Entry Speed Research Articles

New chording text entry methods combining physical and virtual buttons on a mobile phone

Traditional mobile phones depend on MultiTap, virtual or physical QWERTY keyboard for text entry, and they had some respective drawbacks include low input performance, occupying too large an area, high error rates, lack of feedbacks, etc. Therefore, some researches utilized the characteristics of the chording keyboard to improve input performance. Yet, as the learning efficiency of the chording keyboard is too low, users are not highly willing to learn. In view of that, this study combines the physical and virtual keys, and develops two chording input methods, MagArea and MemoryTap. After three days of learning, the fourteen experiment participants show effectively reduce error rates on MagArea, and they enhance their input speed on MemoryTap. In addition, excellent learning efficiency is found in the two methods, will be more motivated and willing to employ.

Profitability and Speed of Foreign Market Entry

This research explores the relationship between firm profitability and actual speed of foreign market entry. Results suggest that profitability has an inverted U-shaped relationship with actual speed of foreign market entry, in the context of large US corporate law firms entering China. This result supports the idea that firms with both the need and resources to expand into foreign markets rapidly will do so, while laggards will lack either the resources or need to enter markets. Results also suggest that previously established offices in culturally similar markets, larger firm size, firm infancy, and prior international experience hasten market entry. Alternatively, limited organizational slack and concentrated practices delay market entry. Unexpectedly, prior entry of competitors appears to represent a deterrent to rapid entry. Additionally, while regulatory reforms on foreign law firms in China allowed for wider geographic access, they also increased operating restrictions, slowing entry speeds. Finally, results suggest that intense home-market competitive intensity may divert or decrease resource commitments to rapid foreign expansion.

Rigid-Body Water–Surface Impact Dynamics: Experiment and Semianalytical Approximation

An experimental study of the dynamics of a generic rigid body during water impact and an equivalent-radius approximate analytical procedure is developed and calibrated in this study. The experimental tests in a wave basin covered a range of drop heights using a 1/6th-scale model of a practical water-landing object prototype for two drop mechanisms to determine the water impact and contact effects. The first mechanism involved a rope and pulley arrangement, while the second mechanism employed an electromagnetic release to drop the rigid body. Hydrodynamic parameters including peak acceleration and touchdown pressure were measured and the maximum impact/contact force was estimated for various entry speeds (corresponding to various drop heights) and weights of the rigid body. Results from the tests show that the impact acceleration and touchdown pressure increases approximately linearly with increasing drop height and the data provides conditions that keep impact accelerations under specified limits for the rigid-body prototype. The experimentally measured maximum accelerations were compared with classical von Karman and Wagner approximate closed-form solutions. In this study, an improved approximate solution procedure using an equivalent radius concept integrating experimental results with the von Karman and Wagner closed-form solutions is proposed and developed in detail. The resulting semianalytical estimates are calibrated against experimental results and found to provide close matching.

Towards an Understanding of the Fall Circumstances of the Hoba Meteorite

Using the observed attributes of the Hoba meteorite, that it is a single mass which survived impact intact, we investigate the possible conditions leading to its fall. Specifically, we asses the scenario in which the Hoba progenitor is envisioned as encountering Earth’s atmosphere at a shallow angle of entry, with a low velocity and stabilized profile to the oncoming airflow. In order to physically survive impact we find, via the planar impact approximation, that the Hoba meteorite must have landed with a speed smaller than a few hundred meters per second. We find that the envisioned model can satisfy, in its extreme limit of low entry speed, maximum area profile and near horizontal entry angle the required landing conditions. We deduce that the progenitor mass for the Hoba meteorite was likely of order 5 × 105 kg, and that a simple impact crater, now eroded, having a diameter of some 20 m and a depth of about 5 m was produced upon impact. We estimate that the typical arrival time interval for such massive, Hoba-like meteorite falls is of order 5 × 106 years.

