Spectrum Policy Research Articles

자율주행 V2X 도입을 위한 표준화 및 주파수 정책

자율주행 V2X 도입을 위한 표준화 및 주파수 정책

Silicon Flatirons Conference Outcomes Report—Evidenced-Based Spectrum Policy

Evidence-based policymaking is the process of routinely using the most rigorous research to guide policy decisions. This conference presented spectrum policy researchers and practitioners from industry, academia, and government the opportunity to ask: does the world of spectrum policy use evidence-based processes? Or is spectrum policy still adhering to the cycle of “policy-based evidence-making” as pressure to meet spectrum demand mounts and complex technological challenges proliferate? Panelists and speakers offered a variety of perspectives in answer to these difficult questions, and challenged each other to identify exactly what evidence-based spectrum policy might look like.

Taking Stock of Spectrum Sharing

Shared access to airwaves dates back to the dawn of radio. Yet, recent spectrum policy in the United States has articulated the idea of “spectrum sharing” as a distinct form of radio regulation. In this paper we take stock of spectrum sharing as a public policy, with a focus on four questions. 1. What does it mean to have a spectrum sharing “policy”? We consider different ways of looking at spectrum sharing, including as a form of traditional radio coexistence and as a set of new technologies. We observe: * Sharing technologies can be grouped according to a simple framework, based on whether they use coordinating, sensing, or informing techniques and whether the implementation is centralized or decentralized. * Spectrum sharing as a public policy is not the same as spectrum sharing technology. Spectrum sharing as public policy is necessary when different categories of spectrum users are governed by overlapping, heterogeneous regulatory models. 2. What have we learned from recent spectrum sharing policy approaches? We consider several different spectrum sharing initiatives from recent years, including coordinated sharing in the licensed AWS-3 Band, automated sharing in the UHF, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz Bands (Television White Space, Dynamic Frequency Selection, and Automatedic Frequency Coordination, respectively), and multi-tiered sharing in the 3.5 GHz Band (the Citizens Broadband Radio Service). Key takeaways include the following: * White House leadership is critical when federal spectrum interests are at stake. Convening stakeholders in an organized forum to align expectations and share information is also essential. Sharing scenarios that involve both unlicensed operators and more traditional licensed users generally require an automated sharing technology to operate at scale. This automation can take the different technological forms described above. Enforcement is an important function that can be facilitated through centralized systems. * Multi-tier sharing can be complex but has been shown to work, with over 150,000 network nodes deployed in CBRS and no reported cases of interference. The CBRS rules promote sharing among a wide and heterogeneous range of users and use cases, including public and private networks, mobile and fixed wireless access, and consumer and industrial applications. Rule changes after the original order prevented experiential learning from some of the more innovative aspects of the CBRS regime and limited access to the Priority Access License tier in major markets to large network service providers. 3. What principles should guide future spectrum sharing policies? From these past experiences we distill several principles that are essential to a successful spectrum sharing policy: * Develop interference expectations. Sharing regimes should be informed by reasonable interference expectations, developed using modern analytics, rather than worst-case analysis. * Encourage standards and technologies that facilitate sharing. Sharing can be facilitated through private sector development of cross-industry “meta standards,” designed to be agnostic as to the underlying radio technologies used for transmission. Promote sharing by design, particularly in bands in which there are no incumbents. * Avoid artificial scarcity. Spectrum “scarcity” is often a byproduct of regulation. Wherever possible, the default should be rules that promote the abundance of spectrum through spectrum re-use. * Avoid “Trojan Horses” for market power. No single private entity should hold the key to enabling a centralized shared spectrum policy. * Build in enforcement mechanisms. Enforcement is necessary to ensure various stakeholders trust the sharing mechanism. 4. What spectrum sharing policies might the current Administration pursue? We see two main opportunities for spectrum sharing policy in the near term: * 3 GHz Band. The 3 GHz Band has evolved into a patchwork of different exclusive and shared regimes. We see an opportunity to consolidate “like” types of spectrum access in different parts of the band, reserving the upper 3 GHz for more traditional cellular licensing and extending the multi-tier CBRS framework farther into the lower portion of the band to facilitate sharing with federal systems. * Lower 37 GHz Band. This band is currently allocated for both federal government and commercial use, with little or no incumbent use. It presents a unique opportunity to develop “two-way” sharing from the ground up. There is no magic formula for spectrum sharing policy. A dynamic landscape of heterogeneous spectrum uses, multiple spectrum authorities, technology advances, and evolving national objectives requires case-by-case assessments. However, such assessments should be informed by the experiences and principles described above. This paper was published with support from Schmidt Futures. Note: following initial publication of this working paper, Qualcomm clarified that its proposed approach to licensing the Lower 37 GHz band would accommodate both fixed and mobile operations for federal as well as commercial users.

