Speed Control Research Articles

Energy saving and speed control in autonomous electric vehicle using enhanced manta ray foraging algorithm optimized intelligent systems

The integration of autonomous vehicles (AVs) with hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) aims to address the problem of optimizing energy economy while improving reliability and safety. By using intelligent driver support technologies and sophisticated control algorithms, this method aims to lower emissions and fuel consumption. Therefore, the HEVs develop an intelligent driver aid system that integrates an energy management system (EMS) with adaptive cruise control (ACC). To maximize energy use, the system integrates HEVs with autonomous vehicle technologies. In order to maintain safe distances from the lead vehicle, identify the desired acceleration, and switch between speed and distance control, the ACC uses a deep learning system in conjunction with a tilt integral derivative (TID) controller. This ensures stability. Based on ACC commands, the EMS controls energy usage. An enhanced manta ray foraging optimization (EMRFO) technique is used to significantly enhance speed control and energy economy. Simulink/MATLAB analysis of the suggested model shows notable gains in energy consumption control, particularly with the ACC with deep neural network (DNN) system, and considerable reductions in driving risks. In addition, the system precisely controls engine torque to maintain a 72.75 % State of Charge (SoC) and an average engine energy efficiency of 32.36 %. To validate the performance, the proposed approach is put into practice in real-time configuration. The configuration for the experiment produced an ideal efficiency of 31.99 % with minimal error using the proposed method.

Accuracy of gravity based automatic infusion system applied to chemoport for intravenous infusion.

191 Background: When a vesicant drug is administered to the peripheral vein, a gravity drip method rather than an peristaltic infusion pump is recommended. In addition, it is reported that the gravity based pump has less particle generation than the peristaltic pump that injects fluid through constant peristaltic movement. However, it is pointed out that the disadvantage of gravity based pump is that the rate of administration can easily change according to the change in the location of the injection site. We evaluate the accuracy of new gravity based pump (pressure-sensitive speed control fluid injection device, Accudrip made by Hanvit MD ) at various injection rates and hanging heights common to hospital settings. Methods: The accuracy and safety of the intravenous (IV) flow controller were evaluated for patients receiving IV chemotherapy in the oncology department. It was verified whether the accurate injection rate could be maintained even in various fluid heights, fluid amounts, and types of anticancer drugs that could affect the injection rate. Various anticancer drugs, including immune checkpoint inhibitor, were mixed with 250 ml/500 ml of normal saline and administered for 30 min/60 min, and glucose 500 ml/1000 ml was administered for 60 min/120 min to measure accuracy, each progressed 25 times. Medical staff were surveyed on the ease and limitations of medical practice for each peristaltic infusion pump and new gravity based pump. In addition, side effects occurring in patients during fluid administration were recorded. Results: The mean degree of error in the estimated end time of gravity based automatic infusion system was 3.09% (2.09 ~ 4.10). The error of the gravity based automatic infusion system was statistically significant depending on the patient age (p=.001) and the infusion time (p=.016), but the degree of error according to the type of fluids (p=.302) and fluid concentration (p=.844) was not statistically significant. Among the subjects of the study, nurses' satisfaction with the application of gravity based pump was 4.10 (±0.62) out of 5, and among the general characteristics of nurses, age ( p<.078), and working department (p<.91) did not show a statistically significant difference, but work experience ( p <.021) showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusions: The accuracy of Gravity based automatic infusion system was determined because the degree of error in the expected end time of infusion was not significant according to the infusion variable. In a survey of nurses who have used gravity based pump directly, it was found that the ease of use and satisfaction were similar to those of the conventional peristaltic pump. These findings will contribute greatly to the precise drug administration (over or under-administration) and minimization of adverse events in real-world hospital settings.

