Specific Manipulation Research Articles

Localization and detection of deepfake videos based on self-blending method

Deepfake technology, which encompasses various video manipulation techniques implemented through deep learning algorithms-such as face swapping and expression alteration-has advanced to generate fake videos that are increasingly difficult for human observers to detect, posing significant threats to societal security. Existing methods for detecting deepfake videos aim to identify such manipulated content to effectively prevent the spread of misinformation. However, these methods often suffer from limited generalization capabilities, exhibiting poor performance when detecting fake videos outside of their training datasets. Moreover, research on the precise localization of manipulated regions within deepfake videos is limited, primarily due to the absence of datasets with fine-grained annotations that specify which regions have been manipulated.To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel spatial-based training method that does not require fake samples to detect spatial manipulations in deepfake videos. By employing a technique that combines multi-part local displacement deformation and fusion, we generate more diverse deepfake feature data, enhancing the detection accuracy of specific manipulation methods while producing mixed-region labels to guide manipulation localization. We utilize the Swin-Unet model for manipulation localization detection, incorporating classification loss functions, local difference loss functions, and manipulation localization loss functions to effectively improve the precision of localization and detection.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed spatial-based training method without fake samples effectively simulates the features present in real datasets. Our method achieves satisfactory detection accuracy on datasets such as FF++, Celeb-DF, and DFDC, while accurately localizing the manipulated regions. These findings indicate the effectiveness of the proposed self-blending method and model in deepfake video detection and manipulation localization.

Satiety-enhancing placebo intervention decreases selective attention to food cues

BackgroundAs placebo interventions could influence appetite and satiety in first studies, they are a promising tool for the future treatment of obesity. Furthermore, individuals with heightened body weight show increased selective attention for food cues. This study aimed to investigate whether placebo induced changes of appetite and satiety can affect attention allocation and to examine correlating factors.MethodsIn a double-blind design, 63 healthy participants were randomized into one of three groups: the enhanced appetite placebo group, the enhanced satiety placebo group, or the control group. Appetite and satiety were induced by administering a placebo capsule along with a group specific expectancy manipulation. One hour later, participants performed a visual probe task to measure attentional bias by comparing reaction times for different conditions. Correlations between reaction times and subjective hunger and satiety ratings, as well as current food craving and plasma ghrelin levels, were explored.ResultsThe induction of attentional bias toward non-food stimuli was successful in women in the enhanced satiety placebo group but not in the enhanced appetite placebo group. Women of the enhanced satiety placebo group showed significantly higher reaction times for food cues compared to non-food cues. Across conditions, reaction times were associated with subjective hunger ratings and current food craving in women. No attentional bias was induced in men in either placebo group.ConclusionPlacebo-induced satiety inhibited attention allocation toward food in healthy women, potentially mediated by reduced hunger and food craving. Placebo effects on satiety could thus be demonstrated on a highly complex cognitive process.

The sparse driver system for in vivo single-cell labeling and manipulation in Drosophila.

In this protocol, we introduce a sparse driver system for cell-type specific single-cell labeling and manipulation in Drosophila, enabling complete and simultaneous expression of multiple transgenes in the same cells. The system precisely controls expression probability and sparsity via mutant FRT sites with reduced recombination efficiency and tunable FLP levels adjusted by heat-shock durations. We demonstrate that this generalizable toolkit enables tunable sparsity, multi-color staining, single-cell trans-synaptic tracing, single-cell manipulation, and in vivo analysis of cell-autonomous gene function. For details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Xu et al. 2024.

Acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children: evidence for and against causal relationships with SARS-CoV-2, HAdv and AAV2

BackgroundThe cause of acute paediatric hepatitis of unknown aetiology (2022) has not been established despite extensive investigation.ObjectiveTo summarise the evidence for and against a causal role for human adenovirus (HAdv),...

Clinical Impact of Specific Extraocular Muscle Manipulation and the Oculocardiac Reflex on Postoperative Vomiting in Pediatric Strabismus Surgery: A Multicenter, Observational Study.

