Specific Norm Research Articles

Speaking like a ‘good student’: Norms and deviations in contemporary upper secondary education in Denmark

Abstract Based on a linguistic ethnographic study of student–teacher classroom interactions, this article sheds light on language norms in a contemporary Danish STX school (upper secondary education, also known as gymnasiums). The analysis reveals that neither classrooms with the explicit teaching of an ‘academic register’ nor classrooms where teachers orient towards a youth norm constitute spaces where students have equal access to perform as good students. Even when students can decode and reproduce the language preferred by the teachers, they do not experience an equal opportunity to conform to this. It is argued that performing linguistically as good and competent students is more complex than just adapting to a specific school norm, as the students have to navigate different teacher’s norms as well as peer norms emphasising authenticity.

Законодательная регламентация вопросов противодействия новым формам девиантного поведения в сети «Интернет»

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of legislative counteraction to new forms of deviant behavior that have recently appeared in the information space of the Internet. Trash streams represent the greatest public danger among its currently existing varieties. With the application of general scientific and private scientific methods, as well as the method of systemic formal- legal analysis, an attempt was made to determine some general provisions concerning the possibility of bringing the organizers and participants of trash streams to criminal, as well as in some cases to administrative responsibility. From the position of the theory of criminal legal science, as well as the currently available law enforcement practice, a number of draft laws prepared by the public and legislators, which are currently being considered as legislative initiatives, have been analyzed. In particular, the draft law on introducing alterations and additions to criminal legislation, proposing to establish criminal liability for committing such acts on the Internet. The subject of the study is federal laws, regulations and documents governing social relations in the field of combating criminal manifestations of deviant behavior on the Internet. The material base of the study was formed by the works of domestic forensic scientists devoted to the problem under study, as well as periodical press materials, judicial and investigative practice. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by the basic provisions of the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific and private scientific methods, such as comparative-legal, concrete-sociological, formal-logical, systemic and historical, which made it possible to state some general conclusions. Results. As a result of the research the relevance of the systemic formal-legal approach has been established, starting from the legislative fixation of the concepts related to the signs of trash streaming, an attempt has been made to formulate the general conditions of criminalization of this kind of phenomena, legislative initiatives and proposals aimed at combating trash streaming have been named and analyzed. In addition, the conclusion is drawn of the complexity of criminal legal qualification of trash streaming as an act enshrined in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the form of a specific criminal law norm due to the formal absence of indicia of public danger and illegality, as well as the need for further work on draft laws, taking into account, among other things, the opinion of the scientific community.

EXPRESS: Crowdfunding Success for Female versus Male Entrepreneurs Depends on Whether a Consumer versus Investor Decision Frame Is Salient

Ensuring equal access to entrepreneurship and startup funding for both female and male entrepreneurs is crucial for societal perceptions of justice and long-term prosperity. Previous research presents contrasting findings, with some studies indicating a male advantage and others suggesting a female advantage. This research reconciles these inconsistencies by identifying decision frame as a moderator. Specifically, in crowdfunding contexts, a consumer decision frame leads to stronger reliance on communal evaluation norms, resulting in favoring female entrepreneurs who are perceived as more disadvantaged. Conversely, an investor decision frame leads to stronger reliance on exchange evaluation norms, resulting in favoring male entrepreneurs who are perceived as more determined/passionate. Based on this, the authors propose that the strategic use of an entrepreneur’s profile, activating a specific evaluation norm, or showing crowdfunding dependence, attenuates the differential support for female versus male entrepreneurs, resulting in equal support for both. Results from six studies using a multimethod design provide converging support for this framework. This research is the first to differentiate and directly compare consumer versus investor decision frames, advancing the related literature and offering valuable guidelines for entrepreneurs, funding platforms, and public policymakers.