Inefficiency in spectrum auctions – empirical evidence

Purpose: The spectrum is scarce recourses, so it is very important to allocate it in a way to maximize the economic and social returns to the countries` economies. Economists agree that the best way to allocate rare resources are auctions. Despite their good properties, in some environments, they can create inefficiency. We describe some potential sources of inefficiency in spectrum auctions and some negative effects of inefficient spectrum allocation. We also discuss how the government through appropriate spectrum policy and auction designing can promote efficient spectrum allocation. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is based on the literature on the spectrum auction and public documents published by national spectrum authorities. Theoretical discussions are supported by case studies of real world spectrum auctions. Much attention has been paid to the case of the Polish 4G auction. Findings: Extremely high reserve prices or rigorous approach to promoting entry could lead to price distortions, misallocation or even unsold spectrum which harm both competition and consumers. The case of the Polish 4G auction confirms that gaps in the detailed auction rules may lead to significant delays in frequency allocation and increase the risk of an ineffective auction outcome. Practical implications: In the light of our findings, it is important that the rules of the auction in the 3.6 GHz band currently planned in Poland should allow the regulator to control the pace of the auction and take into account the risk of inefficient outcome associated with passive bids. Originality/value: The discussions made in this paper could help policy makers in Poland and other countries in spectrum auction designing

Sharing Government Spectrum: Some Technical Alternatives

Afrustrating aspect of spectrum policy is the fact that in virtually every band one looks at, in most locations one finds spectrum that appears to be underutilized. (Admittedly this is complicated by the fact that there is no general consensus on how to quantify spectrum utilization.) There are many reasons for this apparent underutilization, including uneven terrain and nonuniform spatial distribution of needs for spectrum access. But a major factor concerns spectrum uses with high societal and economic value, with large peak-to-average usage ratios and society placing a very high value on requiring that certain of these uses must have immediate access to spectrum when they need it. With traditional spectrum policies this requires dedicated spectrum. Such highly societal value uses include public safety communications and military communications.

Economics at the FCC 2019-2020: Spectrum Policy, Universal Service, Inmate Calling Services, and Telehealth.

The U.S. Federal Communications Commission is responsible for regulation in the communications marketplace and for management of the nation’s non-federal radio frequency spectrum. During the past year, FCC economists helped develop efficient mechanisms for making available more flexible-use spectrum for the deployment of advanced broadband technologies; developed two new universal service funding mechanisms that aim to close the digital broadband divide; and, through careful analysis of firm cost data, contributed to a renewed effort by the Commission to develop price caps for interstate calls on prison inmate calling services. FCC economists also contributed to the Commission’s extensive response to COVID-19.

Brief Report: Modeling the Impact of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision on Cervical Cancer in Uganda.

In addition to providing millions of men with lifelong lower risk for HIV infection, voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) also provides female partners with health benefits including decreased risk for human papillomavirus (HPV) and resultant cervical cancer (CC). We modeled potential impacts of VMMC on CC incidence and mortality in Uganda as an additional benefit beyond HIV prevention. HPV and CC outcomes were modeled using the CC model from the Spectrum policy tool suite, calibrated for Uganda, to estimate HPV infection incidence and progression to CC, using a 50-year (2018-2067) time horizon. 2016 Demographic Health Survey data provided baseline VMMC coverage. The baseline (no VMMC scale-up beyond current coverage, minimal HPV vaccination coverage) was compared with multiple scenarios to assess the varying impact of VMMC according to different implementations of HPV vaccination and HPV screening programs. Without further intervention, annual CC incidence was projected to rise from 16.9 to 31.2 per 100,000 women in 2067. VMMC scale-up alone decreased 2067 annual CC incidence to 25.3, averting 13,000 deaths between 2018 and 2067. With rapidly-achieved 90% HPV9 vaccination coverage for adolescent girls and young women, 2067 incidence dropped below 10 per 100,000 with or without a VMMC program. With 45% vaccine coverage, the addition of VMMC scaleup decreased incidence by 2.9 per 100,000 and averted 8000 additional deaths. Similarly, with HPV screen-and-treat without vaccination, the addition of VMMC scaleup decreased incidence by 5.1 per 100,000 and averted 10,000 additional deaths. Planned VMMC scale-up to 90% coverage from current levels could prevent a substantial number of CC cases and deaths in the absence of rapid scale-up of HPV vaccination to 90% coverage.