Strabismus surgery, which is commonly performed in children, poses a high risk of postoperative vomiting. The current anesthesia guidelines for the prevention of postoperative vomiting in children are based on heterogeneous populations involving different types of surgery, and risk factors for postoperative vomiting in, specifically, the pediatric strabismus surgery population are unclear. Moreover, the effects of manipulating the deeply attached extraocular muscles and the oculocardiac reflex on this risk remain inconclusive. To evaluate the associations among inferior oblique muscle manipulation, the oculocardiac reflex, and postoperative vomiting in children with retrospectively collected data. The study had a multicenter retrospective cross-sectional design and was conducted at three institutions (two tertiary-care children's hospitals and one pediatric-adult mixed community hospital). It included children aged < 18 years and without major comorbidities undergoing strabismus surgery. The primary exposure was inferior oblique muscle manipulation during surgery. The outcome of interest was postoperative vomiting or antiemetic medication usage within 24 h postsurgery or by discharge. Among 3152 children postoperative vomiting occurred in 108/795 (13.6%) children with and 227/2357 (9.6%) without inferior oblique muscle manipulation (unadjusted odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-2.05; p = 0.001). Multilevel logistic regression analysis, adjusting for potential confounders and surgeon-related variance, revealed that inferior oblique muscle manipulation (adjusted odds ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-2.18; p = 0.005), but not the oculocardiac reflex (adjusted odds ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.48; p = 0.73), was associated with postoperative vomiting after adjusting for confounders. Stronger preventive measures against postoperative vomiting are recommended in healthy children undergoing strabismus surgery with inferior oblique muscle manipulation. Additionally, inferior oblique muscle manipulation should be considered a potential confounder in future related studies. However, the oculocardiac reflex was not associated with postoperative vomiting in pediatric strabismus surgery.

Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of Wuling Capsule in CSDS mice: Alleviating HPA axis hyperactivity via the Nesfatin-1/NF-κB signaling pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevanceWuling capsule, composed of the traditional Chinese medicine Wuling mycelia powder, is made by fermenting and processing Xylaria nigripes (Kl.) Sacc. Clinically, it is commonly used to alleviate depression and anxiety. However, the mechanisms through which Wuling capsule exerts its therapeutic benefits have not been clearly defined. Aim of the studyThis study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which Wuling capsule alleviates depression and anxiety like behaviors induced by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) in mice. Materials and methodsHigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system was used to identify the components of the Wuling capsule. Mice were subjected to CSDS to induce depression and anxiety-like behaviors. The expression of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and Nesfatin-1, as well as serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) were quantified. Behavioral assessments included the open field test, elevated plus maze, sucrose preference test, and forced swim test to evaluate depression and anxiety levels. Specific manipulation of Nesfatin-1 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) or cells was achieved through stereotaxic virus injection or plasmid transfection. Intracerebral cannula implantation was used for PVN-specific drug administration. ResultsA total of 123 different components were identified in Wuling capsule. CSDS induced depression and anxiety-like behaviors in mice, along with hyperactivation of the HPA axis, increased hypothalamic Nesfatin-1 levels, and elevated nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) phosphorylation. Overexpression of Nesfatin-1 in the hypothalamus mimicked the effects of CSDS. Conversely, knockdown of hypothalamic Nesfatin-1 or PVN-specific administration of Nesfatin-1 antibody or NF-κB antagonist mitigated CSDS-induced depression and anxiety-like behaviors and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity. In neuroblastoma-2a (N2a) cells, overexpression of Nesfatin-1 led to increased NF-κB phosphorylation and CRH levels, whereas knockdown of Nesfatin-1 produced the opposite effects. Treatment with Wuling capsule alleviated CSDS-induced depression and anxiety-like behaviors, HPA axis hyperactivity, and activation of the hypothalamic Nesfatin-1/NF-κB pathway. ConclusionsThe hypothalamic Nesfatin-1/NF-κB pathway plays a significant role in depression by modulating the HPA axis and is involved in the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of Wuling capsule.

