Speech Units Research Articles

Tibetan–Chinese speech-to-speech translation based on discrete units

Speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) has evolved from cascade systems which integrate Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Machine Translation (MT), and Text-to-Speech (TTS), to end-to-end models. This evolution has been driven by advancements in model performance and the expansion of cross-lingual speech datasets. Despite the paucity of research on Tibetan speech translation, this paper endeavors to tackle the challenge of Tibetan-to-Chinese direct speech-to-speech translation within the multi-task learning framework, employing self-supervised learning (SSL) and sequence-to-sequence model training. Leveraging HuBERT model to extract discrete units of target speech, we develop a speech-to-unit translation (S2UT) model using an encoder-decoder architecture which subsequently generates speech output through a unit-based vocoder. By employing SSL and utilizing discrete representations as training targets, our approach effectively captures linguistic differences, facilitating direct translation between the two languages. We evaluate the performance of HuBERT model under various configurations to select the optimal setup based on Phone-unit Normalized Mutual Information (PNMI) values. After fine-tuning the chosen HuBERT model on specific corpora, we introduce auxiliary tasks to enhance translation performance. This underscores the pivotal role of multi-task learning in improving overall model efficacy. Experimental results validate the feasibility of Tibetan-to-Chinese S2ST, demonstrating promising translation quality and semantic content preservation, despite limited data availability.

The impact of speaker accent on discourse processing: A frequency investigation

Previous studies indicate differences in native and foreign speech processing (Lev-Ari, 2018), with mixed evidence for differences between dialectal and foreign accent processing (Adank, Evans, Stuart-Smith, & Scott, 2009; Floccia et al., 2006, 2009; Girard, Floccia, & Goslin, 2008). Two theories have been proposed: The Perceptual Distance Hypothesis suggests that dialectal accent processing is an attenuated version of foreign accent processing (Clarke & Garrett, 2004), while the Different Processes Hypothesis argues that foreign and dialectal accents are processed via distinct mechanisms (Floccia, Butler, Girard, & Goslin, 2009). A recent single-word ERP study suggested flexibility in these mechanisms (Thomas, Martin, & Caffarra, 2022). The present study deepens this investigation by investigating differences in native, dialectal, and foreign accent processing across frequency bands during extended speech. Electroencephalographic data was recorded from 30 participants who listened to dialogues of approximately six minutes spoken in native, dialectal and foreign accents. Power spectral density estimation (1–35 Hz) was performed. Linear mixed models were done in frequency windows of particular relevance to discourse processing. Frequency bands associated with phoneme [gamma], syllable [theta], and prosody [delta] were considered along with those of general cognitive mechanisms [alpha and beta]. Results show power differences in the Gamma frequency range. While in higher frequency ranges foreign accent processing is differentiated from power amplitudes of native and dialectal accent processing, in low frequencies we do not see any accent-related power amplitude modulations. This suggests that there may be a difference in phoneme processing for native accent types and foreign accent, while we speculate that top-down mechanisms during discourse processing may mitigate the effects observed with short units of speech.

Three aspects of working on a sentence (from experience of teaching Russian as a non-native language)

The article examines the content of the work on the sentence in the process of teaching Russian as a non-native language. Despite the availability of methodological works on the study of syntax in the Russian language school course, we believe that insufficient attention is paid to the sentence as a syntactic unit. We propose to consider a sentence as a complex, multidimensional linguistic and speech unit. In our opinion, the central link in the process of learning a sentence in Russian lessons is mastering the mechanism of a sentence construction. At the same time, we note that this work should begin as early as at the stage of studying morphology to be later consolidated in syntax lessons. As the core ones in educational practices, we propose to highlight three aspects of working on the sentence, in particular, when working on language acquisition: 1) syntactic connections of words, 2) word order, 3) intonation. In our opinion, not all these aspects are implemented in practice. Each of the three aspects has its own specifics; at the same time, they are organically interconnected. This relationship contributed to the emergence of the idea of multidimensional (complex) teaching of the Russian language based on a syntax. In this methodology, the sentence is considered to be a component of a coherent text, which implies the use of the text as the main didactic material when teaching Russian as a non-native language.

