a suitable option for small, remotely propelled probe concepts. To address crowding effects in high probe number missions, swarm-based probe concepts are recommended based on the scaling law characteristics derived.

ЖИТТЯ ГАЛАКТИК У СПОСТЕРЕЖУВАНОМУ ВСЕСВІТІ. ЧАСТИНА 2

The exchange of hydrogen between galaxies and the galactic structures that ensure this process are considered. This exchange between the main objects of the Universe was given in the first part of the article, but it was not considered there as another and important process of the galactic cycle. However, the largest structures in the observable Universe are associated with the exchange of the lightest gas. This circumstance allows us to rightfully distinguish it as the next process of the galactic cycle. In the second process, determined by the phase of the quasar in the galactic core, stellar waste is disposed of. Weak quasar jets eject the results of recycling either into the halo of their own galaxy or into its immediate vicinity. From these emissions, stars are formed directly in the galaxy, or near it. As a rule, these are stars from the galaxy's own matter. High-speed jets contain particles at their bases that move at speeds faster than the speed of light. This allows jets to eject matter far beyond the boundaries of the parent galaxy. The matter of such a jet leaves the galaxy forever. Quasars turn on periodically and relatively rarely change the direction of their emissions. Therefore, they often send streams of matter in one direction. Observable intergalactic filaments are formed from energetic flows. Given that clusters contain many galaxies and each of them goes through quasar stages, several filaments may emerge from the cluster. Therefore, filaments begin and end on galaxies, or their clusters. Outgoing filaments, if they are located nearby and equally directed, can unite with each other, forming large filaments. The question of the forces contributing to the unification of almost parallel jets remains open. The filaments contain hot hydrogen, some dust, “metals,” stars and galaxies. Hydrogen in filaments is expected with a minimal percentage of “metals”. In the filaments, stars and galaxies can form from the available gas. This often happens where the threads intersect with each other. Filaments from other sources fall into the gravitational field of a galaxy, or cluster of galaxies. By delivering the necessary building material, filaments introduce new stellar life into the basic elements of the Universe. Therefore, filaments are channels that provide life to galaxies. This process of hydrogen exchange between galaxies is the fourth galactic process. He refines the model of galaxy life in the observable Universe, which is presented in the first part of the article

EXPLANATION OF NULL RESULTS OF MICHELSON AND MORLEY EXPERIMENT BY CLASSICAL MECHANICS PART II

Interferometry is the branch of optics in which experiments are conducted on wave nature of light. The light waves are superimposed to generate interference fringes and measurements are made. In these experiments where diffraction and interference are observed, the wavefront of light plays a very important role. While interpreting the results of these experiments the role of wavefront is completely ignored resulting into wrong predictions. In such an experiment conducted by Michelson and Morley to measure the velocity of earth in space the role of wavefront was ignored. It has been established by the results of Fizeau experiment and other similar experiments that speed of light is constant and it is not effected by the motion of source of light and motion of medium in which it propagates. Which later on become the second postulate of special theory of relativity. In the present article null results of Michelson and Morley experiment is discussed in a very different way keeping in view constancy of speed of light, wavefront of light and Huygen's principle according to classical mechanics.

Navigating Abnormal Environmental Conditions: Traffic Signal and Obstacle Detection for Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous cars are the future smart cars anticipated to be efficient and crash avoiding ideal urban car of the future. The purpose of the project is to build up a car which can move with and without any driver. It just need a command from the user and then it will start moving towards the destination. The project aims to build a autonomous car prototype using Raspberry Pi processor. Sensor interfacing is used to provide necessary data from the real world to the car. The car is capable of reaching the given destination safely and intelligently thus avoiding the risk of human errors. Many existing algorithms like traffic light detection, obstacle detection and speed control are combined together to provide the necessary control to the car. The technology that autonomous cars and “connected vehicles” use would allow the vehicles to communicate with roadside infrastructure like traffic lights and road congestion, and then use this information to curtail fuel consumption and emissions significantly.

Speed and Aberration of Light and Redshift

Speed and Aberration of Light and Redshift

Sayed`s Theory of Dark Energy and Dark Matter Forces Nature

Allah (God) is the Creator of the wonderful accelerated expansion of universe. The nature of Dark energy (DE) and matter (DM) is enigmatic mystery of the modern astrophysics. This article is a theory establishes the nature and laws of DE and DM forces. They are among the forces controlling the universe harmony and homogeneity. The derived equations were based on the published Sayed quantum gravity force formula. The Sayed`s Dark energy force (SDEF) formulas indicate that they are function in quantum gravity force (FQG), energy density(ρ), cosmological (Ʌ), Hubble (H), and Planck (h) constants. The formulas were verified and validated. For Planck and cosmos scales, the Dark energy force, energy density, and Ʌ were calculated and found to be 2.538x1084 N, 10-26 Kg/m3, and 10-52 m-2 respectively. These values are in high concordance with the declared values. The results obtained show that the DE force represents more than ¾ of the universe forces as the observations. The disputed Hubble constant was also calculated and found to be in the range; ~2.2 x10-18 s-1. It can also be stated and emphasized that the light speed violation (E≠mc2) is a must to solve the DE nature and many other universe mysteries.

Reevaluating Cosmic Origins: A Critical Analysis of Relic Radiation and Cosmometric Assumptions in Big Bang Cosmology

This article presents a critical examination of two key aspects of Big Bang cosmology: the nature and observability of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation and geometric inconsistencies or “cosmometric contradictions” within established approaches to cosmology. By dissecting the conventional interpretation of the CMB as relic radiation from a primordial fireball, we uncover that the standard model’s reliance on a spatially homogeneous fluid to represent radiation and matter underestimates the propagation of radiation and leads to the conclusion that the observability of the CMB contradicts its purported origins. Treating free radiation as if it expanded with the universe while disregarding that it escapes from its source at the speed of light is termed here as the “relic radiation blunder”. Furthermore, we delve into the cosmometric contradiction, highlighting how the calculated distances in standard cosmology imply a universe that exceeds the spatial limitations of its own foundational premise. This makes it evident that standard cosmology is not a unitary theory but involves models with conflicting spatial extensions. The analysis suggests a need for a revised understanding of redshift phenomena and cosmic expansion. It advocates for a reassessment of the underpinnings of cosmology, urging the scientific community to consider alternative frameworks that reconcile these critical inconsistencies. This work challenges the inviolable core of established cosmological theory, calling for a paradigm shift to foster foundational advances in our understanding of the universe.

Potentials and fields of a charge set suddenly from rest into uniform motion

The fact that electromagnetic effects propagate at the speed of light suggests how the Lorenz-gauge scalar and vector potentials of a uniformly moving point charge must be modified when the charge was initially at rest and then set suddenly into uniform motion. The modified potentials are shown to satisfy the requisite inhomogeneous wave equations. The gauge function of the transformation of these potentials to the Coulomb gauge is calculated in closed form. It is validated by confirming that the Coulomb-gauge vector potential that is calculated using it yields together with the Coulomb-gauge scalar potential the same electric and magnetic fields as those calculated with the Lorenz-gauge potentials.