Detection of Transmitted Power Violation Based on Geolocation Spectrum Database in Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks.

This paper investigates the detection of the transmitted power violation (TPV) in the satellite-terrestrial integrated network, where the terrestrial base station may break the spectrum policies so that severe damages are made to the satellite systems. Due to the lack of prior information on specific abnormal behaviors, this problem is complex and challenging. To tackle it, we first turn to the geolocation spectrum database based detecting framework, where not only the tasks of each segment but also the spectrum policies are specified. Then, the ternary hypothesis test and the generalized Neyman–Pearson (GMNP) test criterion are applied to maximize the detection probability under the false-alarm constraint. What is more, the Abnormal after Normal (AaN) detector is developed to simplify the analysis. Finally, simulations are conducted to demonstrate that the proposed detector can realize the detection of TPV in most cases at the expense of less than 10% detection probability.

The Relative Equality Theory and the Influence of the Unfairness Policy on the Country Finances and the Economics’ Welfare

The article is promoting a new formula for the general economics based on the fairness which is relative, namely the relative equality method which appropriates for assessment and treatment the unfair economic policies. Accordingly, here is the explanation of the method of the relative equality and the proofs that the fairness of the economic policies is a compulsion since the more the fairness of the economic policies, the more the health of the Country financially and the Economics’ Welfare, contrary, the greater the unfairness, the greater the chances of the crisis of the country. For instance, the unfairness on the context of the relative equality in the tax policy may result in a loss of the Country's income from taxes of more than 50%. And, the unfair spectrum policy may cause a potential declining on the Country revenue, the Gross Domestic Product, and the quality of internet services over 60%. As well as, the unfair labour policy will lead to a potential unemployment rate of more than 4%; even there is a balance in the labour demand and supply. Keywords: fairness, relative, relative equality index, economic policy, finance healthy; Economics’ Welfare DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-10-11 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

The Relative Equality Theory and the Influence of the Unfairness Policy on the Country Finances and the Economics’ Welfare

The article is promoting a new formula for the general economics based on the fairness which is relative, namely the relative equality method which appropriates for assessment and treatment the unfair economic policies. Accordingly, here is the explanation of the method of the relative equality and the proofs that the fairness of the economic policies is a compulsion since the more the fairness of the economic policies, the more the health of the Country financially and the Economics’ Welfare, contrary, the greater the unfairness, the greater the chances of the crisis of the country. For instance, the unfairness on the context of the relative equality in the tax policy may result in a loss of the Country's income from taxes of more than 50%. And, the unfair spectrum policy may cause a potential declining on the Country revenue, the Gross Domestic Product, and the quality of internet services over 60%. As well as, the unfair labor policy will lead to a potential unemployment rate of more than 4%, even there is a balance in the labor demand and supply Keywords: fairness; relative; relative equality index; economic policy; finance healthy; Economics’ Welfare. DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-10-16 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Guest Editorial: Smart Data Pricing for Next-Generation Networks

The growing demand for mobile data and the evolution of next-generation networks, particularly fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks, has called for new approaches to pricing and managing the limited capacity of existing network resources and infrastructures. In particular, emerging mobile applications like autonomous vehicles, augmented/virtual reality, and more broadly the Internet-of-Things will have heterogeneous demand patterns and service requirements, raising questions on how they should pay for their data usage and how next-generation networks can meet their demands with limited resources. Several recent policy changes and regulatory initiatives have been proposed to address the shift in demands due to next-generation networks and technologies. These include the FCC’s “5G Fast Plan,” which outlines strategies for modifying spectrum policies, infrastructure policies, and existing regulations, in light of emerging 5G technologies. This plan has included the rollback of net neutrality rules in June 2018, allowing broadband providers to offer a wider variety of service options.

ITU WRC-19 Spectrum Policy Results

Reports on spectrum management policy development and discussions that took place at the nternational Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) World Radiocommunication Conference 2019 (WRC-19) that was held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 28 October to 22 November 2019.