Communication systems with the meaning of affirmation and negation in the Tatar language

The article deals with one of the most controversial problems of Turkology, the problem of indivisible syntax, which manifests itself at the level of a simple and complex sentence. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that the linguistic analysis of the structure and semantics of communication makes it possible to substantiate the status of indivisible sentences in the syntactic system of the Tatar language and to identify the structural-semantic, grammatical, pragmatic aspects of indivisible sentences. The paper analyzes emotional and evaluative communicemes with affirmative and negative semantics in the Tatar language. The research material is semantic and emotionally expressive meanings of communicemes. The aim of the work is to identify and describe the most commonly used communicemes with affirmative and negative semantics in the Tatar language. The object of the study is the communicemes from the works of Tatar fiction, obtained by the continuous sampling method. The corpus of examples is represented by speech units of an indivisible structure, which we refer to the class of communicemes, that is, non-predicative units of syntax. The work revealed 15 affirmative and 10 negative communicemes in various lexical and grammatical variations. It has been established that communicemes with positive and negative semantics arise spontaneously in speech and are an expressive reaction of the speaker, accompanied by the intonation of delight, joy, surprise, anger, threats, etc. These syntactic units, being set phrases, express national specifics, therefore they are difficult to perceive for native speakers of other languages.

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВО КОНЦЕПТА «ҠУНАҠ/ҚОНАҚ» (ГОСТЬ) В БАШКИРСКОЙ И КАЗАХСКОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА

The article examines the semantic space of the concept "unak/onak" (guest) in the Bashkir and Kazakh language picture of the world, which is represented by lexical units of language that determine culture, mentality, life, psychology, traditions, customs of the Bashkirs and Kazakhs. The nuclear zone of the "guest" concept is made up of language units expressing hospitality, respect for the owner, honoring the guest, etc. The periphery of the concept of "guest" includes Bashkir and Kazakh folk proverbs and sayings, phraseological units, names of Bashkir and Kazakh national dishes, rituals, holidays, traditions, etc. The author comes to the conclusion that the concept of "guest," being a fragment of the language picture of the world, is a complex, multi-layered mental education, which is of high importance for the Bashkir and Kazakh culture, since it expresses universal and specific aspects of the formation of the socio-cultural sphere of human existence. The linguistic expression of the concept of "guest" in the Bashkir and Kazakh languages ​ ​ is characterized by a variety of speech units, proverbs and sayings, phraseological means of representing the culture of hospitality (meeting, receiving, eating, seeing off guests, etc.). The national-cultural specificity of the implementation of the concept of "guest" in the Bashkir and Kazakh linguistic consciousness is due to the peculiarities of the national character, namely: benevolence, kindness, cordiality, sincerity, etc.

SlowFast-TCN: A Deep Learning Approach for Visual Speech Recognition

Visual Speech Recognition (VSR), commonly referred to as automated lip-reading, is an emerging technology that interprets speech by visually analyzing lip movements. A challenge in VSR where visually distinct words produce similar lip movements is known as homopheme problem. Visemes are the basic visual units of speech that are produced by the lip movements and positions. Furthermore, visemes are typically having shorter durations than words. Consequently, there is less temporal information for distinguishing between different viseme classes, leading to increased visual ambiguity during classification. To address this challenge, viseme classification must not only extract lip image spatial features, but also to handle visemes of varying durations and temporal features. Therefore, this study proposed a new deep learning approach SlowFast-TCN. SlowFast network is used as the frontend architecture to extract the spatio-temporal features of the slow and fast pathways. Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) is used as the backend architecture to learn the features from the frontend to perform the classification. A comparative ablation analysis to dissect each component of the proposed SlowFast-TCN is performed to evaluate the impact of each component. This study utilizes a benchmark dataset, Lip Reading in Wild (LRW), that focuses on English language. Two subsets of the LRW dataset, comprising of homopheme words and unique words, represent the homophemic and non-homophemic dataset, respectively. The proposed approach is evaluated on varying lighting conditions to assess its performance in real-world scenarios. It was found that illumination can significantly affect the visual data. Key performance metrics, such as accuracy and loss are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The proposed approach outperforms traditional baseline models in accuracy while maintaining competitive execution time. Its dual-pathway architecture effectively captures both long-term dependencies and short-term motions, leading to better performance in both homophemic and non-homophemic datasets. However, it is less robust when dealing with non-ideal lighting scenarios, indicating the need for further enhancements to handle diverse lighting scenarios. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-06-024 Full Text: PDF

ВИВЧЕННЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ ЯК МІЖДЕРЖАВНОЇ МОВИ У XVIII–XIX СТОЛІТТЯХ

The article presents the analysis of the geopolitical prerequisites for the development of English as a language of interstate communication, starting from the 18th to the middle of the 19th centuries. The goals and methods of its study by various peoples of the world, depending on the geopolitical, economic and educational levels of the states’ development and the needs of people in international contacts, have been studied. The priority of the educational goal of teaching foreign languages has been proven, and therefore the use of grammar-and-translation and lexical-and-translation teaching methods to achieve its implementation have been described. The study and the analysis of the historical events that took place in the XVIII– XIX centuries in most countries of Western Europe have been conducted. The characteristics of these teaching methods have been provided; their principles, advantages and disadvantages have been determined, as well as the signifi cance of their understanding for the improvement of modern foreign language technologies. The analysis of this historical period showed that: 1) the geopolitical prerequisites for the use of English as the language of interstate communication in the 18th century were the following: the development of the English fl eet as one of the most powerful in the world with a highly developed military and technical base and the largest trade and economic network, which caused the possession of the vast majority of sea routes by the British; 2) the fi rst offi cial method of teaching English was the grammar-and-translation method, which meant the realization of the educational goal through the awareness of the grammatical structure of the language in order to understand the content of the authentic texts and the ability to translate them into the native language; 3) the second offi cial method of teaching English was the lexical-and-translation method, which also meant the realization of the educational goal but on the basis of lexical knowledge, not a grammar one. The vocabulary was considered the main meaningful unit of speech. The speech was trained by reading authentic texts, their literary translation into the native language, and oral reproduction of their content. Both of these methods provided awareness of the linguistic foundations of the English language but did not contribute to the implementation of its communicative function. The study of these methods strengthens the signifi cance of the conscious, but exclusively practical mastery of linguistic phenomena for the achievement of normative foreign language communication. Key words: the English language, language of interstate communication, grammar-and-translation method, lexical-and-translation method, XVIII–XIX centuries.

Features of teaching Russian in educational institutions in Sri Lanka: the linguistic and cultural aspect

Introduction. Russian as a foreign language (RKI) is a basic element of the formation of linguistic and cultural competence of foreign language students and contributes to the improvement of their speech skills and the expansion of ideas about Russian culture, which determines the relevance of the undertaken research. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the importance of a linguocultural approach in the methodology of teaching Lankan students the Russian language by reading the works of Russian writers, in this case – on the example of the work of M.A. Bulgakov "Towel with a Rooster", as well as in the development of linguistic didactic material for teachers of the Russian Language in preparing students for the exam at the A2-B1 level of proficiency in Russian. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the authors use the following methods: the method of analyzing the collected data, the method of testing, the method of comparative analysis and systematization, the method of observation. The approbation of the developed linguistic didactic material based on artistic works was carried out on 150 Lankan students of the Gampaha Vikramarachchi University of Folk Medicine of the Republic of Sri Lanka, who took offline courses on learning the Russian language of the I.Ya. Yakovlev Chuvash State Pedagogical University (I.Ya. Yakovlev CHSPU). The effectiveness of taking courses using the developed linguodidactic material was proved by comparing the test results before and after the training courses. Results. The methodological development consists in the fact that on the basis of the adapted text of the work of art, exercises and test tasks have been compiled, focused both on analyzing the content of the work of art and on improving the skills of using linguistic units in speech. The exercises are accompanied by the necessary theoretical material (materials for reference) for both the student and the teacher. The system of exercises pays attention to the most common communicative situations in order to develop active Russian language skills in accordance with its norms. In addition to the linguistic material contained in the literary text, the exercises also use words and expressions related to the lexical and grammatical theme of the text, which contributes to an active increase in the lexical stock and understanding of the grammatical features of the Russian language. This method of writing assignments based on works of art allowed students to increase their interest in new vocabulary, develop their skills in using explanatory dictionaries, and also contributed to the development of studied grammatical rules not on artificially composed sentences, but through real text and communicative situations. The effectiveness of this technique is confirmed by the high results of passing the certification exam: out of 150 people who completed the training, 100 people successfully passed the exam and received state-issued certificates. Conclusion. The conducted research contributes to the teaching methodology of RKI. The developed didactic materials, taking into account the linguistic and cultural approach, have applied significance and can be used in teaching foreign language students the Russian language and in the system of their comprehensive preparation for the A2-B1 certification exam.

