Specific Rows Research Articles

A multi-sectional analysis of building height, layout, and urban density on seasonal energy consumption: A case study

This study aims to investigate the influence of building height and layout on energy consumption. It also analyzes methods for reducing energy consumption in these buildings. The EnergyPlus software performs simulations under local climatic conditions for all seasons. The city is divided into several sections based on cardinal directions, and energy consumption is calculated for each section, considering the city's distinct seasonal variations. Buildings in suburban areas with more sunlight exhibited higher overall energy consumption due to the reliance on heating and cooling systems, compared to the city center where denser urban areas moderated temperature extremes. Additionally, building design and insulation played significant roles. The analysis also revealed a west-to-east trend; higher consumption at the edges compared to the center. This is attributed to factors such as building density and shade from taller structures. The study further examined the impact of varying building heights. While most buildings were 20 meters tall, specific rows ranged from 21 to 25 meters. Changing these heights resulted in decreased cooling and increased heating demands in the north-south analysis, and reduced demands for both heating and cooling in the west-east analysis. This highlights the complex interplay between building layout, height, and energy consumption.

Intelligent design of sensor networks for data-driven sensor maintenance at railways

With rapid advances in digitization, many critical processes in transportation, industries, and our daily life rely on sensor measurements. With time, however, the measurements may get gradually biased and their precision deteriorates, leading to an enhanced risk of major disruptions caused by false sensor measurements. All single sensor measurements are uncertain and deviate from the true value. To detect malfunctioning sensors early on, a set of recent measurements of each sensor has to be constantly cross-checked against the measurements of a given number of other sensors, i.e., sensors should form a diagnosable network.In this article, we examine the intelligent positioning of safety-relevant sensors at railways such that the installed sensors can constantly cross-check each other and the number of the required sensors is minimized. The arising sensor positioning problem (SPP) belongs to the family of the coordinated set covering problems with two binary matrices: the choice of columns in one matrix implies the selection of specific columns and rows in the other matrix. We formulate an integer program, provide some formal analysis of the SPP and design a customized large neighborhood search metaheuristic RuM, which finds close-to-optimality solutions fast. In our computational experiments, we show that if we ignore the diagnosability requirement, the installed sensors cannot sufficiently cross-check each other in most cases. However, it costs only a few (or even no) additional sensors to ensure the diagnosability of the sensor network.

Efficient Blind Hyperspectral Unmixing Framework Based on CUR Decomposition (CUR-HU)

Hyperspectral imaging captures detailed spectral data for remote sensing. However, due to the limited spatial resolution of hyperspectral sensors, each pixel of a hyperspectral image (HSI) may contain information from multiple materials. Although the hyperspectral unmixing (HU) process involves estimating endmembers, identifying pure spectral components, and estimating pixel abundances, existing algorithms mostly focus on just one or two tasks. Blind source separation (BSS) based on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms identify endmembers and their abundances at each pixel of HSI simultaneously. Although they perform well, the factorization results are unstable, require high computational costs, and are difficult to interpret from the original HSI. CUR matrix decomposition selects specific columns and rows from a dataset to represent it as a product of three small submatrices, resulting in interpretable low-rank factorization. In this paper, we propose a new blind HU framework based on CUR factorization called CUR-HU that performs the entire HU process by exploiting the low-rank structure of given HSIs. CUR-HU incorporates several techniques to perform the HU process with a performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods but with higher computational efficiency. We adopt a deterministic sampling method to select the most informative pixels and spectrum components in HSIs. We use an incremental QR decomposition method to reduce computation complexity and estimate the number of endmembers. Various experiments on synthetic and real HSIs are conducted to evaluate the performance of CUR-HU. CUR-HU performs comparably to state-of-the-art methods for estimating the number of endmembers and abundance maps, but it outperforms other methods for estimating the endmembers and the computational efficiency. It has a 9.4 to 249.5 times speedup over different methods for different real HSIs.

