Specific Types Research Articles

Comparative study of riemann integral and lebesgue integral in calculus

The aim of this research paper is to provide a comprehensive comparison between Riemann integral and Lebesgue integral. Integration is described as the inverse process of differentiation, which is used to determine the original function. Riemann integration is a specific type of definite integral applied to find the exact area under a function graph between two limits in a closed interval. Lebesgue integration, on the other hand, provides a more generalized framework for integration theory. Integrals are essential in mathematical modelling and analysis tools. Studying and comparing the similarities and differences between these two integration methods can help us better understand the essence and properties of integrals, so as to more accurately apply integration methods to solve practical problems. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the basics, definitions, concepts, and properties of Riemann integral and Lebesgue integral. Reasoning, proofs, and examples are consolidated to explain the properties and characteristics of these two integral methods. Finally, this paper explores the strengths and limitations of each integration methods, summarising their advantages and applicability to practical problems and providing insights into their respective computational methods and applicability in different contexts.

Targeted DNA sequencing of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma reveals association of TP53 mutations with platinum resistance when combined with gene expression.

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common subtype of ovarian cancer and is among the most fatal gynecological malignancies worldwide, due to late diagnosis at advanced stages and frequent therapy resistance. In 47 HGSC patients, we assessed somatic and germline genetic variability of a custom panel of 144 known or suspected HGSC-related genes by high-coverage targeted DNA sequencing to identify the genetic determinants associated with resistance to platinum-based therapy. In the germline, the most mutated genes were DNAH14 (17%), RAD51B (17%), CFTR (13%), BRCA1 (11%), and RAD51 (11%). Somatically, the most mutated gene was TP53 (98%), followed by CSMD1/2/3 (19/19/36%), and CFTR (23%). Results were compared with those from whole exome sequencing of a similar set of 35 HGSC patients. Somatic variants in TP53 were also validated using GENIE data of 1287 HGSC samples. Our approach showed increased prevalence of high impact somatic and germline mutations, especially those affecting splice sites of TP53, compared to validation datasets. Furthermore, nonsense TP53 somatic mutations were negatively associated with patient survival. Elevated TP53 transcript levels were associated with platinum resistance and presence of TP53 missense mutations, while decreased TP53 levels were found in tumors carrying mutations with predicted high impact, which was confirmed in The Cancer Genome Atlas data (n = 260). Targeted DNA sequencing of TP53 combined with transcript quantification may contribute to the concept of precision oncology of HGSC. Future studies should explore targeting the p53 pathway based on specific mutation types and co-analyze the expression and mutational profiles of other key cancer genes.

Revealing genes associated with cervical cancer in distinct immune cells: A comprehensive Mendelian randomization analysis.

Human papillomavirus can be contracted by sexually active women. However, only a small proportion of these infections persist and have the potential to progress into cervical cancers, indicating a significant involvement of the immune system in cervical cancer development. Despite this, our understanding of the precise contributions of genes from different immune cell types in cervical cancers remains limited. Therefore, the primary objective of our study was to investigate the potential causal relationships between specific immune cell genes and the development of cervical cancers. By accessing expression quantitative trait loci datasets of 14 distinct immune cell types and genome wide association study of cervical cancers, we employed the summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) along with multi-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based SMR to identify significant genes associated with cervical cancers. Colocalization analysis was further conducted to explore the shared genetic causality. A total of 10 genes across 11 immune cell types (26 significant gene-trait associations) were found to be associated with cervical cancers after false discovery rate correction. Notably, the ORMDL3, BRK1 and HMGN1 gene expression levels showed significant association with cervical cancer in specific immune cell types, respectively. These associations were supported by strong evidence of colocalization analyses. Our study has identified several genes in different immune cells that were associated with cervical cancer. However, further research is necessary to confirm these findings and provide more comprehensive insights into the association between these gene expressions and cervical cancer risk.

Consumers confused 'Where to dispose biodegradable plastics?': A study of three waste streams.