Decode, Move and Speak! Self-supervised Learning of Speech Units, Gestures, and Sound Relationships Using Vocal Imitation

Abstract Speech learning encompasses mastering a complex motor system to produce speech sounds from articulatory gestures while simultaneously uncovering discrete units that provide entry to the linguistic system. Remarkably, children acquire these associations between speech sounds, articulatory gestures, and linguistic units in a weakly supervised manner, without the need for explicit labeling of auditory inputs or access to target articulatory gestures. This study uses self-supervised deep learning to investigate the respective roles of sounds, gestures, and linguistic units in speech acquisition and control. In a first experiment, we analyzed the quantized representations learned by vector-quantized variational autoencoders (VQ-VAE) from ground truth acoustic and articulatory data using ABX tests. We show an interesting complementarity between acoustic and articulatory modalities that may help in the discovery of phonemes. In a second experiment, we introduce a computational agent that repeats auditory speech inputs by controlling a virtual vocal apparatus. This agent integrates an articulatory synthesizer capable of reproducing diverse speech stimuli from interpretable parameters, along with two internal models implementing the articulatory-to-acoustic (forward) and acoustic-to-articulatory (inverse) mapping, respectively. Additionally, two inductive biases are used to regularize the ill-posed acoustic-to-articulatory inverse mapping. In line with the first experiment, we explore the complementarity between the auditory input and the articulatory parameters inferred by the agent. We also evaluate the impact of discretizing auditory inputs using VQ-VAE. While the majority of the agent’s productions are intelligible (according to perceptual evaluations), our analysis highlights inconsistencies in the underlying articulatory trajectories. In particular, we show that the agent’s productions only partially reproduce the complementarity between the auditory and articulatory modalities observed in humans.

Changes in the structure of spontaneous speech predict the disruption of hierarchical brain organization in first-episode psychosis.

Psychosis implicates changes across a broad range of cognitive functions. These functions are cortically organized in the form of a hierarchy ranging from primary sensorimotor (unimodal) to higher-order association cortices, which involve functions such as language (transmodal). Language has long been documented as undergoing structural changes in psychosis. We hypothesized that these changes as revealed in spontaneous speech patterns may act as readouts of alterations in the configuration of this unimodal-to-transmodal axis of cortical organization in psychosis. Results from 29 patients with first-episodic psychosis (FEP) and 29 controls scanned with 7 T resting-state fMRI confirmed a compression of the cortical hierarchy in FEP, which affected metrics of the hierarchical distance between the sensorimotor and default mode networks, and of the hierarchical organization within the semantic network. These organizational changes were predicted by graphs representing semantic and syntactic associations between meaningful units in speech produced during picture descriptions. These findings unite psychosis, language, and the cortical hierarchy in a single conceptual scheme, which helps to situate language within the neurocognition of psychosis and opens the clinical prospect for mental dysfunction to become computationally measurable in spontaneous speech.

Articulatory-based Phonemic Paraphasia in Conduction Aphasia: A Dysfunction in Phoneme-to-Articulation Conversion Uncovered Through Crossed Aphasia.