The influence of spatial context on prey manipulation behaviors in the California moray eel (Gymnothorax mordax)

Predation strategies are shaped by multiple factors, such as prey type, prey density, and/or abiotic conditions. However, limited research has investigated the role of spatial constraints on post-capture behaviors. Our aim was to assess the impact of spatial context on prey manipulation in the California moray eel (Gymnothorax mordax), a crevice forager with a diverse prey handling repertoire. We first compared the duration engaged in specific manipulation behaviors between spatially “enclosed” and “open” foraging environments, followed by a comparison of tightly enclosed spaces that were scaled to individual moray diameter. We observed that the durations spent engaged in specific manipulation behaviors varied based on spatial context. Despite these changes, total feeding time, which consists of both manipulating and swallowing prey, did not vary across treatments. These results highlight the behavioral flexibility of morays, suggesting that they can adjust prey manipulation strategies for specific spatial contexts without compromising overall feeding duration. We additionally documented two previously undescribed behaviors (tail and body anchoring) which seem to be used in the narrowest treatments for leverage when knotting behavior was not possible due to spatial constraints. This research provides valuable insight into the foraging ecology of this locally abundant apex predator and aids in furthering our understanding of predator-prey interactions in the benthic community within the kelp forest ecosystem.

Tailoring stiffness distribution of tendon-driven continuum finger from manipulation force vector

Continuum soft-robotic fingers/arms have emerged as a promising solution to realize abilities to delicately manipulate objects, conform to various shapes, and maintain cost-efficiency (i.e. fewer actuators and less computational resource). This paper introduces a novel approach to designing continuum flexible fingers by optimizing the fingers' thickness distribution to achieve specific target force vectors for specific manipulations, enabling actions like pull-in handing (retraction), push-out manipulation, secure grip, and gentle object hold. The proposed method employs a genetic algorithm to optimize the thickness distribution of the continuum finger driven by a single motor, resulting in a highly versatile and cost-effective solution. The proposed method includes physical simulations to validate the approach's effectiveness in applying desired force vectors during manipulation interactions. This work represents a significant advancement in continuum robotic systems, potentially impacting a wide range of applications in human-robot collaboration.

Modern social behavior manipulation technologies: practice of application and results

The article presents a brief theoretical review of the human social behavior phenomenon; examines the social behavior variability of an individual in the context of ontogenesis; provides current information about the phenomenon of manipulation and the main modern manipulation technologies (using the example of the political sphere of society). Also the paper includes the analysis of basic information about social behavior as an integral part of an individual's life activity. At the same time, behavior in the context of the social life of society as a large group is characterized. The analysis of scientific data has also shown the key role of digitalization and the development of mass media in the application of modern manipulation technologies. The relevance of this review is due to the complex system of social interaction in society, the ambiguity of the latest digital and information media, as well as ethical issues in the use of manipulation technologies, for example, in order to achieve advantages in political processes. For example, a subject-object attitude towards a person can contribute to harming her and consolidating the victim's position in social interaction. The article briefly lists specific manipulation techniques aimed at achieving such an effect.

Muscle-fiber specific genetic manipulation of Drosophila sallimus severely impacts neuromuscular development, morphology, and physiology.

The ability of skeletal muscles to contract is derived from the unique genes and proteins expressed within muscles, most notably myofilaments and elastic proteins. Here we investigated the role of the sallimus (sls) gene, which encodes a structural homologue of titin, in regulating development, structure, and function of Drosophila melanogaster. Knockdown of sls using RNA interference (RNAi) in all body-wall muscle fibers resulted in embryonic lethality. A screen for muscle-specific drivers revealed a Gal4 line that expresses in a single larval body wall muscle in each abdominal hemisegment. Disrupting sls expression in single muscle fibers did not impact egg or larval viability nor gross larval morphology but did significantly alter the morphology of individual muscle fibers. Ultrastructural analysis of individual muscles revealed significant changes in organization. Surprisingly, muscle-cell specific disruption of sls also severely impacted neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation. The extent of motor-neuron (MN) innervation along disrupted muscles was significantly reduced along with the number of glutamatergic boutons, in MN-Is and MN-Ib. Electrophysiological recordings revealed a 40% reduction in excitatory junctional potentials correlating with the extent of motor neuron loss. Analysis of active zone (AZ) composition revealed changes in presynaptic scaffolding protein (brp) abundance, but no changes in postsynaptic glutamate receptors. Ultrastructural changes in muscle and NMJ development at these single muscle fibers were sufficient to lead to observable changes in neuromuscular transduction and ultimately, locomotory behavior. Collectively, the data demonstrate that sls mediates critical aspects of muscle and NMJ development and function, illuminating greater roles for sls/titin.