Biodegradable plastics, either fossil- or biobased, are often promoted due to their biodegradability and acclaimed environmental friendliness. However, as demonstrated by previous literature, considerable confusion exists about the appropriate source separation and waste management of these plastics. Present study investigated this confusion based on manual sorting analyses of waste sampled from packaging waste (P), biowaste (B) and residual waste (R) in an urban area of Austria. The results were evaluated relative to near-infrared sensor-based sorting trials conducted in a German urban area. Although existing literature has focused on waste composition analyses (mostly in stand-alone studies) of the three waste streams, the present study focused on identifying the specific types of biodegradable plastic items found in each of these streams. Supermarket carrier bags (P = 90, B = 14, R = 33) and dustbin bags (P = 2, B = 46, R = 6) were found in all three waste streams in the Austrian urban area. Similarly, in the German urban area dustbin bags (P = 1, B = 106, R = 3) were the common items. The results indicate that certain bioplastic items were present in more than one bin; thus, hinting that consumers are not necessarily aware of how-to source-separate the biodegradable plastics. This suggests that neither consumers nor current waste management systems are fully 'adapted' to bioplastics, and the management of these plastics' waste is currently not optimal.

Y-algebroids and E7(7)× ℝ+-generalised geometry

We define the notion of Y-algebroids, generalising the Lie, Courant, and exceptional algebroids that have been used to capture the local symmetry structure of type II string theory and M-theory compactifications to D ≥ 5 dimensions. Instead of an invariant inner product, or its generalisation arising in exceptional algebroids, Y-algebroids are built around a specific type of tensor, denoted Y , that provides exactly the necessary properties to also describe compactifications to D = 4 dimensions. We classify “M-exact” E7-algebroids and show that this precisely matches the form of the generalised tangent space of E7(7) × ℝ+-generalised geometry, with possible twists due to 1-, 4- and 7-form fluxes, corresponding physically to the derivative of the warp factor and the M-theory fluxes. We translate the notion of generalised Leibniz parallelisable spaces, relevant to consistent truncations, into this language, where they are mapped to so-called exceptional Manin pairs. We also show how to understand Poisson-Lie U-duality and exceptional complex structures using Y-algebroids.

I think I can, I think I can; A qualitative investigation of celebrity endorsement and meaning transfer’s role in building consumer self confidence

ABSTRACT While prior research has highlighted the use of product purchases to build one’s self-confidence or has highlighted the ability of a celebrity endorsement to increase consumers’ confidence in their purchase of the product or the quality of the endorsed product, work that delineates the specific types of confidence that celebrity endorsement may provide consumers is scant. Leveraging the meaning transfer theory, this paper employs qualitative research design and draws on grounded theory methodology to examine consumers’ use of celebrity meanings through the consumption of celebrity-endorsed products to build confidence. The paper provides new insight into consumers’ use of celebrity meanings in constructing the self. Three forms of celebrity-evoked self-confidence emerged: validation, performance ability, and social insurance. While the first two are used to strengthen self-confidence, the third confidence is a form of feeling protected or safe. These findings add novel insight into consumers’ uses of celebrity-endorsed products.

Determination of engineering properties of cementitiously stabilised aggregates using ultrasonic pulse velocity

Non-destructive testing methods, such as Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), have been widely used to assess the quality and performance of cementitious stabilised aggregates. The present study reveals the robust relationship of UPV and constrained modulus (CM) with unconfined compressive strength (UCS), modulus of rupture/flexural strength (MoR), and flexural modulus (FM) in aggregates stabilised with five different stabiliser combinations, including cement, cement-ground granulated blast furnace steel slag (GGBS), cement-fly ash and cement with two commercial chemical admixtures. The high accuracy of UPV and CM in estimating destructive test parameters and approximating challenging tests like FM is convincingly demonstrated with strong correlations (R² > 0.80) and standard error ratios (Se /Sy < 0.35). Power law and logarithmic curves prove suitable for modelling the relationships between strength and stiffness with UPV and CM, respectively. Notably, however, the study reveals significant variations in correlating parameters across different cementitious stabilisers within the same mix design, emphasising the strong dependence on the specific cementitious material type. Overall, this work offers valuable insights into the use of non-destructive parameters, UPV and CM, for the characterisation of stabilised aggregates based on cementitious material type and different curing conditions.