Phonemic paraphasia, a common characteristic of conduction aphasia, has traditionally been attributed to phonological representation dysfunction. An alternative hypothesis posits that phonemic paraphasia arises from difficulty converting phonemes into their corresponding articulatory maneuvers. However, detailed case studies supporting this theory have been lacking. In this report, we present the case of a 61-year-old right-handed man with right temporo-parietal infarction who exhibited crossed aphasia characterized by typical conduction aphasia symptoms (eg, relatively fluent speech with intact comprehension, frequent phonemic paraphasia, and pronounced difficulties in oral repetition) in the absence of distorted articulation, syllable segmentation, and prosody impairment. Despite the frequent occurrence of phonemic paraphasia and articulatory challenges, our patient's phonological representations remained relatively intact. His phonemic paraphasia was often self-corrected to produce correct responses, a feature known as conduit d'approche. During the oral repetition of individual mora (ie, the smallest unit of speech in Japanese), we observed that the patient consistently traced the corresponding Hiragana phonetic symbol accurately, despite his difficulties in articulation. We substantiated this phenomenon through objective assessment and posit that it resulted from an unusual separation of language functions in crossed aphasia-specifically, a disconnection between phonological representations in the right temporo-parietal cortex and speech articulation engrams in the left hemisphere. In this case of conduction aphasia, articulatory-based phonemic paraphasia may be viewed as an inability to convert phonemes into the appropriate articulatory maneuvers rather than as phonological representation dysfunction or apraxia of speech.

THE DYNAMICS OF SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUALLY COINED AUTHOR’S NEOLOGISMS: FROM ‘VIOLATING’ THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM TO REALIZING ITS POTENTIAL

The description of author’s neologisms (occasional words) by linguistics demonstrates the dynamics of their scientific understanding: initially perceived as ‘violators’ of language standards, they eventually acquire the status of speech units that reveal the potential of the linguistic word-formation subsystem. In this regard, the canonical markers of occasionalisms need to be reconsidered. The most complicated marker of the author’s neologism is non-normativity: the very fact of its occurrence or inconsistency (structural or semantic) with the language word-formation standards could be considered non-normative. The question of the normativity/non-normativity of an occasional word in academia could be considered within the framework of diachronic and synchronic approaches. The study of the non-normativity markers of author’s neologism is most productive if carried out on the basis of a single semantic family realized in the text: within this approach occasional expressions that seem individually non-normative often form a coherent system that fits perfectly into linguistic word-formation standards. Within the academic perception discourse author’s neologism as a realized potential of the word-formation system should be distinguished from actual neologism - the result of word formation. In fact, the criteria for distinguishing neologisms from occasional words are not always clear, the boundaries are unsteady: there are many cases when an occasionalism starts to reproduce itself and enters the language vocabulary which might indirectly indicate that native speakers perceive it as a standard lexical unit. The change in the status of an occasional word in linguistics as well as general attention to the functioning of language noted in modern linguistics led to the fact that the author’s neology began to be studied at school: educational information about it is included in contemporary school Russian textbooks and workbooks.

New Political Phraseology in Bulgarian Public Speech

This text explores the potential for updating the phraseological fund of the Bulgarian language in the Bulgarian public discourse and examines the influence of different types of updates on the specifics of the functioning of the given phraseological units in public speech. The most visible updates are those that clearly introduce new elements into the meaning of the original sustained phrase, but at the same time retain the obvious connection to the original language unit. Phraseological units, which are generally distinguished by semantic indivisibility, stability of their lexical composition, invariable structure, imagery, emotionality and expressiveness, are subject to dynamic changes occurring in Bulgarian language in recent years. We direct our interest to stable expressions, in the composition of which a new component appears as a manifestation of lexical dynamics, which replaces an already established one, or an additional element appears in the structure of a phraseology, i.e. our attention will be directed mainly to the so-called lexical updates of the phraseological fund. In the text, we trace the change (structural and semantic) in a number of phraseological units in the Bulgarian language, in which the entry of the lexical component kopeyka is observed. The excerpted material is from two corpora – CLASSLA-web.bg (Bulgarian web) and the corpus of parliamentary speech ParlaMint corpus: https://www.clarin.si/ske/#concordance. The examples extracted from the corpora are relevant for tracking the changes we are interested in in the phraseological fund of the modern Bulgarian language.

THE SPEECH PROCESS AND ITS NOMINATIVE ASPECTS

This article investigates with linguistic aspects of speech process and its nominative aspects, including all units of language and speech while taking into consideration of intersections. As their number of unlike viewpoints, the syntax of external speech is diverse from internal speech syntax, because the internal speech is for the speaker and external one is pointed at someone. Final outcomes and shortcoming of the research may lead to better investigation as whole.

