Specific Knowledge Research Articles

ПІДГОТОВКА ВИКЛАДАЧІВ ПРОФЕСІЙНО-ХУДОЖНІХ ДИСЦИПЛІН В УКРАЇНІ: ПРОФЕСІЙНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

Despite military aggression from Russia, Ukraine continues actively develop professional and pedagogical training, which is an important factor in improving the quality of education and professional growth of teachers. Professional and pedagogical training plays a key role in ensuring the quality of education and professional development of teachers. It forms pedagogical competences, provides teachers with the knowledge and skills necessary for effective work with students, including teaching methods, planning and management. Thanks to it, teachers learn the basics of pedagogical ethics and moral values, which helps to create a healthy learning atmosphere and promote the harmonious development of students’ personalities. Methodology. Professional training in higher education institutions is carried out according to various organizational forms, models, systems and programs, the main purpose of which is the formation of positive motivation and involvement in active educational and cognitive activities, which is the basis of the professional self-development of the future specialist. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to analyze modern approaches to the professional and pedagogical training of teachers of professional and artistic disciplines in Ukraine. To identify key problems and challenges in the field of training teachers of artistic disciplines. Outline the main directions and methods that ensure high-quality training of specialists in the field of art teaching. To investigate the role of pedagogical education in the formation of competences of teachers of professional and artistic disciplines. To propose ways of improving the system of training of pedagogical personnel to increase the level of teaching of artistic disciplines. Results. Thanks to professional and pedagogical training, teachers can update their knowledge about modern teaching methods, pedagogical technologies and approaches to education. Professional and pedagogical training allows for a deeper mastering of specific disciplines, which enables teachers to impart special knowledge at a high professional level. In general, professional and pedagogical training is the basis for the creation of qualified and competent teachers, which contributes to the improvement of the quality of education and the success of students in their studies. In our study, we consider the professional and pedagogical training of teachers of professional and artistic disciplines, which is aimed at the formation of pedagogical personnel who have the theory and practice of teaching fine arts in general education, specialized and higher educational institutions, as well as in the system of additional education. Key words: professional and pedagogical training, teachers of professional and artistic disciplines, institutions of higher education, competence, knowledge, skills.

MIX DESIGN AND LABORATORY COMPACTION METHODS OF RCCP – A REVIEW

This article analyzes the difficulties in reproducing the actual circumstances of concrete compaction with rollers in the laboratory and mix design аfeatures of RCCP (Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement). While quick and straightforward, the Proctor compaction test may not adequately reflect the field compaction achieved with rollers. Gyratory compactors simulate the movement of the rollers, providing a more realistic situation with greater accuracy. However, they are expensive and require specialized knowledge. Due to the Vibratory hammer limited application and unrealistic vibration pattern compared to rollers, it is mostly used in laboratories for sample preparation rather than compaction. A vibrating table is effective for less rigid RCC mixture combinations and provides good compaction, although it does not perfectly simulate the action of a roller. The paper also underlines the need to create a link between density and moisture content to achieve maximum RCC performance.

КОМПЕТЕНТНІСНИЙ ПІДХІД В ПСИХОЛОГІЇ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ТВОРЧОСТІ КЕРІВНИКА ОСВІТНЬОЇ УСТАНОВИ