Personality Traits and Healthy Eating Habits and Behaviors: A Narrative Review

‘Findings from many interdisciplinary studies have revealed the important roles of nutrition in improving people’s physical mental and social health. Among other factors, personality influences the type of food consumed and consequently is predictive of health-related state. The aim of this review is to appraise the available scientific evidence regarding the effect of personality on eating habits, and whether personality traits are associated with behaviors that are conductive to a healthy lifestyle in general. A total of 2237 relevant articles were identified through a literature search, 21 of which were included in this review. Articles involving studies in only children, animal studies, studies on eating disorders, studies with specific types of diets that were clearly unrelated to health issues and studies conducted for marketing purposes were excluded. A variety studies have indicated that personality traits affect both the eating habits and types of diets chosen by individuals, including the preference for healthy or unhealthy foods. The analysis of personality traits indicated that conscientiousness is associated with healthy eating and maintaining health-promoting habits in general. Openness is positively associated with variety in food consumption and negatively associated with "food neophobia". Agreeableness is associated with low meat consumption. Extraversion is associated primarily with the consumption of sweet and salty foods, meat and soft drinks. Finally, neurotic and emotionally unstable people appear to have emotional dietary patterns, which are associated with unhealthy eating habits, such as relatively low fruit and vegetable consumption, and high sugar and saturated fat consumption. However, contradictory results have been found among studies. Interpretation of these results should be weighed against the different cultural environments in which the studies were taken place, and the extremely high heterogeneity among the instruments used to measure personality and eating habits. Future research should clarify whether personality influences eating habits in specific populations, such as individuals with eating disorders.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 16 October 2023 / Accepted: 20 February 2024 / Published: 5 March 2024

Nanoplatform-Based In Vivo Gene Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy.

Gene therapy uses modern molecular biology methods to repair disease-causing genes. As a burgeoning therapeutic, it has been widely applied for cancer therapy. Since 1989, there have been numerous clinical gene therapy cases worldwide. However, a few are successful. The main challenge of clinical gene therapy is the lack of efficient and safe vectors. Although viral vectors show high transfection efficiency, their application is still limited by immune rejection and packaging capacity. Therefore, the development of non-viral vectors is overwhelming. Nanoplatform-based non-viral vectors become a hotspot in gene therapy. The reasons are mainly as follows. 1) Non-viral vectors can be engineered to be uptaken by specific types of cells or tissues, providing effective targeting capability. 2) Non-viral vectors can protect goods that need to be delivered from degradation. 3) Nanoparticles can transport large-sized cargo such as CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids and nucleoprotein complexes. 4) Nanoparticles are highly biosafe, and they are not mutagenic in themselves compared to viral vectors. 5) Nanoparticles are easy to scale preparation, which is conducive to clinical conversion and application. Here, an overview of the categories of nanoplatform-based non-viral gene vectors, the limitations on their development, and their applications in cancer therapy.

Dry fractionation of Australian mungbean for sustainable production of value‐added protein concentrate ingredients

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDry fractionation, combining milling and air classification technology, offers an economical and sustainable pathway for the processing of value‐added protein ingredients from Australia's major pulse crops. Leveraging a wider range of pulses will help meet the growing demand for plant‐based protein ingredients. This study demonstrates the efficient processing of protein concentrates from Australian mungbean, which were characterized for key nutritional properties, phytochemical constituents, protein quality, and protein secondary structure.FindingsMilling and air classification of mungbean flour resulted in protein concentrates (fine fraction) with a protein content of 62.2 g/100 g (db), reflecting a two‐fold increase in protein content compared to the original flour (p &lt; .05). Ash, fat, dietary fiber, and free phenolic and antioxidant compounds, also co‐concentrated with protein in the fine fraction (p &lt; .05), imparting enhanced nutritional properties with the potential to deliver health benefits. The protein quality of dry fractionated mungbean protein concentrate was compared to a commercial source of mungbean protein isolate (88 g/100 g, [db]). Amino acid scores highlighted deficiencies in sulfur‐containing amino acids, methionine, and cysteine, as well as tryptophan and threonine. In vitro protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid scores for the mungbean protein concentrate and protein isolate were 63.7% and 59.5%, respectively. SDS‐PAGE protein profiles showed no major differences in protein composition, indicating that no specific types of proteins are lost during the dry fractionation process. Fourier transform infrared analysis of protein secondary structure showed that β‐sheets were the dominant structural component, with relative percentages of 36% and 49%, for the mungbean protein concentrate and isolate, respectively.ConclusionsThere is significant potential for dry fractionation to deliver value‐added opportunities for Australian mungbean, through the production of protein concentrate ingredients with enhanced nutritional properties for use in new and existing foods.Significance and NoveltyNutritional properties, protein quality, and protein secondary structure were compared for protein concentrates and protein isolates processed from Australian‐grown mungbean. Key findings from this study will inform pulse protein processors and pulse‐based food manufacturers.