Money versus performance feedback: money associated with lower feelings of cognitive fatigue

ABSTRACT Objective Prior research suggests that effort and reward are central to cognitive fatigue. To better understand the influence of reward on cognitive fatigue, this study examined the effect of reward type and frequency on cognitive fatigue. Participants and Methods In an online between-subjects study, 400 participants completed a computerized switching task and were randomly sorted into one of the five possible groups based on reward condition: [1] infrequent money, [2] frequent money, [3] infrequent performance-feedback, [4] frequent performance feedback, and [5] no-reward. Cognitive fatigue was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F) during the task. Mixed effects models were used to estimate the influence of reward type and frequency on task performance and cognitive fatigue. Results We found that participants in the monetary groups were significantly faster (p < .001) compared to participants in the feedback and no-reward groups. We also found that participants in the frequent-money group were significantly faster than those in the infrequent-money group (p < .001). We found that the group receiving infrequent-money was associated with a decrease in VAS-F scores compared to no-reward (p = .04). Conclusions The current study supports the role of reward in cognitive fatigue. Our results confirm well-established findings that money positively influences on-task behavior, especially when money is provided frequently. In a cognitively healthy sample, there is some evidence to suggest that money provided infrequently could decrease feelings of fatigue. Continued work is needed to understand how, and which, specific behavioral reward manipulations reduce fatigue, especially in clinical populations most affected by fatigue.

Characterization of Ucp1-iCre knockin mice reveals the recombination activity in male germ cells.

Ucp1 promoter-driven Cre transgenic mice are useful in the manipulation of gene expression specifically in thermogenic adipose tissues. However, the wildly used Ucp1-Cre line was generated by random insertion into the genome and showed ectopic activity in some tissues beyond adipose tissues. Here, we characterized a knockin mouse line Ucp1-iCre generated by targeting IRES-Cre cassette immediately downstream the stop codon of the Ucp1 gene. The Cre insertion had little to no effect on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) levels in brown adipose tissue. Ucp1-iCre mice of both genders exhibited normal thermogenesis and cold tolerance. When crossed with Rosa-tdTomato reporter mice, Ucp1-iCre mice showed robust Cre activity in thermogenic adipose tissues. In addition, limited Cre activity was sparsely present in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), choroid plexus, kidney, adrenal glands, ovary, and testis in Ucp1-iCre mice, albeit to a much lesser extent and with reduced intensity compared with the conventional Ucp1-Cre line. Single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed Ucp1 mRNA expression in male spermatocytes. Moreover, male Ucp1-iCre mice displayed a high frequency of Cre-mediated recombination in the germline, whereas no such effect was observed in female Ucp1-iCre mice. These findings suggest that Ucp1-iCre mice offer promising utility in the context of conditional gene manipulation in thermogenic adipose tissues, while also highlighting the need for caution in mouse mating and genotyping procedures.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ucp1 promoter-driven Cre transgenic mice are useful in the manipulation of gene expression specifically in thermogenic adipose tissues. The widely used Ucp1-Cre mouse line (Ucp1-CreEvdr), which was generated using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) strategy, exhibits major brown and white fat transcriptomic dysregulation and ectopic activity beyond adipose tissues. Here, we comprehensively validate Ucp1-iCre knockin mice, which serve as another optional model besides Ucp1-CreEvdr mice for specific genetic manipulation in thermogenic tissue.

Phase-modulated pulsing coherent acoustic tweezers for dynamic adjustable spaced particle patterning

Abstract Acoustic tweezer technique with non-contact micro-object manipulation capability has been widely utilized for particle patterning in the fields of cell arraying, target drug delivery, and functional composite fabrication. However, the manipulation resolution of acoustic tweezer device is decided by the configuration of interdigital transducers (IDTs), which is half the wavelength of surface acoustic waves (SAWs). This limitation severely reduces the manipulation versatility of acoustic tweezer devices. To address this limitation, we propose a novel approach that employs phase-modulated pulsing coherent SAWs. This method can halve the patterning spacing and allows for customization of the spacing based on specific manipulation demands. Our proposed technique increases the flexibility and manipulation resolution of acoustic tweezer device, and thus can be widely applied to reconfigurable assembly and precise manipulation of particles and cells.