Pre-Launch Multi-Energy Radiance Calibration of the OMS-N

This paper presents the prelaunch radiometric calibration of the Ozone Monitor Suite-Nadir (OMS-N) instrument, a vital payload on the FY-3F satellite. FY-3F achieved a successful launch on 3 August 2023. The radiance calibration of the OMS-N instrument was achieved using an integrating sphere, with known exit radiance ascertained through a transferring radiometer. The calibration model incorporates six energy levels. The Solar Simulator Standard System was employed to validate the calibration results, selecting specific rows to represent varying spatial dimensions. Considering the influence of xenon lamp characteristic peaks and transmission errors during the calibration process, the average deviation remained within 2.3% for the VIS channel, 3% for the UV1 channel, and 2.2% for the UV2 channel. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the radiometric calibration was analyzed. The results indicated an absolute uncertainty of 2.33% for both the UV1 and UV2 channels and 1.69% for the VIS channel. The relative uncertainty was 1.84% for both the UV1 and UV2 channels and 1.45% for the VIS channel. The obtained calibration coefficients are accurate and reliable and can be used for the inversion of product parameters, which is of great significance to the quantitative application of satellite data and the advancement of scientific research on quantitative remote sensing.

M-Array Based on Non-Zero Maps

Two-dimensional maximum area array (m-array) is a typical pseudo-random array with specific window property - all sub-windows are globally unique. M-array constructed by Formula-Method-Based encoding algorithm features a big difference between the number of rows and columns. Enumeration-Method-Based encoding algorithm only constructs small-size m-array with high computational complexity and low success rate. Based on the characteristics of Galois Fields, a new method of m-array construction based on non-zero maps theory is proposed and the theoretical proof is presented. Given symbols $p$ and sub-window size $m\times n$ as input, m-array with a large array size and close numbers of rows and columns is constructed by dividing and splicing m-sequence. Comparing with existing methods, the advantages of the algorithm include larger array size, more balanced number of rows and columns, and lower computational complexity. If needed, the method in this paper is flexible enough that the number of rows and columns of m-array can also be adjusted within a certain range, meaning that m-array with specific rows and columns ratio can be constructed.

Phase‐Changing Metamaterial Capable of Variable Stiffness and Shape Morphing

Herein, a metamaterial is introduced that achieves tunable stiffness properties according to uploaded instructions, which control the phase of low‐melting‐temperature metals embedded in elastomeric spherical shells at selected locations within the lattice's microarchitecture. A macroscale cubic lattice of gallium‐filled silicone rubber spheres is fabricated as a proof of concept. Nickel–chromium (nichrome) wires are threaded through the spheres within each row in the lattice so that current can be applied to specific rows to melt their gallium cores, thereby achieving a drop in the lattice's stiffness. Using this approach, the lattice can achieve a 3.7× increase in stiffness at 7% strain when the gallium cores are all solid compared with when they are all liquid. Larger increases in stiffness are possible for larger compression strains and with thinner silicone shells. Lattices with solid gallium cores experience buckling when compressed, but lattices with liquid gallium cores do not. Simulations demonstrate that cores can be liquified and resolidified much faster as they are scaled down in size, thus enabling rapid metamaterial stiffness control. Shape reconfiguration is also possible by liquifying select gallium cores at desired locations within the lattice, deforming it, and then resolidifying the cores to passively retain the lattice's shape.

An Effective DRAM Address Remapping for Mitigating Rowhammer Errors

A rowhammer error represents a loss of data stored in a DRAM cell caused by electromagnetic interference due to repetitive access to the same and/or adjacent rows. Due to the concentrated occurrence of rowhammer errors in specific rows and columns, these errors cannot be corrected by the conventional error correcting code (ECC) commonly used in DRAM devices. Previous techniques avoid these errors by having additional refresh operations that require additional hardware resources and/or power consumption. This paper proposes a different approach to handle rowhammer errors by distributing them across different DRAM rows and columns so that the attack cells are not concentrated on specific rows and columns. To this end, the distribution of rowhammer errors is observed with experiments using several commercial DRAM devices by employing state-of-the-art rowhammer attack techniques. The observation of the rowhammer errors concentrated in specific rows and columns underlies the proposal of an effective DRAM address remapping scheme for re-distribution of rowhammer errors. By using different address mappings to different chips and arrays in a DIMM, the proposed remapping effectively distributes errors over different rows and columns. As a result, the proposed remapping scheme decreases the possibility of multiple errors in a single word, and consequently, reduces uncorrectable errors under single error or single symbol correcting ECC. Experimental results with commercial DIMMs show that the proposed scheme reduces uncorrectable errors by about 95 percent while incurring a small additional hardware cost.