Impact of the Sea Effect on Sudden Fog on the Western Coast of the Bohai Sea: A Case Study

The term “sea effect” generally refers to the process of air mass modification after cold air flows above a warm sea surface. Affected by the sea effect, small-scale and sudden fogs have occasionally been observed on the western coast of the Bohai Sea. A more in-depth study of this type of fog is crucial for ensuring the safety of maritime and aerial traffic routes in this region. This study investigated the formation mechanism of this specific type of fog on the morning of 17 October 2007, utilizing both meteorological stations and 255 m tower observations, combined with the results of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). It is demonstrated that Bohai Sea evaporation and the associated water vapor advection played crucial roles in the formation of fog along the west coast of the Bohai Sea. The cold return flow became more moist as it passed over the warm Bohai Sea, which was the primary contributor to triggering regional fog on the western coast. A moisture budget analysis revealed that water vapor from the Bohai Sea intruded into its western coast along an eastward trajectory, dominating the oscillations in the net moisture flux. The eastern water vapor flux significantly increased at 17:00 on the 16th (Local time, LST), reaching its peak at 21:00. Correspondingly, the fog water growth rate began to increase at 23:00 on the 16th, reaching its maximum at 03:00 on the 17th. A sensitivity experiment on evaporation further indicated that the Bohai sea effect played a decisive role in fog formation. With a tenfold reduction in evaporation from the Bohai Sea and subsequent significant weakening of water vapor advection, the simulated fog along the western coast of the Bohai Sea completely disappeared. Understanding the formation mechanism of this type of fog is beneficial for refining forecasting focal points, thereby enhancing forecast accuracy in a targeted manner.

Proximity-Induced Pharmacology for Amyloid-Related Diseases.

Proximity-induced pharmacology (PIP) for amyloid-related diseases is a cutting-edge approach to treating conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. By bringing small molecules close to amyloid-related proteins, these molecules can induce a plethora of effects that can break down pathogenic proteins and reduce the buildup of plaques. One of the most promising aspects of this drug discovery modality is that it can be used to target specific types of amyloid proteins, such as the beta-amyloid protein that is commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease. This level of specificity could allow for more targeted and effective treatments. With ongoing research and development, it is hoped that these treatments can be refined and optimized to provide even greater benefits to patients. As our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these diseases continues to grow, proximity-induced pharmacology treatments may become an increasingly important tool in the fight against dementia and other related conditions.

Comparing Leaving-Care Policy and Practice Across the Four Nations of the United Kingdom: Exploring Similarities, Differences, and Implementation Gaps

From an international comparative perspective, the four nations of the United Kingdom have robust legal and policy frameworks governing care leaving. Measures taken include access to aftercare workers; pathway planning; introduction of extended care arrangements (permitting young people to remain in placement beyond 18 years); and specific types of financial support. The paper explores commonalities and differences in approaches across the United Kingdom and illuminates how resource constraints, placement availability, workforce challenges and cultural norms may result in implementation gaps and a postcode lottery of provision. Findings lend weight to calls for attentiveness to and systematic evaluation of the implementation process to understand the challenges encountered in embedding effective support for care leavers. Findings also highlight the value of further comparative studies that explore the systems and subsystems of law, policy, and practice in the four nations to contribute to more-informed leaving care policy and practice.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction due to Novel COQ8A Variation with Poor Response to CoQ10 Treatment: A Comprehensive Study and Review of Literatures.