매개변수에 따른 커브 길에서 차량 선회특성에 관한 연구

Abstract Entry speed of the vehicle and lateral acceleration acting on the vehicle, roll-angle associated with the overthrow, and then the structure of the road, the friction of road surface are important factors in turning on the curved road. In this study, we analyzed the state change of the vehicle causing entry speed of the vehicle and superelevation of the road, the friction coefficient by using a PC-crash Program for traffic accident reconstruction. As a result, when vehicle is turning the curved road, we could ascertain that the structure of the road and state of the road surface are a major factor about the set up of limited speed. Key Words : Entry Speed, Lateral Acceleration, Roll-Angle, Friction Coefficient, Superelevation * 정회원, 가천대학교 기계· 자동차공학과 ** 정회원, 가천대학교 기계· 자동차공학과접수일자 2012년 8월 20일, 수정완료 2013년 2월 2일게재확정일자 2013년 4월 12일Received: 20 August 2012 / Revised: 2 February 2013 /Accepted: 12 April 2013 ** Corresponding Author: jkyoon@gachon.ac.krDept. of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Gachon University, Korea

사전·사후 비교분석을 통한 회전교차로 도입 효과분석

PURPOSES: Though the situation that the roundabouts are actively constructed, researches on the effect of the roundabouts focus mainly on the analysis of the expected effects of using only traffic simulation on the operation. Considering such problems, this study is conducted to analyze the effects of the various aspects based on field observation studies. METHODS: This study evaluated and analyzed the effects from the aspects of traffic operation, traffic safety, and traffic behavior by performing field observation studies with six roundabouts with/without signal controls on the pilot project areas for the roundabouts installed in 2010. RESULTS: Through the study results, it was found that the average travel time decreases by 14.7% and 2.4% on the signalized intersections and unsignalized intersections, respectively. The average travel speed increases by 9.7 and 5.8km/h on the roundabouts with/without signal lights. Regarding traffic safety, the speed deviation among individual vehicles decreases by approximately 18.4 to 32.7km/h, thus confirming the safety effects. As the decrease of the number of conflicts, it might be explained that car crashes and collision with pedestrians decreased by 62.2% and 66.7%. Also the result shows that the lowest point of speed in roundabouts appears near the yield line on the entry area on the roundabouts. When passing through the roundabouts, vehicles enter at a speed of 20-30km/h, which is the design speed of the circulatory lane and drive out the roundabout with a higher speed than the entry speed. CONCLUSIONS: When a roundabout is introduced at the intersections below certain traffic volume there are effects of traffic operation, traffic safety, and traffic behavior.

Eye on the Message: Reducing Attention Demand for Touch-based Text Entry

A touch-based text entry method was developed with the goal of reducing the attention demand on the user. The method, called H4touch, supports the entry of about 75 symbols and commands using only four soft keys. Each key is about 20 larger than the keys on a Qwerty soft keyboard on the same device. Symbols are entered as Huffman codes with most letters requiring just two or three taps. The codes for the letters and common commands are learned after a few hours of practice. At such time, the user can enter text while visually attending to the message, rather than the keyboard. Similar eye-on-the-message interaction is not possible with a Qwerty soft keyboard, since there are many keys and they are small. Entry speeds of 20+ wpm are possible for skilled users.

Grounding of the requirements for target designation and autonomous navigation systems of high-precision means of engagement accuracy used in complex weather and jamming environment

In this article on the example of two model constructions of aircraft possible radiuses of manoeuvring zones, which are carried out to compensate for the errors of autonomous navigational systems and targeting systems in a complex weather and jamming environment are investigated. Assessments of the greatest possible radiuses of maneuvers to compensate for the total elimination of injection accuracy and targeting errors are provided. A conclusion about the need to control the entry speed of the aircraft maneuvers, possible requirements for autonomous navigation system, and precision targeting are justified.