Achievements in Improving Documentation to Depict a More Accurate Clinical Representation of Patients with Malnutrition While Increasing Visibility of the RDN

The purpose of this quality project was to improve the documentation of malnutrition diagnoses in the electronic health record (EHR) to represent more accurate depictions of patients' clinical conditions. It is imperative to identify, prevent and treat hospital malnutrition in order to provide high quality care for patients. Malnutrition diagnoses are often missed and are commonly queried by coders. Compared to those who are not, malnourished patients are more likely to have adverse outcomes such as: pressure injuries, falls, and delayed healing leading to longer stays and readmissions. Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) are the experts who can provide low-risk, cost-effective interventions and engage the care team in efforts to provide high quality care for these patients. Work began at Spectrum Health (SH) in 2015 with a pilot study aimed at improving physician malnutrition diagnosing and documentation. RDNs worked with physicians to improve the process of documenting malnutrition. In January 2016, using the Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative (MQii) Toolkit, an executive-sponsored Malnutrition Steering Committee was initiated. The initial goal was to further improve the documentation of malnutrition diagnoses by RDNs and physicians. This required raising awareness around hospital malnutrition and the critical role of RDNs. It also required improving RDN performance of the Nutrition Focused Physical Exam (NFPE). In November 2017, enhancements were implemented to malnutrition documentation while switching EHR software platforms. RDNs collaborated with informatics specialists, providers, coders, and analysts to improve documentation processes. Malnutrition specific flowsheet rows and a malnutrition note were added to the EHR. The RDN completes the flowsheet rows in the Nutrition Assessment Flowsheet to efficiently and completely document the criteria that supports a malnutrition diagnosis found upon assessment and physical exam. These are then pulled into a Malnutrition Note that is routed to the physician for cosign. This provider signature is required for coding malnutrition diagnoses. RDNs were also granted privileges to add malnutrition diagnoses to the Problem List. Concurrently, RDNs were further trained on the NFPE and raised awareness of expertise. The number of documented cases by RDNs and providers in 2018 were compared to the number in 2016 to determine the impact of these changes. The number of documented malnutrition cases by RDNs in 2018 was 3895, up 270% from 2016 (1440). Enhancing RDN NFPE skills improved identification and documentation of malnutrition. The number of documented malnutrition cases by providers in 2018 was 1594 (Jan-May 2018), which was 7.2% of discharged patients in that time. This was up 239% from 2016 (667 between Jan-May 2016). Awareness efforts and EHR enhancements improved provider agreement with RDN diagnoses. RDNs began adding malnutrition diagnoses to the Problem List in the EHR in November 2017. RDNs are the only disciple other than providers granted these privileges at SH. This allows the malnutrition diagnosis to be addressed at each health care encounter. Improved documentation to represent a more accurate depiction of the clinical condition of patients with malnutrition was achieved. RDNs built interdisciplinary relationships while collaborating with other departments, which have elevated the RDN role in care and in decision making throughout the organization.

Repeated Courses of Orally Administered Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Steroid Resistant and Steroid Dependent Intestinal Acute Graft Vs. Host Disease: A Pilot Study (NCT 03214289)