Direct measurement of self-diffusiophoretic force generated by active colloids of different patch coverage using optical tweezers

Hypothesis: Synthetic micro/nanomotors are gaining extensive attention for various biomedical applications (especially in drug delivery) due to their ability to mimic the motion of biological micro/nanoscale swimmers. The feasibility of these applications relies on tight control of propulsion speed, direction, and type of motion (translation, circular, etc.) along with the exerted self-propulsive force. We propose to exploit the variation of both self-propulsion speed and force of active colloids with different patch coverages (with and without supporting layer) for engineering diffusiophoretic micro/nanomotors.Experiments: The microswimmers were designed at various patch coverages (10°, 30°, and 90°) with (Ti/Pt) and without (Pt) an adhesion layer for the catalytic patch through glancing angle metal deposition (GLAD) technique. Mean-square displacement (MSD) analysis was performed to obtain the self-propulsion parameters like speed and angular speed. Using optical tweezers (OT), the self-propulsive force was measured from the force power spectral density.Findings: The findings of our experiments suggest the non-requirement of any adhesion layer preceding the catalyst deposition since the Pt 10° colloidal batch had the maximal self-propulsion speed (4.61±0.3μm/s) and force (345±57fN) for 5% w/v H2O2 fuel concentration. Moreover, the self-propulsion speed and force decreased with increasing patch size, contrary to theoretical estimates. Also, the self-propulsive force obtained from MSD is 2 to 4 times lower in magnitude than the OT based force values. We believe that the self-propelling motion of the micromotors is possibly hindered due to interactions with the surface of the quartz cuvette during the optical microscopic analysis. Further, the MSD is limited to the self-propulsive motion in two dimensions. On the other hand, OT based force measurement involve trapping the particles in the bulk of the solution entirely avoiding the particle–substrate interactions. Hence, OT based force measurements are better than the propulsion velocity based stokes drag force estimates. We believe that this study can lay the foundation in designing efficient micro/nanomotors for translational biomedical applications.

Study of a Self-Excited Three-Phase Induction Generator Operating as a Single-Phase Induction Generator for Use in Rotating Excitation Systems for Synchronous Generators

This article proposes the use of a three-phase induction generator (IG), connected through a single-phase connection (Fukami configuration), to be used as a rotating exciter for synchronous generators. This proposal aims at presenting an alternative to replace the permanent magnet generators (PMGs) used in the rotating exciters for synchronous generators (SGs). In order to obtain the results, a six-pole IG and a four-pole SG were used, a DC motor (DCM) was employed as the primary machine, and the speed control for the aforementioned primary machine is presented and described in this work. To carry out performance tests of the rotating exciter with the IG and the terminal voltage control of the SG, a voltage controller was proposed. The performance of the voltage regulator was tested when the SG supplied a dynamic load, as established by the NEMA MG-1 standard. This article validates its proposal by comparing the results obtained through computational simulation and experimental testing of the SG terminal voltage waveform when faced with a sudden load change.

A learning-based model predictive control scheme for injection speed tracking in injection molding process

Injection molding is a pivotal industrial process renowned for its high production speed, efficiency, and automation. Controlling the motion speed of injection molding machines is a crucial factor that influences production processes, directly affecting product quality and efficiency. This paper aims to tackle the challenge of achieving optimal tracking control of injection speed in a standard class of injection molding machines (IMMs) characterized by nonlinear dynamics. To achieve this goal, we propose a learning-based model predictive control (LMPC) scheme that incorporates Gaussian process regression (GPR) to predict and model uncertainty in the injection molding process (IMP). Specifically, the scheme formulates a nonlinear tracking control problem for injection speed, utilizing a GPR-based learning residual model to capture uncertainty and provide accurate predictions. It learns the dynamics model and historical data of the IMM, automatically adjusting the injection speed according to target requirements for optimal production control. Additionally, the optimization problem is efficiently solved using a control-constrained differential dynamic programming approach. Finally, we conduct comprehensive numerical experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed LMPC scheme for controlling injection speed in IMP.

A novel robust and fuzzy observer-based speed control method for permanent magnet synchronous motor drive systems

A novel robust and fuzzy observer-based speed control method for permanent magnet synchronous motor drive systems

Perancangan Aplikasi Kamus Air Traffic Control Berbasis Mobile Android

This study discusses the Air Traffic Controller dictionary where this dictionary will discuss all the initials that have developed in the world of air police, which so far all information about the rules in regulating flights is only in written form (Manual Dictionary). The purpose of this study is to help air transportation speed directors recall some of the existing definitions in the world of aviation, so that it is hoped that there will be no more misunderstandings between pilots and air transportation speed controllers. The method used by the author is the waterfall method, where the flow is Analysis, Design, Implementation and testing. The Unified Modeling Language design will help readers understand this research. The results of this study illustrate that the application can run on an Android mobile device.