글자 빈도수와 바이그램을 이용한 스마트폰 영어 글자판 설계

Smart phones provide variety of functions like world processing, chatting, web browsing, etc. for users. Therefore, efficiency of the keypad that are used in text entry are becoming more important. But, in traditional english mobile keypad, text entry speed is not efficient because simple placement of characters in accordance with the order of characters. In this paper, we propose the improved english keypad for smart phone using the frequency information of english characters and bigram. And, we verified that the proposed keypad is more efficient than other keypads through the experiment.

Feasibility of discontinuous electrification on the Great Western Main Line determined by train simulation

The UK has a number of main line railway routes that are not yet electrified. Some of these routes are under active consideration for electrification and the UK Government has recently announced the electrification of the Great Western Main Line (GWML). Railway electrification requires a large capital investment in infrastructure. Areas with limited clearance, such as tunnels and sections through overbridges, are particularly expensive to electrify. In this paper, train performance on the GWML, from London Paddington to Cardiff and vice versa, is modelled for three cases: no electrification; full electrification; and electrification that does not include tunnels, most notably the Severn Tunnel. The modelled trains were: the High Speed Train hauled by pairs of Class 43 diesel-electric locomotives; the nine-car Class 390; and Intercity Express Programme (IEP) trains formed as straight electric or bi-mode multiple units. Bi-mode trains combine electric and diesel traction in the same train. The considered IEP trains included both five-car and eight-car bi-mode options. Journey time, energy consumption and CO2 emissions were determined in each case. Electrification of the route will result in a reduction in energy consumption, carbon emissions and journey time, with the longest trains offering the greatest benefit. Under normal conditions, all modelled trains were able to complete the journey under discontinuous electrification. However, a small reduction in entry speed into the Severn Tunnel resulted in stalling of the exclusively electric trains. Bi-mode rail vehicles completed the journey in all cases and, as to be expected, also when tunnel entry speed is reduced; journey time, energy consumption and carbon emissions are not majorly impacted compared to exclusively electric operation.

Bengali text input interface design for mobile devices

Text entry has become one of the most frequent activities performed using mobile devices such as PDAs. Virtual keyboards (VK), which allow text to be entered by tapping keys displayed on the screen, are among the predominant mode of text input for such devices. It is important to design VK layouts in a way such that the users can achieve high text entry speed with high accuracy. Several layouts, primarily in English and also in some other languages, have been proposed to achieve the twin objectives. However, no such work has been reported for Bengali, the second and fifth most popular language of India and the world, respectively. The existing methods cannot be applied directly to Bengali VK design due to the problem of accommodating the large Bengali alphabet (more than 60 characters) on a small display area. In order to resolve the resulting usability-performance trade-off, this paper proposes a two-level design. Five two-level VKs representing three design paradigms (alphabetic, frequency-based and adaptive) have been designed and compared in an empirical study. The study results show that for mobile devices, the two-level adaptive design is expected to give best performance in terms of text entry rate and accuracy. The layouts as well as the procedure and results of the study are discussed in this paper.

A new method of meteor trajectory determination applied to multiple unsynchronized video cameras

Abstract– A new approach has been formulated to solve for the straight line trajectory of a meteor through the atmosphere when given multiple camera views of the meteor’s luminous track. Using a motion propagation model in 3‐D space plus time, and iteratively solving for all free model parameters simultaneously, one can obtain a fully coupled solution to the apparent radiant direction, 3‐D begin position, atmospheric entry speed, deceleration terms, and timing offsets when using data from unsynchronized video cameras. A Monte Carlo component adds empirical error estimation for each of the key model parameters computed. This multiparameter fitting method extends the allowable collection geometries for meteor trajectory estimation to lower convergence angles between camera‐meteor‐camera lines of sight and smaller site separation distances.