Background: Steroid-resistant (SR) intestinal acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) is a devastating complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Preliminary reports suggest that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) administered through a nasogastric tube or colonoscopy may be an effective treatment. We report the results of a single-arm pilot study (NCT 03214289) using FMT in capsules to treat SR or steroid dependent (SD) intestinal aGVHD.Methods: The primary outcome was the occurrence of severe adverse events (SAEs) at 28 days post last FMT course. Secondary outcomes included GVHD response. Complete response (CR) was defined as resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms or reduction of steroid dose to 5 mg of prednisone. Partial response was defined as a decrease in severity of GVHD by at least one stage or a ≥40% reduction in steroid dose. Patients were eligible if they had SR or SD gut aGVHD without active infection or neutropenia. Per-protocol, participants received a course of 30 frozen capsules of fecal matter over two consecutive days. FMT courses could be repeated from the same or a different donor, at the treating physician's discretion. Capsules are produced from healthy unrelated donors who underwent vigorous screening. They are taken orally and are flavorless and odor-free. To characterize the impact of the FMT on the gut microbiota, stool samples of recipients were serially collected and underwent 16s rRNA sequencing.Results: To date, we have enrolled 7 patients with intestinal aGVHD (6 SR, 1 SD) (Table). The median dose of methylprednisolone (MP) was 1 mg/kg (interquartile range [IQR] 0.8-1.3 mg/kg). FMT was administered at a median of 39 days (IQR 21-58 days) from aGVHD diagnosis. A total of 15 courses of FMT were given. Patients received a range of 1-3 FMT courses (median 2). The capsules were well tolerated. Patient #1 developed Enterococcus Faecium bacteremia 2 days following the second FMT. To track the source of bacteremia, we performed targeted metagenomic sequencing. The enterococcus strain from the blood culture was identified in the recipient's pre-FMT stool sample but not in the FMT inoculum (i.e., capsule), confirming that the bacteremia was not an FMT complication. Similarly, patient #6 developed Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia 3 days after the 2nd FMT. 16s rRNA sequencing of the donor capsule failed to demonstrate Pseudomonas taxa. No other SAEs suspected to be related to the FMT were observed. Two patients achieved a CR with complete resolution of GVHD symptoms. Patient #6 had a partial improvement following the 1st FMT, with a reduction of MP from 2 mg/kg to 1.3 mg/kg. Three days after the 2nd FMT, she developed fatal pseudomonas bacteremia, not related to the FMT as detailed above. At last follow-up (median 61 days, IQR 40-99), 3/7 patients were alive. Three patients died from consequences of active GVHD, while one patients who responded to FMT and was free of GVHD, succumbed to an invasive Aspergillus infection of the brain.16s rRNA sequencing of stool samples revealed bacterial domination (i.e., occupation of at least 40% of the microbiota by a single predominating taxon) of Escherichia(E) coli in four patients before FMT, with a major reduction following therapy. FMT was associated with the introduction of new bacteria and an increase in bacterial diversity in the recipient's stool (Figure).Conclusions: We demonstrate for the first time the utility of fecal microbiota transplantation in orally administered capsules for the treatment of severe intestinal acute GVHD. The capsules were well tolerated and safe. Metagenomic sequencing proved that a bacterial infection following FMT was not related to the procedure. Sequencing of the stool sample revealed bacterial domination with E.coli in 4/7 patients prior to the first FMT. Following FMT, bacterial diversity increased. Finally, 2/7 patients attained a complete response following therapy, suggesting a potential role of FMT in patient management.Figure. (A) Heatmap of operational taxonomics units (OTU). Each column marks a sequenced stool sample at a specific time point and rows individual taxas. The color code indicates relative abundance. Dotted lines represent an FMT course. Before FMT all patients, aside from patient #6, had markedly reduced diversity, with enrichment of OTUs following treatment. (B). Change of bacterial diversity, measured by the Shanon diversity index before and after FMTs. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Analysis of the depth-shift distortion as an estimator for view synthesis distortion

Aiming for 3D Video encoders with reduced computational complexity, we analyze the performance of depth-shift distortion in depth-image based rendering algorithms, incurred when coding depth maps in 3D Video, as an estimator of the distortion of synthesized views. We propose several distortion models that capture (i) the geometric distortion caused by the depth coding error, (ii) the pixel-mapping precision in view synthesis and (iii) the method to aggregate depth-shift distortion caused by the coding error in a depth block. Our analysis starts with the evaluation of the correlation between the depth-shift distortion values obtained with these models, and the actual distortion on synthesized views, with the aim of identifying the most accurate one. The correlation results show that one of the models can be used as a reasonable estimator of the synthesis distortion in low complexity depth encoders. These results also show that the Sum of Absolute Error (SAE) captures better the distortion on a depth block than the Sum of Squared Error (SSE).The correlation analysis is performed at three levels: frame, MB-row and MB. Results show that correlation values are consistently high at the frame level and for most MB-row positions, while lower values are achieved at the MB level and for specific rows at the MB-row level. Finally, to assess the results obtained by the correlation analysis, the different depth-shift distortion models are employed in two algorithms of the rate-distortion optimization (RDO) cycle of the depth encoder: (i) Quantization Parameter (QP) selection and (ii) mode decision. We evaluate the QP selection algorithm at three levels: frame, MB-row and MB, and the mode decision at the MB level. At the frame level, results show that the use of depth-shift distortion is equivalent to synthesis distortion, with the advantage of a lower computational complexity. At sub-frame levels, the results are consistent with the comparative correlation results, giving guidelines for the use of an efficient depth-shift distortion model on low complexity depth encoders.