We’ve shown, that the process of professional creativity is the process of forming a creative personality oriented towards high professional achievements. This process is explained in self-development, professional activities and professional interactions, which, on the one hand, determine the development of the professional creativity of the manager, and, on the other hand, are the result of the formed ability of the individual to professional creativity. The professional creativity of the manager is also characterized by a harmonious combination of basic, dominant qualities that form competence. At the same time, the personal qualities, professional knowledge, abilities and skills of the manager are always explained at the level of professional creativity. The level of professional creativity desired by the manager is achieved to a large extent thanks to a defined, clearly formed professional position (performance of creative activity at an innovative and creative level), based on professional demands, convictions, which, in turn, involve forecasting the expected result of creative activity, formulating clear, balanced and stable criteria for evaluating professional creativity. It has been proven that in the process of mastering by a specialist knowledge about the methods of carrying out professional activities, acquiring the skills and abilities to carry out the latter, the development of the manager’s personality takes place in the direction of his/her preparation for creativity. A high level of professional knowledge, abilities and skills allows the manager to clearly define significant moral values and meanings in the conditions of modern society, not only to make operational and effective management decisions, but also to influence the decision-making of the entire teaching staff, the ability “to lead”, occupying leadership positions, having formed “a working team” of like-minded people, who, realizing their creative abilities in their professional paradigm of the activities, achieve the set innovative goals, receiving from this not only material, but, above all, moral satisfaction. It was determined that a sufficiently high level of in-depth professional knowledge is ensured by the activation of the manager’s cognitive needs, a creative approach to solving problematic tasks and situations, which does not allow the manager to limit himself/herself to only stereotypical approaches in solving management tasks, as well as such tasks that increase the manager’s competence, activate the process of his/her self-actualization. Thus, the more knowledge a manager acquires, the more diverse his/her approaches to solving managerial tasks and problems will be, which, in turn, mobilizes the intellect for the process of transforming new information, inventing creative, innovative ways of modelling a creative product. It should be noted that the professional creativity of the head of an educational institution has certain specific features: the complex, multivariate content of the professional activity, which is characterized by a constant search for productive ways of solving management tasks and problems in unforeseen situations, which facilitates the manager to actualize his personal and intellectual individual capabilities: the latter often prompts the manager to implement a creative approach in professional activity; requires high emotional and volitional stability and high speed of flow of mental reactions in order to invent an original way of responding to extreme and changing situations of the surrounding world; a high level of development of moral and professional qualities of the individual. In this case, we are talking about the formation of the value-meaning sphere of the leader’s personality.

Police specialism in England and Wales: an exploratory review

Purpose There is a surprising lack of underpinning evidence relating to how police specialism is defined, conceived and operationalised nationally. This study aims to shed light on the development of specialism, adding insights towards academic and police knowledge on the topic. Design/methodology/approach Exploratory research was conducted to draw evidence on police specialism in England and Wales according to publications in the literature and insights from high-ranking police officers. A total of 57 documents and 10 officers’ accounts were thematically analysed. Five main themes have been identified, relating to the development, impact and barriers of specialist units, knowledge and training. Findings Socio-cultural, policy-based and historical information that contributed to the development of specialism in its contemporary form were discussed. The conceptual triggers for the institution of most specialist units were disasters and a need for modernisation. In both cases, police forces were faced with the inability to keep up with emerging threats and new criminal techniques. Some exceptions apply, with specialisms of sex offences still being underdeveloped and underfunded compared to other crimes. Overall, although specialism has the potential to positively impact police efficacy, the specialist knowledge of officers working within specialist units is frequently inferred – rather than measured. Practical implications Organisational support and the quality of training impact specialism effectiveness. The substantial lack of resources allocated to specialism means that training for some crime types is either unavailable or difficult to complete. Police officers fear that specialism might lead to elitism and corrupt police practices. There is no evidence, however, that elitist beliefs are the direct result of specialism or rather additional co-occurring organisational, cultural and force-specific or role-dependant factors. Police officers’ wellbeing and specialist capacity take a significant toll. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this was the first modern study of its kind that investigated how police specialism is conceived, instituted and prioritised in England and Wales.