Between Integration and Protection of National Sovereignty in the European Union's Radio Spectrum Policy: Uncovering Potential Research Avenues

AbstractThis article stresses the importance to understand the institutional context in which decisions on radio spectrum use are taken. In particular, this article focuses on the European Union's (EU) institutional context. The history of EU radio spectrum policy is narrated highlighting the tension between the EU integration process and protection of national sovereignty. This tension sets the stage to discuss two research areas which call for further attention: lack of legitimacy of EU law and use of soft power to promote EU integration. Investigating these areas may contribute to identify institutional barriers to better decision making for radio spectrum use.

PRESIDENTIAL SYMPOSIUM: MULTIDISCIPLINARY EMERGING PERSPECTIVES ON BUILDING AND MAINTAINING NETWORKS IN AGING.

This ESPO Presidential Symposium features a multidisciplinary perspective and recent scientific advances made by early career researchers from each of the GSA scientific sections. They will provide examples of how their work is addressing ways to build and maintain networks in aging and gerontological workforce. These talks will span research on the age-associated transcriptional networks (Biological Sciences, Kulkarni), enhancing care for persons with dementia using a professional healthcare network (Health Sciences, Kovaleva), ways to maintain care networks in nursing home residents (Behavioral and Social Sciences, Kennedy), exploring the impact of social isolation in older adults on the Autism Spectrum (Social Research, Policy, and Practice, Waldron) and reflections on a project that linked aging education and student involvement within the aging network at the state level (Academy for Gerontology in Higher Education, Stephenson). These talks will demonstrate the diversity of aims, strategies, methodologies, and tools employed across disciplines. In addition, these early career researchers will share how they use networks in their own disciplines to advance their science with the goal of building an independent program of research. We will conclude with a discussion on ways to identify synergies across different fields and promote strategies for successful cross-discipline collaboration.

Diseño y validación de una escala para la medición de conciencia ambiental en los futuros maestros de Primaria

Resumen:La investigación educativa reciente y las políticas de espectro mundial en el campo de la educación ambiental establecen como objetivo prioritario para un desarrollo humano sostenible la obtención de niveles elevados de conciencia ambiental. La preocupación por este constructo en el ámbito del desarrollo profesional docente es relativamente reciente y la disponibilidad de herramientas para su tratamiento cuantitativo aún escasa. El presente trabajo muestra el proceso de diseño y validación de un instrumento, en forma de escala, para la medición de conciencia ambiental en contextos específicos de formación inicial del profesorado de Primaria. La escala queda conformada por 30 indicadores agrupados en 4 dimensiones (afectiva, cognitiva, conativa y activa) y presenta propiedades psicométricas que avalan su fiabilidad, con valores de consistencia interna adecuados ( = .873), y su validez, con resultados de Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio que muestran un buen nivel de ajuste en el modelo finalmente seleccionado (RMSEA= .031; SRMR= .071; CFI= .991 y TLI = .990). La investigación está enmarcada en un proyecto de mayor envergadura orientado al desarrollo de entornos de aprendizaje apoyados en herramientas metacognitivas que favorezcan la integración de una buena conciencia ambiental en el ejercicio diario de la profesión docente en los niveles educativos básicos, objetivo para el que resulta necesario disponer de instrumentos de medición de conciencia ambiental como la escala diseñada para el contexto de la formación inicial

Vehicular Channel in Urban Environments at 23 GHz for Flexible Access Common Spectrum Application

With the development of the vehicular network, new radio technologies have been in the spotlight for maximizing the utilization of the limited radio spectrum resource while accommodating the increasing amount of services and applications in the wireless mobile networks. New spectrum policies based on dynamic spectrum access technology such as flexible access common spectrum (FACS) have been adopted by the Korea Communications Commission (KCC). 23 GHz bands have been allocated to FACS bands by the KCC, which is expected extensively for vehicular communications. The comprehensive knowledge on the radio channel is essential to effectively support the design, simulation, and development of such radio technologies. In this paper, the characteristics of 23 GHz vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) channels are simulated and extracted for the urban environment in Seoul. The path loss, shadow factor, Ricean K-factor, root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread, and angular spreads are characterized from the calibrated ray-tracing simulation results, and it can help researchers have a better understanding of the propagation channel for designing vehicular radio technologies and a communication system in a similar environment.