The deformation and failure behaviour of phosphorene nanoribbons under uniaxial tensile strain

We investigate the deformation and failure behavior of phosphorene nanoribbons (PNRs) with armchair (AC) and zigzag (ZZ) edges subjected to uniaxial tensile strain. It is found that the deformation and failure of PNRs are highly anisotropic. For AC PNRs, three stages were identified upon straining: the initial ‘linear elastic’ stage, which is closely related to the interactions between the adjacent nanoribbon puckers, followed by the ‘bond rotation’ stage, where the puckered structure of the phosphorene is flattened via bond rotation, and finally the ‘bond stretching’ stage, where the P–P bonds are strained up to the rupture limit. The failure is caused by the breaking of the most strained bonds, which are located in specific rows. For ZZ PNRs, however, the applied tensile strain leads to direct bond stretching and the final bond breakings are uniformly distributed across ZZ PNRs. It is also found that AC PNRs have a large failure strain (ϵ ≈ 0.5), but a low failure stress (σ ≈ 50 GPa), whereas ZZ PNRs have a low failure strain (ϵ ≈ 0.1), but a high failure stress (σ ≈ 100 GPa). For both AC and ZZ PNRs, their failure strain is insensitive while their failure stress is only moderately sensitive to the width.

Setting up a web-based neuroscience database has never been easier: The CoCoMac engine goes open source

Setting up a web-based neuroscience database has never been easier: The CoCoMac engine goes open source

Three‐level and mixed‐level orthogonal arrays for lean designs

AbstractOrthogonal arrays (OA's) are widely used in design of experiments. Each OA has a specific number of rows that is fixed by the number of factors in the OA and the number of levels in each factor. In a practical application of an industrial experiment, however, because of various operational constraints it could happen that the number of runs of the experiment cannot be set exactly equal to the number of rows of an OA. In this case, a lean design can be used. A lean design is obtained by removing some specific rows and columns from the extended design matrix formed from an OA, so that the resulting sub‐matrix still allows efficient estimation of the effects of some of the factors. Tables for 2‐level lean designs are already available in the literature. In this paper, the authors will investigate 3‐level lean designs and mixed‐level lean designs, and construct tables for such designs for convenient use. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Can Visual Stimulation Alone Induce Phenotypically Plastic Responses in Rana sylvatica Tadpole Oral Structures

Rana sylvatica tadpoles have been shown to alter their oral structures in response to increased competition. The placement of mirrors on tank walls has previously been used to simulate increased density and to induce phenotypic changes in tadpole size and timing of metamorphosis. Here, we examine the effects of simulated overcrowding, induced with mirrors, on the oral structures of R. sylvatica tadpoles. Our data suggest that, although phenotypic changes caused by visually simulated competition are not as drastic as those produced by actual competition, they do occur. These alterations manifest in a failure to develop specific tooth rows.

MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF NEIDIUM SPECIES WITH SAGITTATE APICES, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF N. CAPE-CODII SP. NOV.

Nedium cape-codii Siver & Hamilton sp. nov. is described from a small glacial kettle lake situated on the Cape Cod peninsula, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Nedium cape-codii is a large diatom with slightly bowed margins, a single longitudinal canal along each valve margin and sagittate apices. Each areola is covered externally by volae and internally with a flat, thin, perforated hymen. In addition, small kidney bean-shaped structures, termed here renilimbi, are associated with specific rows of areolae on the internal valve surface. We also present SEM-based morphological descriptions of N. tokyoense Kobayasi, N. pseudogracilis Kobayasi and N. gracile Hustedt, the three species with sagittate apices morphologically most similar to N. cape-codii, from either type material or new material collected from the type localities. The relationships of N. cape-codii to other species with sagittate apices are also discussed.

Patterned epidermal cell death in wild-type and segment polarity mutant Drosophila embryos.

Programmed cell death plays an essential role in the normal embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster. One region of the embryo where cell death occurs, but has not been studied in detail, is the abdominal epidermis. Because cell death is a fleeting process, we have used time-lapse, fluorescence microscopy to map epidermal apoptosis throughout embryonic development. Cell death occurs in a stereotypically striped pattern near both sides of the segment border and to a lesser extent in the middle of the segment. This map of wild-type cell death was used to determine how cell death patterns change in response to genetic perturbations that affect epidermal patterning. Previous studies have suggested that segment polarity mutant phenotypes are partially the result of increased cell death. Mutations in wingless, armadillo, and gooseberry led to dramatic increases in apoptosis in the anterior of the segment while a naked mutation resulted in a dramatic increase in the death of engrailed cells in the posterior of the segment. These results show that segment polarity gene expression is necessary for the survival of specific rows of epidermal cells and may provide insight into the establishment of the wild-type epidermal cell death pattern.