Project Report: Thermal Performance of FIRSTLIFE House

The paper deals with selected thermal properties of a small building that was built during the international student competition Solar Decathlon 2021/2022 and is now part of the Living Lab in Wuppertal. It summarizes the essential information about the overall design of this wooden building with construction and technologies corresponding to the passive building standard. Built-in sensors and other equipment enable long-term monitoring of thermal parameters. Part of the information comes from the building operation control system. The thermal transmittance value for the perimeter wall matches calculated expectation well, even from a short period of time and not at an achievable perfectly steady state boundary condition. The (positive) difference between the calculated values and the measured ones did not exceed 0.015 W/(m2K). It was proven that even for such a small building with a very small heat demand, the heat transfer coefficient can be estimated alternatively from a co-heating test (measured electricity power for a fan heater) and from energy delivered to underfloor heating (calorimeter in heating system). Differences among both measurement types and calculation matched in the range ± 10%. In the last section, the dynamic response test is briefly described. The measured indoor air temperature curves under periodic dynamic loads (use of fan heater) are compared with the simulation results. The simulation model working with lumped parameters for each element of the building envelope was able to replicate the measured situation well, while its use does not require special knowledge of the user. In the studied case, the differences between measured and simulated air temperatures were less than 1 Kelvin if the first two to three days of the test period are ignored due to large thermal inertia. Finally, the measurement campaign program for the next period is outlined.

Exploring the Effect of Plain Terminology on Processing and Comprehension of Administrative Texts in Spanish: A Self‐Paced Reading Experiment

ABSTRACTClear communication between government administrations and citizens is a challenge in democratic societies. Public administration texts often contain technical legal terms, essential to convey specialized knowledge with precision but often impenetrable to non‐experts. The plain language movement provides guidelines for simplifying legal‐administrative texts, recommending avoiding, explaining, or replacing technical terms with more transparent synonyms. This study assesses the effect of plain terminology on the processing and comprehension of administrative texts in Spanish. We conducted a self‐paced reading experiment in which participants (N = 117) read texts with legal‐administrative terms and their plain synonyms and answered comprehension questions. Results showed that plain terms significantly improved comprehension but did not reduce reading times. Mixed linear regression analysis revealed that other term properties—length, frequency, and comprehensibility—also influenced reading speed and comprehension. These findings suggest that these factors should be considered when proposing clear alternatives to legal terminology.

TALENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR SUCCESSION PLANNING AT PT K INDONESIA

Objective: PT K, a leading company in the FMCG industry in Indonesia, faces significant risks due to its over-reliance on key leaders with specialized knowledge and skills, heightening organizational risk if these leaders depart unexpectedly. This dependency jeopardizes operational continuity due to inadequate internal regeneration and a low succession ratio over the past two years. Addressing these critical issues, this study aims to review and refine the talent management strategies of PT K in line with business goals and needs related to leader succession planning. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concept and theoriy that underpin the research is integrated talent management model developed by Silzer and Dowell (2010). Method: The study carried out was applied research. The study utilizes primary data from interviews with the President Director, Head of Division Human Capital & General Affairs, and Head of People Development & Learning Center of PT K, alongside secondary data from internal documents. Interviews were conducted to find out business strategy direction, as well as PT K's talent management policies and needs. Apart from that, it was also to find out current talent management practices and the need for improvement. Meanwhile, the documents studied are documents about Long-Term Development Program at PT K for period of 2020 – 2025, which is used to determine PT K's HR management directions and policies. Results and Discussion: Based on the results of interviews and document studies, it was obtained: (1) talent management directions and policies according to business targets and strategies, as well as (2) findings of gaps in the four main activities of talent management practices at PT K. Based on these two things, a map, targets and actions to improve PT K's talent management strategy for the 2024-2026 period were determined. Research Implications: The study's implications suggest that addressing these gaps will enhance leadership continuity and organizational resilience, offering a model applicable to similar companies in the FMCG sector and providing valuable insights for both academic research and professional practice. Originality/Value: This is the first study related to talent management to be carried out empirically at PT K, which is one of the leaders in the FMCG industry in Indonesia. It is hoped that research findings and results will provide valuable input regarding current practices that will enrich the body of knowledge related to talent and HR management.

Balancing between reality, ideality, and equity: critical reflections from recruiting key informants for qualitative health research.