Innovation In Spectrum Repurposing: The C-Band As A Principal-Agent Problem

A consortium of satellite service providers have proposed to repurpose by private sale a large portion of a 500 MHz swath of mid-band spectrum known as the C-Band. As is common, the plan faces some resistance, with much of the opposition preferring a public auction rather than a private sale. In this BULLETIN, we evaluate the competing methods for repurposing the band by appealing to principal-agent theory where the government is the principal and the consortium of satellite incumbents is the agent. Our analysis demonstrates the following: First, given the private information available to the satellite industry, it makes sense for the government to allow the consortium to serve as an agent in conducting the sale, thereby ensuring the rapid and efficacious repurposing of the band. Second, compensation to the agent for its private information is efficient and not “unjust enrichment.” Third, considering the possibility that the principal may demand compensation from the agent, any such compensation (i.e., a regulatory payment) should take the form of a fixed payment rather than a share of auction proceeds. Fourth, while a public auction may be used to increase the government’s proceeds from repurposing the band, such enrichment is more than matched by a reduction in total economic welfare. Finally, our use of the C-Band as a case study in this paper does not restrict our analysis to the C-Band. If the CBA implements a private sale to repurpose large blocks of mid-band spectrum, then the Commission may use other incumbents as agents to efficiently repurpose other spectrum bands. Just as spectrum auctions were an important innovation in U.S. spectrum policy, conducting auctions or other similar transactions through private agents may be a sensible next step in the efficient allocation and assignment of spectrum rights.

Policy and Regulatory Issues

Policymakers face a conundrum: promoting the adoption of IoT services to reap its many benefits, while safeguarding societal concerns. This will be a balancing act of oversight and regulation from policymakers to drive investment and consumer adoption while ensuring that safety, security, and privacy frameworks are in place. Meanwhile, industry must step up to lead and adopt best practices and standards, which will allow policymakers to forbear as appropriate. In this inaugural issue of IEEE Internet of Things Magazine (IoTM), we are fortunate to have the Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Administrator of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), David Redl, as our first contributor to this Regulatory and Policy Column, discussing key findings of NTIA’s recent green paper on IoT. In future issues, we will explore critical IoT policy and regulatory issues being considered in other parts of the world as well as take a deeper dive into specific topics of interest. It is difficult to overstate the impact that IoT will have on our society; therefore, getting the policy and regulatory issues right is critical because the policies will guide the ultimate success and direction of this important digital evolution. The breadth and depth of policy and regulatory issues facing IoT are surprisingly vast, ranging from safety, privacy, security and spectrum policies to issues of infrastructure coordination, rights of way and acceptable use.

A Reliable Co-operative Decision-Making Technique for the Improvement in the Performance of Multi-User CRN Using Coalition Game Theory

In the past few years, there has been a proliferation in commercial wireless services such as mobile, Wi-Fi, TV, etc. This has raised a demand for radio spectrum. As per the reports of spectrum occupancy and spectrum policy task force, most of the allocated spectrums are underutilized. Cognitive radio is an emerging technology, which can improve the spectrum utilization efficiency. Reliable spectrum sensing decision-making is a strenuous task in multi-user cognitive radio network (CRN). For enhancing spectrum utilization of such a network and obtaining a faster collaborative decision from honest secondary users, this paper proposes a reliable intra-coalition and inter-coalition decision-making technique (DMT). In this technique, the investigation of Pareto optimal coalitions is performed. Spectrum/channels have been allocated based on Pareto optimality of coalitions. Further, the performance of multi-user CRN has been evaluated using the proposed and traditional DMTs (i.e. OR/AND/maximum voting/half voting rules). It has been noticed that the proposed DMT outperforms DMTs. The performance parameters such as fusion decision processing time and the end-to-end communication delay to obtain a reliable collaborative decision have been reduced by approximately 50% using the proposed DMT compared to the traditional DMTs.

5G/Weather Satellite 24 GHz Spectrum Disagreement: Anatomy of a Spectrum Policy Issue

Discusses spectrum policy issues that impact 5G mobile communications. The issue that stimulated all this activity is the creation of one of several new cellular bands for fifth generation (5G). The band under consideration near 24 GHz is close to a band that is used by passive satellite sensors to detect water vapor, and there are concerns that out-of-band-emissions from 5G base stations and/or mobile units might in aggregation degrade the performance of the passive satellite sensor and thus hinder weather forecasting.