Masculinist Actionism: Gender and Strategic Change in US Cyber Strategy

How do gender hierarchies inform processes of strategic change? Drawing upon feminist institutionalism and security studies, we argue that gender hierarchies form the boundaries of acceptability for strategic change. We conduct a qualitative feminist analysis of cyber strategy policy documents and expert commentary around a 2018 shift in US cyber strategy. We identify two ideal-typical modes of masculinity—military and “tech”—as influential in conditioning US cyber strategy. The interaction of these masculinities facilitated the emergence of “defending forward” and “persistent engagement” as proactive, dynamic, and suitably masculine new strategic concepts. The previously preferred strategic concept, deterrence, conversely, was constructed in line with feminized tropes as weak, passive, and reactive. Strategic change is facilitated by a change in the meaning of a specific gender norm—masculinized action—while still constrained by the continuation of a broader gender hierarchy of masculinities over femininities, and the associated valorization of action over passivity and dependence.

The emptiness at the heart of international law

Abstract“What is not prohibited is allowed” is the principle at the heart of international law. Yet the principle is empty. It originates in the Lotus judgment of the Permanent Court of International Justice of 1927 where Turkey was allowed to prosecute a French citizen at the expense of the authority of France to have exclusive jurisdiction. This article recounts the history of “what is not prohibited is allowed” and explains where it has led us astray and where it is in the process of doing so. It recalls that the intention of the creators of the Permanent Court of International Justice was very different, namely that equitable balancing would take place when no specific international law norm could be identified. The article suggests how, through an Advisory Opinion by the International Court of Justice, equitable balancing can be re‐established as the fallback principle when international law is otherwise silent.

Некоторые проблемы, связанные с уголовнопроцессуальными функциями в законодательстве Азербайджанской Республики

The presented article is devoted to the problems of separation from each other of the functions of subjects of criminal proceedings. It provides a comparative analysis of how the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan does not provide for a specific norm defining the division of criminal procedural functions, but in the legislation of the Russian Federation and Ukraine provide, respectively. It is argued that, despite the implementation of legal reforms, the improvement of criminal procedure legislation and the proclamation of a number of democratic principles in criminal proceedings, the adversarial nature of the parties in the preliminary investigation is still declarative in nature. The historical and political roots of this have the same source - the repressive traditions of the totalitarian Soviet state. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that in order to eliminate the existing problems, to ensure the suspect and the accused have the right to defense provided for by the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, to exercise the defense function at the level of relevant requirements, along with the improvement of criminal procedural legislation, the precise definition of the functions of the subjects of criminal proceedings and the elimination of existing contradictions by completely separating them from each other, it is necessary to develop and implement measures related to the development of the legal consciousness of these subjects and the strengthening of their responsibility.

Кримінальна відповідальність за ухилення від сплати податків, зборів (обов’язкових платежів): сучасний погляд на проблему

The article analyses the theoretical and legal aspects of criminal liability for evasion of taxes and fees (mandatory payments) in the current context. In particular, the authors analyse the concept and features of criminal liability, as well as the grounds for its occurrence. It was found that Article 212 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine «Evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments)» actually provides for criminal liability for violation of tax legislation. At the same time, this article provides for the establishment of the fact of violation of a specific tax norm, as a result of which taxes were not paid. It is noted that criminal liability for evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments) has all the properties of criminal liability, taking into account the peculiarities of tax legal relations. It was determined that the signs of criminal liability for evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments) are that it: 1) is provided for by the norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine and other regulatory legal acts; 2) is a criminal legal guarantee of payment of taxes, fees (mandatory payments); 3) is established in case of intentional evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments). The article analyses the elements of a criminal offence under Article 212 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the methods of committing this type of offence and the conditions of criminal liability for evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments). The authors consider the qualification for intentional evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments) and summarise the statistical data on the number of criminal offences in proceedings in which the pre-trial investigation is carried out by the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine based on Article 212 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine for January 2020‒2023. It is noted that criminal prosecution for evasion of taxes and fees (mandatory payments), although an effective means of influencing offenders, should be noted that national legislation needs to be finalized in order to achieve clarity and unambiguity.

