Speech In Cyberspace Research Articles

Political Hate Speech Detection and Lexicon Building: A Study in Taiwan

There is the minimal restriction to users’ speech in cyberspace. The Internet provides a space where people can freely present their speech, which puts a Utopian sense of freedom of speech into practice. However, the appearance of hate speech is a significant side effect of online freedom of speech. Some users use hate speech to attack others, making the attacked targets uncomfortable. The proliferation of hate speech poses severe challenges to cyber society. Users may hope that social media platforms and online communities promote anti-hate speech. However, hate speech detection is still a developing technology that requires system developers to create a method to detect unacceptable hate speech while maintaining the online freedom of speech environment. No excellence detection approach has yet been proposed, although some literature has focused on it. The current study proposes an approach to build a political hate speech lexicon and train artificial intelligence classifiers to detect hate speech. Our academic and practical contributions include the collection of a Chinese hate speech dataset, creating a Chinese hate speech lexicon, and developing both a deep learning-based and a lexicon-based approach to detect Chinese hate speech. Although we focus on Chinese hate speech detection, our proposed hate speech detection system and hate speech lexicon development approach can also be used for other languages.

Criminal Response Formulation Policy Distribution News (Hoax) through Social Media

The spread of fake news (hoax) is increasingly prevalent nowadays. Hoax is fake news that often appears on the internet and aims to spread panic and mass fear. Many irresponsible individuals carried out an activity to achieve a goal that can cause unrest, chaos, and disrupt state security. The research objective is to understand the criminal provisions in the ITE Law into conditions that follow the development of the criminal act of spreading hoaxes—knowing the policy formulation in handling the spread of fake news (hoax) through social media in Indonesia in the future. The approach method used in this research is a normative juridical approach. The types of data used in this study are secondary data and primary data. This research is classified as a kind of qualitative research. The results of this study indicate that: The provisions that follow the development of the criminal act of spreading fake news (hoax) are seen from several aspects. First, the factory itself, the second legal factor of law enforcement officers, the third is facilities and infrastructure, fourth, the community factor. In terms of this aspect, the formulation of criminal law in dealing with fake news in the future looks better and more complete, especially in the concept of the Criminal Code, which regulates things that can be convicted regarding fake news and hate speech, the form of fake news and hate speech in cyberspace. The current criminal law policy still has shortcomings, especially in terms of policy formulation.

The Effectiveness of Criminalizing Hate Speech Through Electronic Media In Dealing With Social Changes of Communicating In Cyberspace

The existence of the internet has a positive impact and has a negative impact, one of which is the rampant hate speech that is spread through social media. The government then issued Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions as amended by Law No. 19 of 2016, which regulates the criminalisation of hate speech conducted via electronic media. Nonetheless, even though there have been criminal threats against acts of hate speech through cyberspace, the number of cases of hate speech handled by the police has increased in years. The research aims to discover social changes' influence in the criminalisation of hate speech through electronic media. Moreover, the research investigates the criminalisation of hate speech's effectiveness through electronic media to tackle the rise of hate speech in cyberspace. This research uses the normative legal research method. The research explains that social changes related to sharing information via electronic media have an impact on applicable law in Indonesia with regulations regarding hate speech through electronic media. However, since the enactment of this regulation, hate speech acts through electronic media has increased. Therefore, the criminalisation policy must pay attention to the principle of subsidiarity. Criminal law must be the last resort in overcoming crimes using a penal instrument. Other efforts needed that should be prioritised apart from punishing the perpetrators of criminal acts.

HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL NETWORK SITES: PERPETRATOR AND SERVICE PROVIDERS’ LIABILITY

The article investigates the phenomenon of hate speech on social network sites and gives an overview of the national and international legal instruments which are available to combat hate speech. After an overview of the nature of hate speech andthe early international attempts to curb it, hate speech in South Africa is investigated. The question is posed whether statements of hatred made on the Internet, especially if published from sites such as Facebook which is external to South Africa, can leadto liability for perpetrators in South Africa. International responses to hate speech in cyberspace are then investigated with specific reference to the possible liability of Internet service providers for hate speech posted by third parties on their websites. Itis shown that, although service providers in the United States enjoy more protection than those in European Union, Canada and South Africa, hate speech on social network sites can be legally curbed. It is concluded that the myth that the Internet as a godless, lawless zone can and must be dismissed.