The Tempo of Sexual Activity and Later Relationship Quality

Rapid sexual involvement may have adverse long‐term implications for relationship quality. This study examined the tempo of sexual intimacy and subsequent relationship quality in a sample of married and cohabiting men and women. Data come from the Marital and Relationship Survey, which provides information on nearly 600 low‐ to moderate‐income couples living with minor children. Over one third of respondents became sexually involved within the first month of the relationship. Bivariate results suggested that delaying sexual involvement was associated with higher relationship quality across several dimensions. The multivariate results indicated that the speed of entry into sexual relationships was negatively associated with marital quality, but only among women. The association between relationship tempo and relationship quality was largely driven by cohabitation. Cohabiting may result in poorer quality relationship because rapid sexual involvement early in the romantic relationship is associated with entrance into shared living.

Employment Assimilation of Immigrants in The Netherlands: Dip and Catchup by Source Country

Using two Dutch labour force surveys, we compare employment assimilation of immigrants by source country, after ranking countries by presumed social-cultural distance to The Netherlands. We test this ranking of human capital transferability on the ranking by initial performance dip at entry as an immigrant and speed of assimilation as measured by the slope on years-since-migration. We also test the predicted association between entry gap and speed of assimilation (faster assimilation if the initial dip is larger). Both hypotheses are largely supported. Most immigrant groups never reach parity with native Dutch, neither in (un-)employment probability nor in job quality, and certainly not within 25 years after arrival.

Establishing a baseline for text entry for a multi-touch virtual keyboard

Multi-touch, which has been heralded as a revolution in human–computer interaction, provides features such as gestural interaction, tangible interfaces, pen-based computing, and interface customization—features embraced by an increasingly tech-savvy public. However, multi-touch platforms have not been adopted as “everyday” computer interaction devices that support important text entry intensive applications such as word processing and spreadsheets. In this paper, we present two studies that begin to explore user performance and experience with entering text using a multi-touch input. The first study establishes a benchmark for text entry performance on a multi-touch platform across input modes that compare uppercase-only to mixed-case, single-touch to multi-touch and copy to memorization tasks. The second study includes mouse style interaction for formatting rich text to simulate a word processing task using multi-touch input. As expected, our results show that users do not perform as well in terms of text entry efficiency and speed using a multi-touch interface as with a traditional keyboard. Not as expected was the result that degradation in performance was significantly less for memorization versus copy tasks, and consequently willingness to use multi-touch was substantially higher (50% versus 26%) in the former case. Our results, which include preferred input styles of participants, also provide a baseline for further research to explore techniques for improving text entry performance on multi-touch systems.

고정폐색 열차제어시스템 속도제어코드 설계에 관한 연구

Kyung-Bu High Speed Railway is operated in train control system(tcs) of fixed block operated in a way of dividing track circuits into several blocks in accordance with operation circumstances such as rolling stocks, grade, curves and facilities. The TCS of fixed block system refers to a continuous train control system, which transfers operational information such as entry and exit speed, distance-to-go, and deceleration etc. into on-board train control equipment on the basis of block occupancy of a preceding train. It guarantees a safe operation of trains by giving an emergency braking order, in case that a train exceeds an entry and exit speed of a corresponding block. In this paper, we analyze the speed control code deducing in accordance with maximum operation speed and characteristics of rolling stocks by analyzing principles of generation of speed control code allocated in blocks for safe operation, then train operational efficiency was analyzed by means of analysis of operation headway in accordance with the deduced speed control code. This study will be used to design in case of getting an increase in speed for existing high speed line or new high speed line TCS.

Human resource requirements for quality-assured electronic data capture of the tuberculosis case register.