DIALECTISMS IN NOVEL "MAMY" BY MARIA MATIOS

The article analyzes the accentuation, phonetic, morphological, word-forming and phraseological dialectisms used in the six-act drama "Mamy" by Maria Mathios. Unlike lexical dialectisms, which are mostly presented in page-by-page footnotes with an interpretation of their semantics by the author, the speech units studied in the proposed article mostly function in the text of the work itself and do not require explanation, as they are completely understandable from the context. Instead, phraseological dialectisms are also often explained in footnotes, since their semantics may not be completely clear to the general public. At the same time, we observe the use of phonetic, morphological, accentuation and phraseological dialectisms precisely in the speech of the characters, although lexical ones are also presented in the author's speech. In addition, the researched work presents significant monologues of characters, which contain a number of various speech units from different structural levels of the language. Among the morphological dialectisms, we note speech features primarily in the field of nouns, in particular, the presence of the ending -y in the genitive singular of feminine nouns of the third declension; in verb forms, primarily in the preservation of ancient forms of the past tense, the function of the participle-postfix -sia is mainly in the preposition; in the writer's representation of a number of dialect forms of official parts of speech, as well as exclamations. Accentuational dialectisms are mostly paroxytonated units. Word-forming dialectisms differ from literary language mainly by suffixes, less often by prefixes. Phraseological dialecticisms used in the text of the novel are emotionally saturated, are an important element of the characters' speech, and function mostly with the main component of the verb and verbal semantics. The researched types of dialectisms recorded in the prose text are presented in dialects of the southwestern dialect, primarily Hutsul, Transnistrian, Bukovinian, Transcarpathian, and Boykish. The analyzed dialect units are an important component of the characters' individual speech, logically woven into the linguistic fabric of the artistic text.

Текстообразующий потенциал дискурсивных маркеров в научной коммуникации

The paper analyzes regulatives, discursives, and accentuators as speech units (discourse markers) that are directly involved in text formation. The aim of the study is to substantiate the text-forming function of discourse markers as auxiliary to expanded variative repetitions that underly the text-forming mechanism in scientific speech. The paper discusses the status of discourse markers and their role in the process of presenting new scientific knowledge; the role of expanded variative repetitions as a mechanism for text expansion; the correlation between expanded variative repetitions and discourse markers as units involved in text expansion; and describes the functions of discourse markers. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is the first to demonstrate the auxiliary role of discourse markers in relation to expanded variative repetitions in the process of expressing new scientific knowledge; to substantiate the text-forming role of discursives in the cognitive process. The results of the study show that discourse markers participate in the construction of an utterance as elements of its semantic organization, thus actualizing the necessary intonational and modal information from the author’s point of view, i.e., they contribute to a more accurate expression of the author’s scientific intention and, therefore, to a more accurate understanding of the content of the text and new scientific knowledge in general by the addressee.

Sound symbolism in manual and vocal responses: phoneme-response interactions associated with grasping as well as vertical and size dimensions of keypresses

It has been shown that reading the vowel [i] and consonant [t] facilitates precision grip responses, while [ɑ] and [k] are associated with faster power grip responses. A similar effect has been observed when participants perform responses with small or large response keys. The present study investigated whether the vowels and consonants could produce different effects with the grip responses and keypresses when the speech units are read aloud (Experiment 1) or silently (Experiment 2). As a second objective, the study investigated whether the recently observed effect, in which the upper position of a visual stimulus is associated with faster vocalizations of the high vowel and the lower position is associated with the low vowel, can be observed in manual responses linking, for example, the [i] with responses of the upper key and [ɑ] with lower responses. Firstly, the study showed that when the consonants are overtly articulated, the interaction effect can be observed only with the grip responses, while the vowel production was shown to systematically influence small/large keypresses, as well as precision/power grip responses. Secondly, the vowel [i] and consonant [t] were associated with the upper responses, while [ɑ] and [k] were associated with the lower responses, particularly in the overt articulation task. The paper delves into the potential sound-symbolic implications of these phonetic elements, suggesting that their acoustic and articulatory characteristics might implicitly align them with specific response magnitudes, vertical positions, and grip types.