Observation of vortex dynamics in two-dimensional Josephson-junction arrays.

Spatially resolved images of the dynamic states of curent-biased two-dimensional arrays of Nb/${\mathrm{AlO}}_{\mathit{x}}$/Nb Josephson junctions were obtained using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. The arrays were square or rectangular and the maximum size was 20 junctions \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}20 junctions. In overdamped arrays our images at zero or small applied perpendicular magnetic field together with model calculations confirm the nucleation of a vortex at one sample edge (or an antivortex at the opposite edge) and its subsequent motion into the array interior. Vortex annihilation due to vortex-antivortex collision was observed to take place in the middle of the array or at the edge opposite to the nucleation edge. These dynamics and the underlying model considerations are similar to that for Abrikosov vortices in the current-induced resistive state of thin film type-II superconductors. The phenomenon of ``row switching'' is directly confirmed in images of underdamped arrays. The specific rows experiencing this process change randomly when the same bias point on the current-voltage characteristic is established many times, starting each time from zero current.

ARCCAD AS A GIS PLATFORM FOR UNDERSTANDING THE VEGETATION OF STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY

Stephen F. Austin State University is known as the ``University Among the Pines.” The campus is located along the banks of LnNana creek in the center of Nacogdocha, the oldest town in Texas. Rich with history, the community and the university are now recognizing that cultural. historical and landscape treasure deserve greater protection and conservation. This project involves: 1) collecting a data set of each tree on campus including quadrant identifier, plant ID #, species, dbh, tree health, location, crow diameter, tree height and tree value, 2) placing all trees on a campus map in ArcCAD®, a Geographic Information System (GIS) developed for the PC, 3) linking map entities (trees, polygons, themes) with specific rows in a database, and 4) developing a query strategy to ask questions of the landscape. Database queries are powerful analytical tools which can generate resultant maps that answer specific landscape questions. These maps can then be queried again for further analysis. Examples of typical queries might include: 1) illustrate only those pines with a dbh greater than 24″, 2) identify all oak trees within thirty feet of a building, or 3) illustrate all trees over sixty feet with poor tree health. ArcCAD® links the easy drafting capabilities of AutoCAD® with much of the functionality of a true GIS workstation. Map files can be linked to a database(s), text, and visual images (TIF files). We have scanned and are currently archiving old photographs of the campus for future linkages. By understanding the history of the university landscape and documenting the current status of campus vegetation, decision-makers can have at strategies that lessen the impact of development.

Segment-Polarity Mutations Cause Stripes of Defects along a Leg Segment in Drosophila

Various lines of evidence suggest that "segment-polarity" genes, which participate in segmenting the Drosophila embryo, may also play a role in the development of adult structures. Wilkins and Gubb (1991, Dev. Biol. 145, 1-12) have proposed that these genes specify the angular component of the polar coordinate system for each imaginal disc. If true, then segment-polarity mutations should cause abnormal patterning within well-defined sectors of the discs. To test this prediction, a leg segment was used where abnormalities can be precisely identified. The second-leg basitarsus bears eight rows of mechanosensory bristles, plus five chemosensory bristles between specific rows. Abnormalities were sought in the basitarsi of six different segment-polarity mutants and their 15 pairwise compounds. Consistent with the prediction, sectorial defects were indeed found: (1) deletions of specific rows (or chemosensory bristles) or portions thereof and (2) increased bristle number within (or between) specific rows. Both types of abnormalities were associated with changes in the widths of various parts of the circumference, implying that the alterations in bristle patterning may be mediated by regional perturbations of growth.

Central correlates of peripheral pattern alterations in the trigeminal system of the rat. III. Neurons of the principal sensory nucleus.

We provide evidence that the discrete clustered distribution of the trigeminothalamic projection neurons in the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal is dependent on the integrity of the trigeminal nerve during development. Nerve section at birth abolishes all evidence of cellular clustering in the principal sensory nucleus, while more discrete damage to specific rows of follicles results in changes in the cellular clustering pattern only in the portion of the nucleus related to the afflicted rows of vibrissae.