Key informant interviews (KII) are a widely used method in qualitative health research to gain in-depth insights from individuals with specialized knowledge, experience, or access that is crucial to the research topic. However, there is growing criticism regarding how the selection of key informants is insufficiently described in research. This opacity is problematic as the authority and knowledge of key informants may be given undue weight in research findings, potentially overshadowing other non-expert samples. The resulting imbalance in representation can lead to favoring certain viewpoints while marginalizing others, and thereby reinforcing existing inequities. Using our KII study as an example, we demonstrate how we initially composed an ideal sample based on theoretical considerations and subsequently operationalized it in the field. We employed a selective recruitment strategy informed by intersectional theory, targeting physicians with migration backgrounds from Middle Eastern countries for a study on cancer prevention and screening. Our recruitment process combined direct methods, including database searches and email outreach, with indirect methods like snowball sampling and engagement with multipliers. The recruitment strategy was iterative, allowing for ongoing assessment and adaptation to ensure a diverse and representative sample. The KII study successfully recruited 21 physicians with diverse social categories, including different genders, migration backgrounds, language skills, and medical specialties. Direct recruitment was more effective than indirect methods and allowed for greater control in reaching out to specific subsamples. It highlights the importance of flexible and persistent recruitment strategies to achieve the desired sample. This KII study underscores the interplay between methodological ideals and the practical realities of recruiting a diverse, carefully composed sample of key informants in health research. Our intersectional approach aimed to ensure equitable representation by considering power dynamics and refining recruitment strategies, while balancing the challenges of real-world fieldwork-such as engaging busy physicians with specific recruitment criteria-with practical adaptability. Our KII study emphasizes the need for ongoing reflexivity to balance ideality and equity with practical feasibility.

The main motivational and value attitudes of pediatricians in choosing a vocation

Introduction. Determining the trajectory of a future career and understanding one’s occupational mission imposes responsibility on the life in the individual and society as a whole. Among many vocations, one of the most difficult, not only in terms of maste­ring, the need for constant updating of special knowledge, but also because of many moral and ethical aspects, is the occupation of a doctor. The purpose of the work is to identify the leading factors of motivation for professional self-determination of pediatricians. Materials and methods. One hundred six pediatricians practicing in Moscow, graduated from 35 medical universities of the country took part in the work. An online questionnaire was used for sociological analysis. The respondents were selected using the “snowball” method. Results. Leading factors encouraging the choice of pediatrics as a an vocation were found to be the interest of the person himself in the profession (67%) and the opportunity to help people (19.8%). This indicates the psychological motives of a person in choosing a profession to dominate over social motives. The prestige of the profession and the influence of parents are not considered the main motives for choosing (4.7% and 2.8%, respectively). Most of the pediatricians surveyed (63.2%) are completely satisfied with their chosen profession, which indicates a conscious decision at the time of admission and a desire to develop further within the chosen vocation. Due to their own choice, 95.3% of respondents plan to work in pediatrics in the future. 64.2% of respondents see the main benefit for other people and society in improving children’s health. Conclusion. The dominant motives of professional self-determination of pediatricians, determining the choice of a future specialty, are personal conscious goal-setting in choosing a medical vocation and the opportunity to help children. Working as a pediatrician guarantees a high degree of satisfaction from the chosen path and daily activities.

Impact of General Wellbeing, Working Conditions, Job and Career Satisfaction, Control at Work and Stress at Work on Burnout among Nurses of Pakistan

Purpose: The aim of this research is to focus on the Quality of work life of Nurses and see its impact on burn outs of Nurses especially during the course of Novel Covid -19 Pandemic in Pakistan. Design/Methodology/Approach: There were 257 nurses in the sample (female 149 and 108 male). Replicability is another factor that is taken into consideration for the credibility of this research to gain confidence through research of the same type that has been conducted. The purposive sampling is utilized to ensure that nurses have the necessary specialised knowledge, as well as the desire and potential to take part in the study and an awareness of the issues. Smart PLS version 4.0 for the structural equation mode has been utilized in the study. Findings: This study's findings corroborate that the quality of work life scales discussed here have an impact on the burnout of Pakistani nurses. These findings show that Pakistani nurses take stress at work positively influence their burnout while control at work and job and career satisfaction influence burnout negatively among them. Moreover, other findings reveal that working conditions and general wellbeing doesn’t affect burnout in Pakistani nurses which may be due to nature of their job or they got use to of these working conditions during Covid-19 by using Covid-19 preventive measures. Implications/Originality/Value: Nurse burnout and its psychological and social consequences are a major problem for all health care systems around the world. If we care about the stress at work due to their extra job responsibilities and give them empowerment at work as well as give them more incentives at jobs they will be more than happy to serve patients.