The impact of group polarization on the quality of online debate in social media: A systematic literature review

Social media are often accused of worsening the quality of online debate. In this paper, we focus on group polarization in the context of social media-enabled interaction, a dysfunctional group dynamic by which participants become more extreme in their initial position on an issue. Through a systematic literature review, we identified a corpus of 121 research papers investigating polarization in social media and other online conversational platforms and reviewed the main empirical findings, as well as theoretical and methodological approaches. We use this knowledge base to assess some recurrent accusations against social media in terms of their supposed tendency to worsen online debate. Our analysis shows that, while some concerns have been exaggerated, social media do contribute to increase polarization either by amplifying and escalating social processes that also occur offline or in specific ways enabled by their design affordances, which also make these platforms prone to manipulation. We argue against suggestions aimed at reducing freedom of speech in cyberspace and identify in inadequate regulation and lack of ethical design as the leading causes of social media-enabled group dysfunctions, highlighting research areas that can support the creation of higher quality online discursive spaces.

The Epistemology of the Internet and the Regulation of Speech in America

The Internet is the epistemological crisis of the 21st-century: it has fundamentally altered the social epistemology of societies with relative freedom to access it. Most of what we think we know about the world is due to reliance on epistemic authorities, individuals or institutions that tell us what we ought to believe about Newtonian mechanics, evolution by natural selection, climate change, resurrection from the dead, or the Holocaust. The most practically fruitful epistemic norm of modernity, empiricism, demands that knowledge be grounded in sensory experience, but almost no one who believes in evolution by natural selection or the reality of the Holocaust has any sensory evidence in support of those beliefs. Instead, we rely on epistemic authorities—biologists and historians, for example. Epistemic authority cannot be sustained by empiricist criteria, for obvious reasons: salient anecdotal evidence, the favorite tool of propagandists, appeals to ordinary faith in the senses, but is easily exploited given that most people understand neither the perils of induction nor the finer points of sampling and Bayesian inference. Sustaining epistemic authority depends, crucially, on social institutions that inculcate reliable second-order norms about whom to believe about what. The traditional media were crucial, in the age of mass democracy, with promulgating and sustaining such norms. The Internet has obliterated the intermediaries who made that possible (and, in the process, undermined the epistemic standing of experts), while even the traditional media in the U.S., thanks to the demise of the “Fairness Doctrine,” has contributed to the same phenomenon. I argue that this crisis cries out for changes in the regulation of speech in cyberspace—including liability for certain kinds of false speech, incitement, and hate speech--but also a restoration of a version of the Fairness Doctrine for the traditional media.

Bots and online hate during the COVID-19 pandemic: case studies in the United States and the Philippines.

Online hate speech represents a serious problem exacerbated by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although often anchored in real-world social divisions, hate speech in cyberspace may also be fueled inorganically by inauthentic actors like social bots. This work presents and employs a methodological pipeline for assessing the links between hate speech and bot-driven activity through the lens of social cybersecurity. Using a combination of machine learning and network science tools, we empirically characterize Twitter conversations about the pandemic in the United States and the Philippines. Our integrated analysis reveals idiosyncratic relationships between bots and hate speech across datasets, highlighting different network dynamics of racially charged toxicity in the US and political conflicts in the Philippines. Most crucially, we discover that bot activity is linked to higher hate in both countries, especially in communities which are denser and more isolated from others. We discuss several insights for probing issues of online hate speech and coordinated disinformation, especially through a global approach to computational social science.