LINGUISTIC ECONOMY AND SYSTEMATIC CONSTRUCTION OF LANGUAGE

The article provides general information about language phenomena, artificial intelligence and their connection with knowledge, thinking, memory, etc. In addition, the approaches and opinions of scientists on these topics are presented and explained with the help of examples. The author states that the movement of thinking and the formation of thought is associated with cognitive activity, a process that ensures the reflection of reality directly in the mind. It is known that the formation of speech units and their understanding are the result of mental activity. The performance of this activity is directly related to the condition of obtaining linguistic knowledge. There is no way to know reality without linguistic knowledge, to lyrically express logical structures that reflect information about the current event-events. However, at the intersection of cognitive science, six fields of science are adjacent, and a single scientific goal is to be occupied with the search for a solution to the problems of concentration, processing and application of knowledge in natural and artificial systems. It seems-that interrelation between these areas does not take place in the same way, whereas, Artificial Intelligence and anthropological philosophy are directly related.Meanwhile, human cognitive activity should be considered not as a reflection of being as a mirror, but as a phenomenon that reflects the inner or outer essence of objects. The mental structure formed in the process of cognition –the content of the concept is occupied by character-features that have a clear appearance of exactly this type, and the same features lead in the linguistic reality of the concept.

Phraseologigal Units with an Evaluative Component in Public Speech of Modern Politicians

Under the conditions of modern realities, among linguists, there exists an interestingness in studying political texts. By transmitting the abundant information to millions of people, it is possible to have a significant impact not only on public opinion, but also to influence everyday life, relationships between individuals, and shape the behavior of a society. Phraseological units functioning in political communication are able to express a thought most vividly, carry an evaluative meaning, and have a manipulative effect on an addressee. The relevance of the study is due to the relatively weak coverage of studies of phraseology as a component of the political discursive and communicative space based on the comparative material of speeches by Russian and Kazakh politicians. The purpose of this study is to examine the phraseological units of public speech, containing an evaluative component, delivered by politicians of the two countries. The study uses a continuous sampling technique, content analysis, as well as a descriptive and analytical method. The result of the study is an analysis of distinctive features, a comparison of the appliance of political phraseology in the political space of Russia and Kazakhstan. However, it should be noted that there has not been formed a unified classification of evaluative phraseological units in political discourse. The authors of the article distinguish the regularity of separating phraseological units into negative and positive contexts, and political phraseology is most often provided in the form of the opposition good - bad // self - other . Special attention is drawn to the analysis of proverbs and sayings in political speech. The authors marked the tendency self - other opposition in political speech on a rigid axiological basis, which is associated with the opposition of good - bad . In the course of the study, we noted that Kazakh politicians are less likely to turn to the categorical assessment of others, and do not use specific subjects of political activity as opponents. The description of the methods of transformation of phraseological units on the material of public speeches makes it possible for the addressee to formulate a point of view on any subject or phenomenon, evaluate it or give it a new stylistic nuance.

Analysis of hyperbolised phraseology and its cognitive aspect in media literacy

Relevance. The relevance of this study is motivated by a broad public interest in modern media communications, including the use of linguistic means to implement speech strategies and communicative tactics, maximising the impact on the selected audience, and the limited understanding of the functionality of hyperbole-based phraseological expressions in media discourse. Purpose. The purpose of the presented investigation is to comprehend the leading mechanisms of constructing a language paradigm in cognitive terms, linguistic analysis of stable units of speech as means of emotive-evaluation in text, the definition of the main lexical and semantic means, author's intentions and narrativity in media texts. Methodology. The main method employed is a theoretical approach to the study of media literacy in contemporary society, constructing linguistic templates for the perception of reality and its representation in a cognitive manner. Results. This investigation reveals the basic mechanisms of realization of communicative strategies in the media sphere by means of attracting a wide arsenal of linguistic resources, focusing on the functioning of phraseological units built on hyperbole by the example of the national language code (English and Kazakh). Conclusions. The materials presented in this study will contribute to further in-depth study of the frequency of use of such idioms, the functionality of texts using them and the ethical implementation of communication between author and recipient, to analyse the linguistic resources that can and cannot be used in media contexts, to structure the media field depending on the style and targeting, to establish basic rules and criteria to determine the media literacy of speakers of the national speech code. Keywords: phraseological unit; media communication; critical thinking; information space; phraseme; media field