Consistent energy-based framework of amplification mechanisms for the second mode in hypersonic boundary layers

The second mode is of general interest in hypersonic boundary layer flows due to its underlying responsibilities for transition to turbulence. However, a long-term debate exists on the detailed energy sources that sustain the modal exponential growth. Currently, three influential energy-based approaches appear to show different significant energy sources due to dissimilar mathematical formulations, including the momentum potential theory, the inviscid Lagrangian energy analysis, and the relative phase analysis. In this study, these three fundamental approaches are employed and examined in conjunction with direct numerical simulations. The purpose is to seek a possible unified explanation of the source terms that dominate the exponential evolution of the second mode. In the considered Mach 6 flow state, all three approaches consistently point to the same local energy amplification route driven by two pronounced source terms: the dilatation term in the near-wall region and the Reynolds thermal stress term or heat exchange term across the outer layer region, depending on the selection of the specific energy norm. The mathematical forms of the corresponding sources are derived or discussed explicitly. Theoretical and simulation results provide a unified understanding of the local energy amplification mechanisms of the second mode.

Unveiling the Hidden Patterns: Exploring the Elusive Norm Attainability of Orthogonal Polynomials

This research paper delves into the intriguing realm of orthogonal polynomials, focusing on their ability to attain specific norm values and the conditions under which this phenomenon occurs. It explores various polynomial families, both classical and specialized, uncovering the unique characteristics that in uence norm attainability. Beyond theoretical insights, the paper delves into practical applications across multiple disciplines, offering new perspectives and problem-solving opportunities. By marrying rigorous mathematical analysis with real-world relevance, this research enriches our understanding of orthogonal polynomials while demonstrating their potential utility in diverse fields. It invites readers on a journey to unveil hidden patterns within this captivating mathematical domain.

Judge’s discretion in ensuring human rights and freedoms: the significance of the legal position

The article is devoted to the analysis of the judge’s discretion in ensuring human rights and freedoms and the study of the significance of the legal position of the Supreme Court. It has been established that the purpose of the Supreme Court as the highest judicial institution in Ukraine is, first of all, the formation of a justified legal position regarding the application by all courts in the further work of a specific norm of substantive law or compliance with a norm of procedural law that was incorrectly used, and thus directing practice into a unified and proper enforcement. The legal positions of the Supreme Court have a more complex nature, as there is a clear awareness of the tasks of this body as a key subject in the formation of the unity of national judicial practice. The legal literature was studied, which currently discusses the problem of deviating from the legal positions expressed earlier, whereas it is at the level of higher courts that the problem of unanimous application of legal norms by courts in similar legal relations should be resolved. The institution of departure from the pre-legal position is quite an interesting phenomenon and become widely in recent years, and this problem is connected, perhaps, with the reform of procedural legislation. It was established that a massive departure from previous legal positions violates the standards of consistency of judicial practice, and the requirement of legal certainty appeals precisely to the standards of consistency of judicial practice, according to which courts must make similar decisions in similar cases under the same factual conditions. Constancy of judicial practice means that a series of previously adopted and agreed court decisions is a convincing proof of the correct interpretation of the legal norm. Since the legislator has not establish the binding nature of previously adopted resolutions of the Supreme Court of Ukraine, however, the possibility of deviating from them is provided only to the court of cassation instance of the Supreme Court. Deviating from the legal position, the court must provide a serious and convincing argument, since there has to be valid and reasonable grounds for a different application of the law’s prescription in the same (or similar) situation with a similar legal structure. It was concluded that the principles that are guided by judges when making each specific decision and forming the corresponding legal position, namely the principles of the rule of law, justice and legality, are of particular importance.

A multi-population approach supports common patterns in marine growth and maturation decision in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from southern Europe.