Social Media Monitoring of Students for Harm and Threat Prevention: Ethical Considerations for School Psychologists

The rise of social media use among school youth has compelled school districts to implement social media monitoring to prevent active shootings, bullying, harassment, victimization, and suicide in the community. This presents an ethical and legal dilemma, with issues surrounding students’ rights to safety, privacy, and free speech in cyberspace. This paper followed the ethical decision-making model outlined by Armistead et al. (2011) to provide guidance to school psychologists and district personnel who may be deciding whether to implement social media monitoring. Review of National Association of School Psychologists and American Psychological Association ethical codes, legislation, and case law demonstrated many complexities regarding the rights of students and school district personnel. Evidence on the effectiveness of social media monitoring is still limited, so school districts and school psychologists are recommended to explore alternatives for harm and threat prevention that value the rights of students while also meeting their obligation to prevent abusive or hostile learning environments.

'All Watched Over By Machines of Loving Grace'? The Inevitable Conflict between Contract Law and Free Speech in Cyberspace

This paper discusses why it is inevitable that contract law will be used as a means of censoring speech on the Internet, and why contract law allows itself to be used to limit freedom of speech.

Impact of PECA-2016 Provisions on Freedom of Speech: A Case of Pakistan

Prevention of Electronic Crime Act, PECA-2016 is a procedural and penal law in Pakistan deals with the cyber or digital space. This research is to explore about the freedom of speech regime in Pakistan. It also provides the in-depth overview of PECA-2016 and analyses the effect of certain provisions of PECA-2016 on the practice of freedom of speech in cyberspace e.g. internet and whether these provisions promote or hinder the right to freedom of speech. The research is purely qualitative based on thorough document analysis. Results demonstrates that certain provisions of PECA do not have enough safeguards to secure access to quality research and quality knowledge- including freedom of human rights , specially right to freedom of speech, both, online and offline. Hence, it is suggested to policy makers to improve or repeal the current status of PECA-2016 on priority basis.

Fighting for the Internet: Online Blackout Protests and Internet Legislation in the United States, 1996-2018

Fighting for the Internet: Online Blackout Protests and Internet Legislation in the United States, 1996-2018

Police Role In The Handling Of Hate Speech

Development and advancement of technology in Indonesia is a form of improving the quality and quantity of human resources. Along with it, the technological advances giving positive and negative impacts on the nation Indonesia. As one of the negative impacts are increasingly banyakannya cyber crimes occurred. Of hate speech as one example of crime that can break the unity of the nation. Thus takes the role of the Police in order to make prevention and law enforcement against the emergence of hate speech in cyberspace. The current legal regulations still need to be updated to support the performance of the police. The role of the Government to promote prevention efforts are also expected to prevent the speech of hatred in the society.Keywords: Role of Police, Handling, Hate Speech.

Regulating Speech in Cyberspace: Gatekeepers, Human Rights, and Corporate Responsibility, by Emily B. Laidlaw

Regulating Speech in Cyberspace: Gatekeepers, Human Rights, and Corporate Responsibility, by Emily B. Laidlaw

No Hate Speech Movement: evolving genres and discourses in the European online campaign to fight discrimination and racism

In March 2013, the Council of Europe (COE) launched the No Hate Speech Movement, a media youth campaign against hate speech in cyberspace. In this paper, we analyze a corpus collected from the COE’s website. The corpus includes web site pages designed by the COE’s campaigners, as well as materials such as self-made videos and photos posted on the blog by the general public. We focus on the No Hate Speech Movement landing page and the Hate Speech Watch page. Following the tradition of social semiotics, we propose to investigate the verbal and visual features across a range of different genres, in an attempt to verify whether the interaction of different modes involves any contamination in discursive practices, which could lead to the evolution of existing genres or to the birth of new text types. Moreover, we focus on the relationship between community and context in order to verify whether web-based communication alters the terms for determining genre. Finally, we try to understand the role of the audience by concentrating on the notion of participation.