BackgroundThe tuberculosis case register is the data source for the reports submitted by basic management units to the national tuberculosis program. Our objective was to measure the data entry time required to complete and double-enter one record, and to estimate the time for the correction of errors in the captured information from tuberculosis case registers in Cambodia and Viet Nam. This should assist in quantifying the additional requirements in human resources for national programs moving towards electronic recording and reporting.MethodsData from a representative sample of tuberculosis case registers from Cambodia and Viet Nam were double-entered and discordances resolved by rechecking the original case register. Computer-generated data entry time recorded the time elapsed between opening of a new record and saving it to disk.ResultsThe dataset comprised 22,732 double-entered records of 11,366 patients (37.1% from Cambodia and 62.9% from Viet Nam). The mean data entry times per record were 97.5 (95% CI: 96.2-98.8) and 66.2 (95% CI: 59.5-73.0) seconds with medians of 90 and 31 s respectively in Cambodia and in Viet Nam. The percentage of records with an error was 6.0% and 39.0% respectively in Cambodia and Viet Nam. Data entry time was inversely associated with error frequency. We estimate that approximately 118-person-hours were required to produce 1,000 validated records.ConclusionsThis study quantifies differences between two countries for data entry time for the tuberculosis case register and frequencies of data entry errors and suggests that higher data entry speed is partially offset by requiring revisiting more records for corrections.

Low speed water-entry of cylindrical projectile

Experimental studies of the water-entry of cylinder bodies are conducted using high-speed camera to capture the splashes over the water surface and the subsurface cavity shapes during water entry and the cavity-running phase. Cavity evolution is discussed on single 140 conical cylinder body such as formation, development, and pinch-off of vertical and oblique entry. The dependence of the pinch-off type on the entry velocity is discussed for various entry speeds. The phenomena of two-body water entry in series and side-by-side are discussed in the end of this paper, and the data show that the spatial distance between the two bodies has a great influence on the development and the stability of the cavity and the dynamics of both bodies themselves.

Data Entry Errors and Design for Model-Based Tight Glycemic Control in Critical Care

Tight glycemic control (TGC) has shown benefits but has been difficult to achieve consistently. Model-based methods and computerized protocols offer the opportunity to improve TGC quality but require human data entry, particularly of blood glucose (BG) values, which can be significantly prone to error. This study presents the design and optimization of data entry methods to minimize error for a computerized and model-based TGC method prior to pilot clinical trials. To minimize data entry error, two tests were carried out to optimize a method with errors less than the 5%-plus reported in other studies. Four initial methods were tested on 40 subjects in random order, and the best two were tested more rigorously on 34 subjects. The tests measured entry speed and accuracy. Errors were reported as corrected and uncorrected errors, with the sum comprising a total error rate. The first set of tests used randomly selected values, while the second set used the same values for all subjects to allow comparisons across users and direct assessment of the magnitude of errors. These research tests were approved by the University of Canterbury Ethics Committee. The final data entry method tested reduced errors to less than 1-2%, a 60-80% reduction from reported values. The magnitude of errors was clinically significant and was typically by 10.0 mmol/liter or an order of magnitude but only for extreme values of BG < 2.0 mmol/liter or BG > 15.0-20.0 mmol/liter, both of which could be easily corrected with automated checking of extreme values for safety. The data entry method selected significantly reduced data entry errors in the limited design tests presented, and is in use on a clinical pilot TGC study. The overall approach and testing methods are easily performed and generalizable to other applications and protocols.

The role of networking and commitment in foreign market entry process: Multinational corporations in the Chinese automobile industry

This study addresses the role of business networking and commitment to local market when MNCs enter an emerging market. We investigate the reasons for variations in the speed of MNCs’ foreign market entry. Particularly, we examine whether MNCs’ networking with the key local actors facilitates MNCs’ entry and whether learning and commitment in the context of networking affects the speed of MNCs’ entry process in the Chinese automobile market. The study is based on the experiences of three MNCs, a U.S.-based firm, a European firm, and a Korean firm. Data is collected through in-depth interviews and through secondary sources related to the entry process of these cases. The cases illustrate that speed of foreign market entry is significantly influenced by business networking between MNCs and the key business and socio-political actors, since different types of business networking determine the level of learning and commitment. Our cases also show that the effects of business networking generated during the initial foreign market entry by the MNC may be different than those during sequential entries.