This study provides a regional picture of long-term changes in Atlantic salmon growth at the southern edge of their distribution, using a multi-population approach spanning 49 years and five populations. We provide empirical evidence of salmon life history being influenced by a combination of common signals in the marine environment and population-specific signals. We identified an abrupt decline in growth from 1976 and a more recent decline after 2005. As these declines have also been recorded in northern European populations, our study significantly expands a pattern of declining marine growth to include southern European populations, thereby revealing a large-scale synchrony in marine growth patterns for almost five decades. Growth increments during their sea sojourn were characterized by distinct temporal dynamics. At a coarse temporal resolution, growth during the first winter at sea seemed to gradually improve over the study period. However, the analysis of finer seasonal growth patterns revealed ecological bottlenecks of salmon life histories at sea in time and space. Our study reinforces existing evidence of an impact of early marine growth on maturation decision, with small-sized individuals at the end of the first summer at sea being more likely to delay maturation. However, each population was characterized by a specific probabilistic maturation reaction norm, and a local component of growth at sea in which some populations have better growth in some years might further amplify differences in maturation rate. Differences between populations were smaller than those between sexes, suggesting that the sex-specific growth threshold for maturation is a well-conserved evolutionary phenomenon in salmon. Finally, our results illustrate that although most of the gain in length occurs during the first summer at sea, the temporal variability in body length at return is buffered against the decrease in post-smolt growth conditions. The intricate combination of growth over successive seasons, and its interplay with the maturation decision, could be regulating body length by maintaining diversity in early growth trajectories, life histories, and the composition of salmon populations.

Theoretical and legal principles of determining the structure of administrative and legal norms

It is noted that in the search for answers to questions about the peculiarities of the norms of administrative law, as an object of goal setting, the issue of their structure is one of the key. That is why this question has always been in the field of view of both domestic and foreign researchers. In this regard, the determination of the theoretical and legal foundations of the definition of the structure of the administrative-legal norm is considered relevant, which, in turn, will make it possible to determine the specifics of the formation of the goals of the norms of administrative law. This indicated and determined the formulation of the goal of the study - based on the analysis of various approaches, to determine the theoretical and legal foundations of the formation of the structure of the administrative-legal norm, as well as to express the author’s point of view on some fundamental aspects of the raised issues.
 Supporting the traditional approach to the solution of the indicated scientific task, at the same time, the author clarifies that the category «structure of the legal norm» was introduced precisely to describe the relationships and interaction between the elements of the norm, and the latter should be considered, so to speak, projectively from the indicated block of questions. In other words, if we proceed from the generally accepted thesis that the rule of law is a system, then its structure (as a subject of research) should first of all be studied and analyzed through the prism of the set of essential connections of its elements.
 It is noted that there are strong connections between the elements of the norm of administrative law, which are manifested in the fact that all of them in their unity reflect the public-legal nature of the norm, ensure the effect and corresponding effectiveness of a specific administrative-legal norm. Those elements that do not possess the mentioned properties, accordingly, are not included in the system of the relevant rule of law, forming, as a result, a legal prescription in which another rule of law is embodied, or even forming any other social, but not legal rule. It is proved that the structure of the administrative-legal norm is internal and external connections of the vertical and horizontal level, which ensure the unity of the elements of the norm and integral properties, selected on the basis of the principles of preservation and invariance, which reflects the public-legal nature of the norm and ensures its legal effect and performance.

Trumpism and the rejection of global climate governance

This paper explains the ideational foundations of Donald Trump’s rejection of global climate cooperation and its implications for the future of global climate governance. We argue that Trumpism’s antipathy is a fundamental normative challenge to the key ideas that underpin global climate cooperation. Here we explore two specific norm contestations: (1) Collective action versus extralegal sovereignty, and (2) Common but Differentiated Responsibility versus fairness-as-reciprocity. Trump’s aggressive norm rejections are quite novel. His rejection of climate politics in particular and his desire to return to a status quo ante in world politics, positions him as a distinct type of actor in the spectrum of norm contestation – a reactionary norm entrepreneur. We contribute an ideational explanation of Trumpism’s rejection of global climate cooperation by identifying the fundamental clash of ideas and his role as a reactionary norm entrepreneur within the broader framework of global climate governance. It offers a case study in a high-profile instance of norm contestation and its implications for the survival of the global climate change regime.