COQ8A plays an important role in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), and variations in COQ8A gene are associated with primary CoQ10 deficiency-4 (COQ10D4), also known as COQ8A-ataxia. The current understanding of the association between the specific variant type, the severity of CoQ10 deficiency, and the degree of oxidative stress in individuals with primary CoQ10 deficiencies remains uncertain. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinical and genetic characteristics of an 18-year-old patient with COQ8A-ataxia, who exhibited novel compound heterozygous variants (c.1904_1906del and c.637C > T) in the COQ8A gene. These variants reduced the expression levels of COQ8A and mitochondrial proteins in the patient's muscle and skin fibroblast samples, contributed to mitochondrial respiration deficiency, increased ROS production and altered mitochondrial membrane potential. It isworthnotingthat the optimal treatment for COQ8A-ataxia remains uncertain. Presently, therapy consists of CoQ10 supplementation, however, it did not yield significant improvement in our patient's symptoms. Additionally, we reviewed the response of CoQ10 supplementation and evolution of patients in previous literatures in detail. We found that only half of patients could got notable improvement in ataxia. This research aims to expand the genotype-phenotype spectrum of COQ10D4, address discrepancies in previous reviews regarding the effectiveness of CoQ10 in these disorders, and help to establish a standardized treatment protocol for COQ8A-ataxia.

Metabolomic landscape of overall and common cancers in the UK Biobank: A prospective cohort study.

Information about the NMR metabolomics landscape of overall, and common cancers is still limited. Based on a cohort of 83,290 participants from the UK Biobank, we used multivariate Cox regression to assess the associations between each of the 168 metabolites with the risks of overall cancer and 20 specific types of cancer.Then, we applied LASSO to identify important metabolites for overall cancer risk and obtained their associations using multivariate cox regression. We further conducted mediation analysis to evaluate the mediated role of metabolites in the effects of traditional factors on overall cancer risk. Finally, we included the 13 identified metabolites as predictors in prediction models, and compared the accuracies of our traditional models. We found that there were commonalities among the metabolic profiles of overall and specific types of cancer: the top 20 frequently identified metabolites for 20 specific types of cancer were all associated with overall cancer; most of the specific types of cancer had common identified metabolites. Meanwhile, the associations between the same metabolite with different types of cancer can vary based on the site of origin. We identified 13 metabolic biomarkers associated with overall cancer, and found that they mediated the effects of traditional factors. The accuracies of prediction models improved when we added 13 identified metabolites in models. This study is helpful to understand the metabolic mechanisms of overall and a wide range of cancers, and our results also indicate that NMR metabolites are potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prevention.

Optimizing Water Use for Okra Cultivation: A Soil Moisture Sensor-Based Approach

Indian agriculture relies on monsoons, a water source notorious for its unreliability. To ensure sustainable production and productivity, the judicious and timely utilization of available water becomes imperative, emphasizing the need to maximize soil moisture while minimizing water losses. Drip irrigation stands out as a widely adopted and highly regarded water-conserving technology. The potential of an automated drip system becomes evident as it holds the promise of blessing farmers with higher yields despite the constraints of limited irrigation water. The necessity for a soil moisture-based drip irrigation system becomes apparent, tailored to the specific moisture and soil types of individual farms. A low-cost soil moisture sensor-based automated drip irrigation system emerges as the research objective, aiming to enhance efficiency and resource management. Gravity, coupled with drip irrigation, emerges as the most suitable method. The system operates in a closed-loop fashion, continuously monitoring and adjusting based on soil moisture content and the crop's water requirements. In the agricultural landscape of Chhattisgarh, where the total cultivable land spans 4.8 million hectares, with 0.51 million hectares dedicated to cultivating okra crops, the Crop Water Requirement (CWR) for okra varies from 30 cm to 55 cm, influenced by factors such as variety and crop seasons. The research yields insightful results, showcasing maximum water use efficiency in the sensor-based treatment at 46.76 kg/ha/mm, while the control irrigation exhibits a minimum efficiency of 26.66 kg/ha/mm.