Knowledge and awareness of emergency department residents and physicians regarding the management of dentofacial traumatic injuries: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundMajority of patients with Dento-Facial Traumatic Injuries (DFTI) seek initial care at an Emergency Department (ED). The timely management of DFTI is of utmost importance in determining long-term prognosis of the tooth and the patient’s overall quality of life. Thus, knowledge and awareness of ED residents & physicians regarding the management of DFTI is crucial for better patient outcomes. Numerous studies have investigated the knowledge of ED specialists regarding initial management of dental trauma, however, scientific evidence in this domain is scarce in our region.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of ED residents and physicians regarding diagnosis and management of DFTI using a web-based survey on REDCap.MethodsAn observational cross-sectional study was conducted among the ED residents and physicians of private and public hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. Data was collected through a web-based questionnaire, sent via email to the participants. The survey comprised of questions assessing their knowledge regarding the diagnosis and management of various dental and maxillofacial injuries. Responses from the participants were graded as low, moderate or high knowledge levels according to a pre-determined criteria. Pearson’s chi-square test was applied to determine the association between knowledge scores.ResultsThe total response rate was 47.6%. Out of 116 participants, 49 (42%) responses were received from physicians and 67 (58%) from residents. The overall knowledge level of participants was low (46.6%) and there was no significant difference in the knowledge level between residents and physicians (p = 0.157). Participants who had received formal training in dental trauma (p = 0.038) and those with more years of clinical experience (p = 0.004) had higher knowledge scores, that were statistically significant.ConclusionsThe knowledge and awareness of ED residents and physicians in dental trauma management was generally low. Specialized training courses are required to provide timely and adequate management of traumatic dental injuries in order to improve patient-related outcomes.

STAGES OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE OF STATE ACCREDITATION IN THE FIELD OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The article is devoted to the consideration of the features of the procedural activity carried out within the framework of state accreditation in the field of higher education. The purpose of the article is to identify problematic issues and develop proposals for improving the regulatory acts governing the relevant administrative procedure. The author’s definition of accreditation expertise is formulated as a special procedure for studying educational activities for a specific educational program, conducted by competent experts with special knowledge in the field of education, within the framework of which accreditation indicators and educational activities of the organisation are compared, which allows determining its quality. The need to exclude from the subject of accreditation expertise such indicators as the average score of the unified state examination of students accepted based on its results for training in higher education programmes, as well as the average score of entrance examinations, is substantiated, since these indicators cannot be attributed to the indicators of the quality of educational activities for a specific educational programme of higher school. The integration of the electronic educational environment of educational institutions with the Federal State Information System “the unified identification and authentication system” is proposed. The necessity of specifying individual deadlines within the stage of accreditation expertise is substantiated, which will help to ensure the right of an educational organisation to timely receive the result of the state service for accreditation of educational activities.

The Professional as Prophet: The social magic of professional knowledge

The concept of ‘profession’ is typically linked to the strength derived from its neutrality and the specialised knowledge and skills the professional is expected to possess, supported by a self-affirmative narrative of the group’s capabilities and merits. Professions have become powerful forces for conceptualisation both the world of their own, that of the general public and caring out solutions for a wide range of human challenges. This makes it obvious to examine the forms of social dominance that come with professionalisation. The inquiries are fundamentally preoccupied with the inherent contradiction between person and profession, and between the arbitrariness of subjectivity and the universalised concern of a profession. The presentation follows three steps. 1) The will of a profession comes with a false neutrality and by that with a social dominance, working explicitly as well as implicitly. 2) Goffman and Bourdieu then show how this dominance works, rooted in professional practice itself, as they point to a threshold separating the logic of theory from the logics of moral practices of professions. This all points to breaks in the knowledge-power-legitimacy chain of professions. 3) The concern of social dominance and that of the knowledge-power-legitimacy chain is now united in the symbolic order of prophecies. Evidence suggests that professions provide a surplus of meaning by virtue of some prophecies they carry with them. This symbolic resource creates an ambiguity between professional neutrality and determining the personal morale of prophecies, with consequences for both knowledge of and about professions.