On the understanding of fairness among professional soccer Players―a reconstructive study of the interpretation of fairness norms

Introduction In professional soccer, success and fairness norms can come into conflict in many situations. This is why individual actors must constantly weigh one against the another. From a sociological perspective, this does not involve an antagonism between the validity and non-validity of a specific norm but rather a fluent transition from one to the other and conflicting norms can claim validity at the same time (Weber, 2008, p. 23). The current state of research has shown that increasing competitive pressure has given rise to a tendency to seek tactical advantages and deliberately violate norms in professionalized and commercialized sports in general (Lenk, 2014) and that the high pressure to succeed has resulted in an increasing deviation from fairness norms in professional soccer in particular. Bohle and Stallberg (1998) even speak of the compulsion to deviate and the normality of violating norms, which partly results in severe fouls and injuries. Moreover, many studies explicitly or implicitly share the assumption that processes of commercialization tend to suspend norms of fair play (Renson, 2009, Whysall, 2014). At the same time, sports actors do indeed make reference to the validity of certain principles of fairness (Wilke 2009). What appears to be a discrepancy, raises the important question of what the actors actually mean when they speak of fairness. Research so far has offered few answers to this question and has above all addressed youth and amateur soccer. This research gap with respect to professional soccer is at odds with the significance of high-performance soccer to athletics and society, a gap that this reconstructive study has set out to close. Methodology This study employed qualitative, narrative interviews in the vein of grounded theory to reconstruct, empirically and systematically, interpretive patterns of fairness and unfairness from the perspective of professional soccer players. The analyses applied coding procedures in accordance with Strauss and Corbin (1998). Results The study shows that the players do view fairness values as desirable in principle, yet do not draw on them in orienting their own action. Thus, these values do not serve to derive fairness norms. What we see furthermore is that considerations of fairness are clearly dominated by an orientation toward success, which players experience as imperative on all levels. The key, and new, insight is that the players interpret the concept of fairness in a much broader sense than has been discussed in sports science discourse thus far, where fairness is mainly considered in the context of competitive situations. The players, by contrast, clearly distinguish between the settings of competition (on game day), practice, and interaction with others off the field.

Theoretical analysis of norm selection for robustness verification of neural networks

In the robustness verification of neural network, Lp-norm is generally used to measure the distance between two different data. However, different kinds of Lp-norm examine the specific differences between each dimension of the data. Some Lp-norm computational methods magnify specific differences between datasets. To verify the robustness of the network, the usual method is to calculate the different robustness radii of the L∞-norm. But which Lp norm performs best under a given network is rarely considered. To better reflect the nature of the network, this paper proposes a theoretical analysis of the robustness of the network that can be verified by choosing any norm type, and the relationship between the size of Lp-ball corresponding to different robust radii is proved. We conducted experiments on different classification networks and obtained a general norm selection method. As a result, a specific norm can be considered first for network robustness without computing all the different Lp-norm.

Pediatric surgery and self-reported anxiety in children and their parents: A psychometric analysis of the state-trait operation anxiety (STOA) questionnaire.

The preoperative experience in pediatric surgery can cause significant anxiety for both, children and their parents. To date there is no questionnaire available that assesses the child's self-report or both, the child's and parent's self-reported anxiety. The aim of this study was to perform a psychometric analysis of the State-Trait Operation Anxiety (STOA) which provides this option. The data based on a randomized controlled study conducted with n = 90 child-parent dyads. The psychometric analyses were performed using classical test theory, including item statistics, Cronbach's α, factor analysis, and test-retest reliability. The statistics of the anxiety items were good overall for both ratings following common guidelines. The item means indicated that the items tended to be rather difficult which reduces the reliability for lower anxiety levels. The given scale structure was confirmed overall for both informants. However, a one-factor structure instead of two factors was found for state anxiety. The internal consistencies and retest reliabilities were good to very good. Follow-up analyses confirmed the sensitivity to change for state anxiety. Child anxiety was hardly correlated with parental anxiety, and age and gender effects were rather small. The STOA questionnaire is the first psychometrically tested questionnaire specifically for fears of surgery that can be used for self-report among children, adolescents, and their parents. Future studies should collect further evidence of its validity as well as comparative scores for specific patient groups and norm values to increase the utility of the instrument.