State modulation in spatial networks with three interneuron subtypes.

Several inhibitory interneuron subtypes have been identified as critical in regulating sensory responses. However, the specific contribution of each interneuron subtype remains uncertain. In this work, we explore the contributions of cell-type specific activity and synaptic connections to dynamics of a spatially organized spiking neuron network. We find that the firing rates of the somatostatin (SOM) interneurons align closely with the level of network synchrony irrespective of the target of modulatory input. Further analysis reveals that inhibition from SOM to parvalbumin (PV) interneurons must be limited to allow gradual transitions from asynchrony to synchrony and that the strength of recurrent excitation onto SOM neurons determines the level of synchrony achievable in the network. Our results are consistent with recent experimental findings on cell-type specific manipulations. Overall, our results highlight common dynamic regimes achieved across modulations of different cell populations and identify SOM cells as the main driver of network synchrony.

Presymptomatic Targeted Circuit Manipulation for Ameliorating Huntington's Disease Pathogenesis.

Early stages of Huntington's disease (HD) before the onset of motor and cognitive symptoms are characterized by imbalanced excitatory and inhibitory output from the cortex to striatal and subcortical structures. The window before the onset of symptoms presents an opportunity to adjust the firing rate within microcircuits with the goal of restoring the impaired E/I balance, thereby preventing or slowing down disease progression. Here, we investigated the effect of presymptomatic cell-type specific manipulation of activity of pyramidal neurons and parvalbumin interneurons in the M1 motor cortex on disease progression in the R6/2 HD mouse model. Our results show that dampening excitation of Emx1 pyramidal neurons or increasing activity of parvalbumin interneurons once daily for 3 weeks during the pre-symptomatic phase alleviated HD-related motor coordination dysfunction. Cell-type-specific modulation to normalize the net output of the cortex is a potential therapeutic avenue for HD and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Cell-specific expression of Cre recombinase in rat noradrenergic neurons via CRISPR-Cas9 system

Noradrenergic neurons play a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system. They formed compact small clusters in the central nervous system. To target noradrenergic neurons in combination with viral tracing and achieve cell-type specific functional manipulation using chemogenetic or optogenetic tools, new transgenic animal lines are needed, especially rat models for their advantages in large body size with facilitating easy operation, physiological parameter monitoring, and accommodating complex behavioral and cognitive studies. In this study, we successfully generated a transgenic rat strain capable of expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) gene promoter using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Our validation process included co-immunostaining with Cre and DBH antibodies, confirming the specific expression of Cre recombinase. Furthermore, stereotaxic injection of a fluorescence-labeled AAV-DIO virus illustrated the precise Cre-loxP-mediated recombination activity in noradrenergic neurons within the locus coeruleus (LC). Through crossbreeding with the LSL-fluorescence reporter rat line, DBH-Cre rats proved instrumental in delineating the position and structure of noradrenergic neuron clusters A1, A2, A6 (LC), and A7 in rats. Additionally, our specific activation of the LC noradrenergic neurons showed effective behavioral readout using chemogenetics of this rat line. Our results underscore the effectiveness and specificity of Cre recombinase in noradrenergic neurons, serving as a robust tool for cell-type specific targeting of small-sized noradrenergic nuclei. This approach enhances our understanding of their anatomical, physiological, and pathological roles, contributing to a more profound comprehension of noradrenergic neuron function in the nervous system.

Flexible strained membranes of multiferroic TbMnO3

The multiferroic properties of TbMnO3 demonstrate high versatility under applied pressure, making the material potentially suitable for use in flexible electronics. Here, we report on the preparation of elastic freestanding TbMnO3 membranes with dominant (001) or (010) crystallographic out-of-plane orientation. Membranes with a thickness of 20 nm display orthorhombic bulk-like relaxed lattice parameters with strong suppression of twinning for the (010) oriented membranes. Strain in flexible membranes was tuned using a commercial strain cell device and characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The B1g out-of-phase oxygen-stretching mode, representative of the Mn–O bond distance, systematically shifts to lower energy with increasing strain (εmax ≈ 0.5%). The flexibility and elastic properties of the membranes allow for specific manipulation of the multiferroic state by strain, whereas the choice of the crystallographic orientation gives the possibility of an in- or out-of-plane electric polarization.