Book Review: 'Regulating Speech in Cyberspace: Gatekeepers, Human Rights and Corporate Responsibility' by Emily B. Laidlaw

Book Review: 'Regulating Speech in Cyberspace: Gatekeepers, Human Rights and Corporate Responsibility' by Emily B. Laidlaw

Hate Speech in Cyberspace: Why Education is Better than Regulation

The advent of the internet has brought about a lot of benefits to the society. It has made access to information and social networking easier and more accessible. However, as with all technologies, the internet has its drawbacks in form of cybercrimes and hate speech. Several organizations have called for government action and regulation of the internet, but this has been met with severe criticisms from various cyber theorists and internet users who believe government regulation of the internet is unwanted and unnecessary. Various models of internet regulation have been suggested by academic writers, theorists and scholars but none has been very effective due to the limitations of the internet. The paper will discuss the current regulatory mechanisms in place to regulate hate speech and their limitations or drawbacks. This paper will argue that education of the citizens in the society will be more effective in regulating hate speech than other forms of regulation.

Free Speech in Cyberspace: A Rhetorical Analysis of SOPA and PIPA Cyberprotests

On January 18, 2012 cyber-industrialized leaders blacked out their sites to protest proposed congressional legislation. They opposed Protection IP Act (PIPA) and Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), two laws that would grant unprecedented power to the U.S. government to regulate the Internet. The protests offer an important rhetorical moment in protest rhetoric as it illuminates the ways in which a brief rupture to normal operating procedures can impact significant change. The 24-hour protest, led by power brokers in the industry, did not encourage civil disobedience but promoted petitioning government, leading to an unparalleled awareness of the issue and the failure to pass the legislation.

Russia’s Surveillance State

Russia’s Surveillance State

Book Review: The Offensive Internet: Speech, Privacy, and Reputation, edited by Saul Levmore and Martha C. Nussbaum

The Offensive Internet: Privacy, and Reputation. Saul Levmore and Martha C. Nussbaum, eds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010. 312 pp. $27.95 hbk. $18.95 pbk.The editors of this significant collection-Saul Levmore is the William B. Graham Professor of Law, and Martha C. Nussbaum is the Ernst Freud Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics, both at the University of Chicago-have successfully examined The Offensive from a novel vantage point.While speech on the has long been critiqued, this collection applies older media frameworks to the seemingly unquestioned power of free speech in cyberspace. The editors encourage us to understand that many concerns with speech, particularly offensive speech, have been dealt with in the past with older media technologies. They emphasize that the has created a kind of village, where the global and local are now intermixed. The main issue with this, especially when it comes to privacy and speech, is the number of communicators in the system. In the past, for example, if one was bullied, it was kept to a small group and wouldn't necessarily affect one's reputation beyond the localized context. Now, that kind of interaction has both lingering and wide-reaching effects, but there are few laws set in place that punish the hosts of defamatory language.The contributors to these thirteen chapters-examining issues ranging from the expected to Internet misogyny, free speech and cyber-cesspools, and social media challenges for academic administrators-attempt to grapple with First Amendment issues while working under the framework that free speech has always been limited in certain circumstances. Therefore, many of the authors rightfully start with examples drawn from older media restrictions and regulations to understand these case studies on the Internet. The book is organized in four sections-The and Its Problems, Reputation, Speech, and Privacy-although many of these issues overlap.In particular, several chapters deal with privacy on the Internet. An overarching argument throughout much of the book is the idea that service providers, who are not liable for slanderous or defamatory discourse on their networks, have too much protection under the Communication Decency Act. The issue is that there are not protections put in place for individuals against negative and unwarranted attacks on their character.In addition, some of the authors believe that there should be different categories of speech under the law. Legal scholar Geoffrey R. Stone of the University of Chicago Law School, for example, examines how case law has loosely defined low-value speech as primarily being communication that is highly negative and doesn't advance political discourse. Stone argues that this kind of speech shouldn't enjoy the same protections under the First Amendment as other kinds of speech. He also argues that the newsworthiness of information may change depending on the size of an audience. …

European Regulation of Cross-Border Hate Speech in Cyberspace: The Limits of Legislation

This paper examines the complexities of regulating hate speech on the Internet through legal frameworks. It demonstrates the limitations of unilateral national content legislation and the difficulties inherent in multilateral efforts to regulate the Internet. The paper highlights how the US's commitment to free speech has undermined European efforts to construct a truly international regulatory system. It is argued that a broad coalition of citizens, industry and government, employing technological, educational and legal frameworks, may offer the most effective approach through which to limit the effects of hate speech originating from outside of European borders.