The proteasome modulates endocytosis specifically in glomerular cells to promote kidney filtration

Kidney filtration is ensured by the interaction of podocytes, endothelial and mesangial cells. Immunoglobulin accumulation at the filtration barrier is pathognomonic for glomerular injury. The mechanisms that regulate filter permeability are unknown. Here, we identify a pivotal role for the proteasome in a specific cell type. Combining genetic and inhibitor-based human, pig, mouse, and Drosophila models we demonstrate that the proteasome maintains filtration barrier integrity, with podocytes requiring the constitutive and glomerular endothelial cells the immunoproteasomal activity. Endothelial immunoproteasome deficiency as well as proteasome inhibition disrupt the filtration barrier in mice, resulting in pathologic immunoglobulin deposition. Mechanistically, we observe reduced endocytic activity, which leads to altered membrane recycling and endocytic receptor turnover. This work expands the concept of the (immuno)proteasome as a control protease orchestrating protein degradation and antigen presentation and endocytosis, providing new therapeutic targets to treat disease-associated glomerular protein accumulations.

Machine-learning accelerated structure search for ligand-protected clusters.

Finding low-energy structures of ligand-protected clusters is challenging due to the enormous conformational space and the high computational cost of accurate quantum chemical methods for determining the structures and energies of conformers. Here, we adopted and utilized a kernel rigid regression based machine learning method to accelerate the search for low-energy structures of ligand-protected clusters. We chose the Au25(Cys)18 (Cys: cysteine) cluster as a model system to test and demonstrate our method. We found that the low-energy structures of the cluster are characterized by a specific hydrogen bond type in the cysteine. The different configurations of the ligand layer influence the structural and electronic properties of clusters.

Investigating the nexus between energy, socio-economic factors and environmental pollution: A geo-spatial multi regression approach

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) and Yangtze River Basin (YZRB) stand as pivotal regions in China, holding paramount importance in both economic development and environmental security. However, the rapid pace of climate change and extensive human activities have dramatically reshaped these areas, leading to substantial alterations in natural landscapes and urban ecosystems. To ensure sustainable socio-economic growth, a profound understanding of the intricate interplay between socioeconomic factors and the emission of fine particulate matter (FPM) is imperative, along with an exploration of the underlying mechanisms governing these relationships. n this comprehensive study, we conducted spatial autocorrelation and spatial panel regression analyses, leveraging panel data encompassing the years from 2002 to 2021, derived from provincial-level administrative units within the YZRB and YRB. By adopting a holistic approach that considers comprehensive features and spatial effects, our research contributes substantively to the existing literature concerning the YZRB and YRB areas. Our analysis unveiled a notable decline in pollutant emissions over the course of the study period, yet it became evident that socioeconomic and energy-related factors continued to exert significant influence on FPM levels. Furthermore, we identified pronounced positive spatial autocorrelations in FPM emissions, suggesting a need for regionally tailored environmental management strategies. Employing various statistical tests, we rigorously examined the spatial autocorrelation patterns among the regions. Results from our random effect regression model and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) approach underscored the significant impact of socioeconomic and natural factors on FPM concentrations. Importantly, the magnitudes of these impacts exhibited variations contingent upon the specific river basin type. Within the YZRB, our findings emphasize the relevance of urbanization metrics, such as urban population, urban green space, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and economic spending, which displayed positive and statistically significant relationships with FPM concentrations. Conversely, in the YRB, the utilization of energy resources and natural assets emerged as pivotal determinants.

GS-TCGA: Gene Set-Based Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas.

Most tools for analyzing large gene expression datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), have focused on analyzing the expression of individual genes or inference of the abundance of specific cell types from whole transcriptome information. While these methods provide useful insights, they can overlook crucial process-based information that may enhance our understanding of cancer biology. In this study, we describe three novel tools incorporated into an online resource; gene set-based analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (GS-TCGA). GS-TCGA is designed to enable user-friendly exploration of TCGA data using gene set-based analysis, leveraging gene sets from the Molecular Signatures Database. GS-TCGA includes three unique tools: GS-Surv determines the association between the expression of gene sets and survival in human cancers. Co-correlative gene set enrichment analysis (CC-GSEA) utilizes interpatient heterogeneity in cancer gene expression to infer functions of specific genes based on GSEA of coregulated genes in TCGA. GS-Corr utilizes interpatient heterogeneity in cancer gene expression profiles to identify genes coregulated with the expression of specific gene sets in TCGA. Users are also able to upload custom gene sets for analysis with each tool. These tools empower researchers to perform survival analysis linked to gene set expression, explore the functional implications of gene coexpression, and identify potential gene regulatory mechanisms.