Specific Preoperative Factors Increase Manipulations under Anesthesia Following Primary TKA.

Arthrofibrosis following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can result in pain and limit postoperative range of motion (ROM), jeopardizing clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. This study aims to identify preoperative risk factors associated with necessitating a manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) following primary TKA.We retrospectively reviewed 950 cases of consecutive primary TKAs performed at one institution by three arthroplasty surgeons between May 2017 and May 2019. Recorded preoperative variables included smoking status, race, preoperative ROM, presence of effusion or positive anterior drawer, and medical comorbidities. Demographic characteristics were compared with Student's t-tests or chi-square tests as appropriate. For each preoperative factor, we obtained an odds ratio (OR) for MUA risk using multivariate logistic regression.Twenty (2.3%) patients underwent MUA following their index primary TKA surgery. History of ipsilateral knee surgery (OR: 2.727, p = 0.047) and diagnosed hypertension (OR: 4.764, p = 0.016) were identified as risk factors associated with significantly increased risk of MUA. The greater the preoperative ROM, the higher likelihood needed of MUA (OR: 1.031, p = 0.034).Patients who had diagnosed hypertension or a history of prior ipsilateral knee surgery were associated with increased risk of necessitating an MUA following primary TKA. Additionally, a greater total arc of motion preoperatively increased the odds of needing MUA.Level III of evidence was present.

Getting to Know the Effect Theory of Traditional Pediatric Tuina in the View of Modern Medicine in Three Minor Perspectives.

Pediatric tuina is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) modality that is well-accepted and applied in China currently. As a traditional medicine, it is based on TCM theories and clinical experience. In the TCM area, the "self-healing" system of the human body includes two aspects: self-regulation and adaptation, through which pediatric tuina could rectify dysfunctional states and guide the transition back to homeostasis. Pediatric tuina manipulations sufficiently, specifically, and accurately simulate certain sensory receptors in the skin, which in turn activates the internal self-healing function of the human body. We summarized the main opinions on pediatric tuina mechanism in ancient literature into three minor perspectives and demonstrated them by combining them with modern medical knowledge. First, children at a young age are more responsive to stimulations on the skin surface; second, the sensory receptors and pediatric tuina acupoints on the skin surface have a similar distribution pattern; third, the specific manipulations of pediatric tuina provide multiple stimuli that are detected by a variety of surface sensory receptors for information collection. Each point could be tested via clinical trials with appropriate-designed comparisons.

Chemogenetic activation or inhibition of histaminergic neurons bidirectionally modulates recognition memory formation and retrieval in male and female mice.

Several lines of evidence demonstrate that the brain histaminergic system is fundamental for cognitive processes and the expression of memories. Here, we investigated the effect of acute silencing or activation of histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamic tuberomamillary nucleus (TMNHA neurons) in vivo in both sexes in an attempt to provide direct and causal evidence of the necessary role of these neurons in recognition memory formation and retrieval. To this end, we compared the performance of mice in two non-aversive and non-rewarded memory tests, the social and object recognition memory tasks, which are known to recruit different brain circuitries. To directly establish the impact of inactivation or activation of TMNHA neurons, we examined the effect of specific chemogenetic manipulations during the formation (acquisition/consolidation) or retrieval of recognition memories. We consistently found that acute chemogenetic silencing of TMNHA neurons disrupts the formation or retrieval of both social and object recognition memory in males and females. Conversely, acute chemogenetic activation of TMNHA neurons during training or retrieval extended social memory in both sexes and object memory in a sex-specific fashion. These results suggest that the formation or retrieval of recognition memory requires the tonic activity of histaminergic neurons and strengthen the concept that boosting the brain histaminergic system can promote the retrieval of apparently lost memories.