A comparative study of the Zeigler-Nickols PID, and fuzzy-PID based speed controller BLDC motor

Because of their effectiveness, simplicity, and polyvalence, PID controllers are widely used in industrial applications. Within the field of electric motors, namely the brushless direct current motors (BLDC). To maximize the performance of BLDC motors, which are known for their dependability and efficiency, precise speed control is essential. PID must be adjusted each time they are used in an application in order to maximize performance. In this study, we presented a comparison between two PID controllers for Brushless DC motors (BLDC). The first suggested PID controller is based on the Ziegler-Nichols method, a well-known empirical adjustment and testing strategy, resulting in under optimal performance in the presence of optimum local solutions for large research spaces. The fuzzy inference system is used to adjust the controller parameters in the second PID controller. The performance with the proposed Zigler-PID and fuzzy- PID controllers is analyzed and compared using the developed MATLAB/simulink model. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of Fuzzy –PID in improving the precision of speed control and energy efficiency.

Gain-scheduled model predictive controller for vehicle-following trajectory generation for autonomous vehicles

As the development of autonomous vehicles accelerates, the need to enhance the comfort characteristics for those vehicles has become important. In the present article, an enhanced vehicle-following motion planner algorithm is presented. The aim of the algorithm is to smoothen the repetitive braking and acceleration behaviour during vehicle following in traffic jam situations. The algorithm uses the information gathered from Lidar sensor, cameras and vehicle-embedded sensors in real time to construct the range vs. range-rate diagram, and it computes the desired velocity trajectory for the speed controller. The algorithm is based on the Gain-Scheduled Model Predictive Controller (MPC), where at least one MPC controller is designed to handle one of the three vehicle-following operating conditions: speed control, headway control and emergency brake control. The algorithm allows the designer to manipulate two vehicle following variables: standstill distance between lead vehicle and ego vehicle, and the headway time gap. The algorithm is experimentally validated on a full-size passenger vehicle.

Research on grid-related performance laboratory testing for variable speed pumped storage unit

Abstract Variable speed pumped storage unit is an energy storage device with excellent operation and regulation performance. For the grid-related performance laboratory testing of the AC excitation controller of variable speed pumped storage unit integrated into the power grid, this paper studied the methods of grid-related testing of the AC excitation controller based on actual pumped storage power station data, established semi-physical hardware in the loop simulation platform based on RTDS and its function boards, and proposed the key laboratory testing items for the grid-related test. The simulation testing results verified the functions of the platform.

Mrc1 regulates parental histone segregation and heterochromatin inheritance

Chromatin-based epigenetic memory relies on the symmetric distribution of parental histones to newly synthesized daughter DNA strands, aided by histone chaperones within the DNA replication machinery. However, the mechanism of parental histone transfer remains elusive. Here, we reveal that in fission yeast, the replisome protein Mrc1 plays a crucial role in promoting the transfer of parental histone H3-H4 to the lagging strand, ensuring proper heterochromatin inheritance. In addition, Mrc1 facilitates the interaction between Mcm2 and DNA polymerase alpha, two histone-binding proteins critical for parental histone transfer. Furthermore, Mrc1's involvement in parental histone transfer and epigenetic inheritance is independent of its known functions in DNA replication checkpoint activation and replisome speed control. Instead, Mrc1 interacts with Mcm2 outside of its histone-binding region, creating a physical barrier to separate parental histone transfer pathways. These findings unveil Mrc1 as a key player within the replisome, coordinating parental histone segregation to regulate epigenetic inheritance.