Уголовно-процессуальная форма как форма разрешения социальных конфликтов

The purpose of the research is an attempt to prove the independence of criminal procedure law in relation to criminal law. However, in the course of research, the authors were confronted with the fact that the traditional approach based on legal positivism does not allow one to distinguish other criminal procedural law, except for criminal law. However, a similar understanding of law and process does not allow to reveal their ability to resolve conflicts. In this regard, in the study, the authors turned to the methodology developed by modern hermeneutics, using the communicative theory of law as the main method for studying criminal procedure law, where law acts as a means of interaction between people, which sets the boundaries for such interaction, which made it possible to look at the criminal process as a way communications. In the process of such communication, conflicts arising in society that are basically criminal in nature are resolved. In the field of criminal proceedings, this allowed to say, if the case concerns a criminal law conflict, then we should not talk about the emergence of criminal law relations. Based on that, the authors conclude that the criminal procedure law is independent. This follows, first of all, from the fact that the process does not boil down to the application of criminal law, but performs the function of resolving conflicts and can well do without applying a specific norm of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, for example, in case of reconciliation of the parties (Article 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation) or in connection with compensation for damage (Article 28.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). The authors conclude that criminal law is the legal means of institutionalizing possible social conflicts, and the criminal process is a form of resolution. Thus, the fact of committing a crime is losing its significance; instead, the conflict that has come to the fore is highlighted. Moreover, the process serves only as a form of conflict resolution, which translates it into a legal channel. Without criminal law, procedural procedures lose all meaning, which, however, does not put the process in a subordinate position with respect to law. Based on the functional load of law as a form of resolving social conflicts, the authors conclude that the process is functionally designed to resolve them. At the same time, the application of the criminal law norm as a result of procedural activity loses all meaning. Instead, the fact of resolving the conflict, which may occur, for example, in reconciliation of the parties, is of importance. Thus, the criminal procedure form is functionally designed to resolve criminal law conflicts arising in society.

Subject of the agreement on the transfer of rights to use intellectual property objects in business

The article examines the issue of defining the subject of a business contract in general and the problem of the subject of a contract on the transfer of rights to use intellectual property objects in entrepreneurship in particular.
 It is proven that the science of economic law defines a complex subject of a business contract, this subject includes two levels. The first level is the main action aimed at achieving the purpose of the contract. The second level is the object in relation to which this action is performed.
 It was found that in the norms of the Economic Code of Ukraine and the Civil Code of Ukraine, the subject of a commercial concession contract is not defined in the same way; The Commercial Code of Ukraine does not contain a specific norm regarding the subject of this contract and defines its object more broadly than the Civil Code of Ukraine. The law defines the right to use objects of intellectual property rights, commercial experience and business reputation as the subject of a commercial concession contract.
 It has been proven that the subject of the commercial concession contract is complex. At the primary level, an element of the subject matter of a commercial concession agreement is the right holder's actions, which are aimed at granting the user the right to use intellectual property rights belonging to the right holder in his business activity. At the second level, the subject of the commercial concession agreement includes the right to use the object of intellectual property rights, which the right holder grants to the user and this specific object of intellectual property.
 An object of intellectual property becomes the subject of a commercial concession contract due to its turnover capacity. Its marketability is manifested in the consumer value and exchange value of the object of intellectual property (private component), as well as in the presence of a legally defined legal regime of objects of intellectual property, which establishes the rules for the alienation of such objects, their circulation in commodity circulation, which ensures balance of private and public interests (public component).