Investigation of anti-windup Proportional-Integral controller with semi-decoupled tuning gains in motor speed control

Abstract Integral windup refers to a prevalent phenomenon that can occur in Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control systems that employ integral control where the control output generated exceeds the operating limit of an actuator. Despite the system’s inability to respond further due to control output limitations, the integral controller perseveres in accumulating errors. The accumulation of error can lead to system instability and undesirable oscillations. Additionally, the dynamic response of the PID controller is also limited by the coupled tuning gain characteristics, complicating the process of gain tuning. The coupling and decoupling of the tuning gains are depending on the separation of the gains in the error dynamics of the system. In this study, a concept of semi-decoupled tuning gains in anti-windup controllers is proposed. The performance of the proposed controller was investigated through hardware simulation against conventional PI and existing anti-windup schemes and has demonstrated an overall improvement in its dynamic behaviour such as faster settling time and its ability to tune the system without significantly altering its damping ratio.

ADAS and automation-arelevant contribution to maintaining mobility of older drivers?

Driving is the most important and safest form of mobility for the majority of senior citizens. However, physical and mental performance gradually decline with age, which can lead to more problems, critical situations or even accidents. Vehicle technology innovations such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have the potential to increase the road safety of older people and maintain their individual mobility for as long as possible.This overview article aims to identify ADAS that have the greatest potential to reduce the number of accidents involving older drivers. For this purpose, the accident and damage occurrence as well as the driving behaviour and compensation strategies of older people are examined in more detail. Suitable ADAS should compensate for typical driver errors, reduce information deficiencies and have ahigh level of acceptance. For older drivers, emergency braking, parking assistance, navigation, intersection assistance and distance speed control systems as well as systems for detecting blind spots and obstacles appear to be particularly suitable.Some of the disadvantages of ADAS are the lack of market penetration, acceptance problems and interface designs that have not yet been optimally adapted to the needs of older users. For older drivers in particular, it appears to be apriority to develop coherent and integrated solutions in the sense of cooperative assistance instead of pushing ahead with high and full automation with many system limits and exceptions, which can place high demands on attention, for example if the vehicle has to be taken over in acritical situation.

Speed regulation system based on proportional resonance self-coupling PI control

In this paper, an improved self-coupled PI control dual-loop control strategy is proposed for the vector control of permanent magnet synchronous electric speed control system, to improve the poor motor control effect caused by the dead zone of the inverter, the presence of harmonics in the motor magnetic field distribution, and the error in the sampling process of the current. In order to reduce the tracking error of the signal, an acceleration feed-forward method is adopted, and the self-coupled PI controller with an additional Levant differentiator is introduced into the speed loop of the permanent magnet synchronous motor to ensure the accurate derivation of the input signal containing noise to improve the robustness of the system. In addition, this strategy combines the proportional term of the autotuned PI control structure with the standard resonator to form a proportional resonant autotuned PI in the current loop, so that the permanent magnet synchronous motor can better compensate the current in the current loop control to achieve the effect of current harmonic suppression. Finally, the control mechanism of the servo system analyzed, and based on the mathematical model of the controlled object PMSM, the design method of the improved self-coupling PI control structure is given. The experimental results show that the proposed control strategy can reduce the impact of the motor's own parameter changes on the system performance and has a good current harmonic suppression in the low-speed domain, which verifies the effectiveness of the designed improved self-coupled PI controller.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Speed Control System Based on Fractional Order Integral Sliding Mode Control

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Speed Control System Based on Fractional Order Integral Sliding Mode Control

A Knee-Guided Evolutionary Algorithm for Multi-Objective Air Traffic Flow Management

Air traffic flow management plays a crucial role in efficient aviation. Most existing studies assume the flight speed as constant throughout the trip, leading to ineffective fixed-speed schedules. To address this issue, we propose a new problem model, which allows variable speed control to improve the flexibility and maneuverability of the management. In addition, we consider two conflicting objectives, which are minimizing the total flight delays and conflicts between flights, where the conflicts depend on the flight 4D trajectories (3D position plus time). To solve this new challenging problem, we propose a novel multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with new problem-specific individual representation and search operators. Specifically, the multi-chromosomes encoding scheme is designed to adapt to different types of operations. Then, to search the huge search space effectively, we develop a hybrid crossover operator that recombines the parents based on their flight routes. Furthermore, to balance the exploration and exploitation, we develop a new mutation strategy to utilize the heterogeneous search potential of different individuals. For exploitation, the knee individual in the Pareto front is improved by a new time shift operator for exploitation, and other non-dominated solutions are mutated by fixed-route mutation. For exploration, the dominated solutions are mutated randomly. To verify the effectiveness, we compare it with the real air traffic flow management schedules and the state-of-the-art algorithms on a range of real-world air traffic datasets. Extensive results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly outperform the baselines in generating safe and efficient 4D trajectories.

Continuous Control Set Predictive Speed Control of SPMSM Drives With Stability Improvement

Continuous Control Set Predictive Speed Control of SPMSM Drives With Stability Improvement

Safety-Based Speed Control of a Wheelchair Using Robust Adaptive Model Predictive Control.

Electric-powered wheelchairs play a vital role in ensuring accessibility for individuals with mobility impairments. The design of controllers for tracking tasks must prioritize the safety of wheelchair operation across various scenarios and for a diverse range of users. In this study, we propose a safety-oriented speed tracking control algorithm for wheelchair systems that accounts for external disturbances and uncertain parameters at the dynamic level. We employ a set-membership approach to estimate uncertain parameters online in deterministic sets. Additionally, we present a model predictive control scheme with real-time adaptation of the system model and controller parameters to ensure safety-related constraint satisfaction during the tracking process. This proposed controller effectively guides the wheelchair speed toward the desired reference while maintaining safety constraints. In cases where the reference is inadmissible and violates constraints, the controller can navigate the system to the vicinity of the nearest admissible reference. The efficiency of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated through high-fidelity speed tracking results from two tasks involving both admissible and inadmissible references.

Investigations of BLDC motor speed characteristics via THD under conventional and advanced hybrid controllers

This project investigates brushless direct current (BLDC) motor speed control through total harmonic distortion (THD) analysis, employing proportional integral (PI), fuzzy logic (FLC), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and an innovative hybrid ANFIS-PD/PI controller. Considering the vital role of BLDC motors in precision-dependent industries like robotics, electric vehicles, and industrial automation, our primary focus is on understanding BLDC motor operation and recognizing THD's significance as a performance metric. Controllers are meticulously implemented in real-time, fine-tuned, and optimized to achieve desired speed characteristics, incorporating considerations like response time, accuracy, and energy efficiency. The project's core involves THD analysis, quantifying harmonic content in the BLDC motor's speed waveform. This facilitates a comprehensive comparative evaluation of controller performance, assessing their capability to maintain speed stability and influence power quality. The discussion covers the merits and limitations of each controller, with a special emphasis on the hybrid ANFIS-PD/PI controller, seamlessly blending ANFIS adaptability with PD/PI control stability. Results illustrate the hybrid controller's excellence in optimizing BLDC motor speed control, demonstrating superior performance in speed accuracy, disturbance rejection, and THD reduction. These findings drive advancements in motor control technology, providing practical guidance for selecting controllers tailored to specific application requirements. Simulation results can be analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink 2018a Software.

Comparison between an Adaptive Gain Scheduling Control Strategy and a Fuzzy Multimodel Intelligent Control Applied to the Speed Control of Non-Holonomic Robots

The main objective of this work is to address problems related to the speed control of mobile robots with non-holonomic constraints and differential traction—specifically, robots for football games in the VSS (Very Small Size) category. To achieve this objective, an implementation and comparison is carried out between two control strategies: an adaptive control strategy by gain scheduling and a fuzzy multimodel intelligent control strategy. The mathematical models of the wheel motors for each operating range are approximated by a first-order system since data acquisition is performed using the step response. Tuning of the proportional and integral gains of the local controllers is carried out using the root locus technique in discrete time. For each mathematical model obtained for an operating range, a local controller is tuned. Finally, with the local controllers in hand, the implementation of and comparison between the gain scheduling adaptive control strategy and the fuzzy multimodel intelligent control strategy are carried out, in which the control strategies are programmed into the low-level code of a non-holonomic robot with a differential drive to verify the performance of the speed tracking dynamics imposed on the wheel motors to improve robot navigation during a robot football match.