Personalized loading conditions for homogenized finite element analysis of the distal sections of the radius

The microstructure of trabecular bone is known to adapt its morphology in response to mechanical loads for achieving a biomechanical homeostasis. Based on this form–function relationship, previous investigators either simulated the remodeling of bone to predict the resulting density and architecture for a specific loading or retraced physiological loading conditions from local density and architecture. The latter inverse approach includes quantifying bone morphology using computed tomography and calculating the relative importance of selected load cases by minimizing the fluctuation of a tissue loading level metric. Along this concept, the present study aims at identifying an optimal, personalized, multiaxial load case at the distal section of the human radius using in vivo HR-pQCT-based isotropic, homogenized finite element (hFE) analysis. The dataset consisted of HR-pQCT reconstructions of the 20 mm most distal section of 21 human fresh-frozen radii. We simulated six different unit canonical load cases (FX palmar–dorsal force, FY ulnar–radial force, FZ distal–proximal force, MX moment about palmar–dorsal, MY moment about ulnar–radial, MZ moment about distal–proximal) using a simplified and efficient hFE method based on a single isotropic bone phase. Once we used a homogeneous mean density (shape model) and once the original heterogeneous density distribution (shape + density model). Using an analytical formulation, we minimized the deviation of the resulting strain tensors ε(x) to a hydrostatic compressive reference strain ε0, once for the 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) optimal (OPT) load case and for all individual 1 DOF load cases (FX, FY, FZ, MX, MY, MZ). All seven load cases were then extended in the nonlinear regime using the scaled displacements of the linear load cases as loading boundary conditions (MAX). We then compared the load cases and models for their objective function (OF) values, the stored energies and their ultimate strength using a specific torsor norm. Both shape and shape + density linear-optimized OPT models were dominated by a positive force in the z-direction (FZ). Transversal force DOFs were close to zero and mean moment DOFs were different depending on the model type. The inclusion of density distribution increased the influence and changed direction of MX and MY, while MZ was small in both models. The OPT load case had 12–15% lower objective function (OF) values than the FZ load case, depending on the model. Stored energies at the optimum were consistently 142–178% higher for the OPT load case than for the FZ load case. Differences in the nonlinear response maximum torsor norm ‖t‖ were heterogeneous, but consistently higher for OPT_MAX than FZ_MAX. We presented the proof of concept of an optimization procedure to estimate patient-specific loading conditions for hFE methods. In contrast to similar models, we included canonical load cases in all six DOFs and used a strain metric that favors hydrostatic compression. Based on a biomechanical analysis of the distal joint surfaces at the radius, the estimated load directions are plausible. For our dataset, the resulting OPT load case is close to the standard axial compression boundary conditions, usually used in HR-pQCT-based FE analysis today. But even using the present simplified hFE model, the optimized linear six DOF load case achieves a more homogeneous tissue loading and can absorb more than twice the energy than the standard uniaxial load case. The ultimate strength calculated with a torsor norm was consistently higher for the 6-DOF nonlinear model (OPT_MAX) than for the 1-DOF nonlinear uniaxial model (FZ_MAX). Defining patient-specific boundary conditions may decrease angulation errors during CT measurements and improve repeatability as well as reproducibility of bone stiffness and strength estimated by HR-pQCT-based hFE analysis. These results encourage the extension of the present method to anisotropic hFE models and their application to repeatability data sets to test the hypothesis of reduced angulation errors during measurement.

International labor organization and international non-governmental organizations: interaction on human rights

The interaction of representatives of civil society – INGOs – with specialized international organizations at the global level involves the development of recommendations, the adoption of international conventions and other acts aimed at the effective legal regulation of socio-economic human rights. As a rule, the result of consultations, exchange of views, search for a compromise on complex and controversial issues of ensuring socio-economic rights is the development of the most general variant of behavior, which further forms a specific legal norm in the national social security system and other areas of current legislation. The article analyzes interaction of the International Labor Organization and international non-governmental organizations regarding human rights promotion. As a tripartite organization, the ILO does not just cooperate with non-governmental organizations, but actually integrates sectors of civil society into its structure. The ILO interacts with INGOs that have a consultative status, cooperates at the operational level with various international, regional, national and local organizations. The article also analyzes the procedure for monitoring the practical application of the conventions is the consideration of complaints from various public organizations, as well as states.