SLOctolyzer: Fully Automatic Analysis Toolkit for Segmentation and Feature Extracting in Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Images.

The purpose of this study was to introduce SLOctolyzer: an open-source analysis toolkit for en face retinal vessels in infrared reflectance scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) images. SLOctolyzer includes two main modules: segmentation and measurement. The segmentation module uses deep learning methods to delineate retinal anatomy, and detects the fovea and optic disc, whereas the measurement module quantifies the complexity, density, tortuosity, and caliber of the segmented retinal vessels. We evaluated the segmentation module using unseen data and measured its reproducibility. SLOctolyzer's segmentation module performed well against unseen internal test data (Dice for all-vessels = 0.91; arteries = 0.84; veins = 0.85; optic disc = 0.94; and fovea = 0.88). External validation against severe retinal pathology showed decreased performance (Dice for arteries = 0.72; veins = 0.75; and optic disc = 0.90). SLOctolyzer had good reproducibility (mean difference for fractal dimension = -0.001; density = -0.0003; caliber = -0.32 microns; and tortuosity density = 0.001). SLOctolyzer can process a 768 × 768 pixel macula-centered SLO image in under 20 seconds and a disc-centered SLO image in under 30 seconds using a laptop CPU. To our knowledge, SLOctolyzer is the first open-source tool to convert raw SLO images into reproducible and clinically meaningful retinal vascular parameters. It requires no specialist knowledge or proprietary software, and allows manual correction of segmentations and re-computing of vascular metrics. SLOctolyzer is freely available at https://github.com/jaburke166/SLOctolyzer. SLO images are captured simultaneous to optical coherence tomography (OCT), and we believe SLOctolyzer will be useful for extracting retinal vascular measurements from large OCT image sets and linking them to ocular or systemic diseases.

Enhancing mosquito classification through self-supervised learning

Traditional mosquito identification methods, relied on microscopic observation and morphological characteristics, often require significant expertise and experience, which can limit their effectiveness. This study introduces a self-supervised learning-based image classification model using the Bootstrap Your Own Latent (BYOL) algorithm, designed to enhance mosquito species identification efficiently. The BYOL algorithm offers a key advantage by eliminating the need for labeled data during pretraining, as it autonomously learns important features. During fine-tuning, the model requires only a small fraction of labeled data to achieve accurate results. Our approach demonstrates impressive performance, achieving over 96.77% accuracy in mosquito image analysis, with minimized both false positives and false negatives. Additionally, the model’s overall accuracy, measured by the area under the ROC curve, surpasses 99.55%, highlighting its robustness and reliability. A notable finding is that fine-tuning with just 10% of labeled data produces results comparable to using the full dataset. This is particularly valuable for resource-limited settings with limited access to advanced equipment and expertise. Our model provides a practical solution for mosquito identification, overcoming the challenges of traditional microscopic methods, such as the time-consuming process and reliance on specialized knowledge in healthcare services. Overall, this model supports personnel in resource-constrained environments by facilitating mosquito vector density analysis and paving the way for future mosquito species identification methodologies.

Forget to Learn (F2L): Circumventing plasticity–stability trade-off in continuous unsupervised domain adaptation

In continuous unsupervised domain adaptation (CUDA), deep learning models struggle with the stability-plasticity trade-off—where the model must forget old knowledge to acquire new one. This paper introduces the “Forget to Learn” (F2L), a novel framework that circumvents such a trade-off. In contrast to state-of-the-art methods that aim to balance the two conflicting objectives, stability and plasticity, F2L utilizes active forgetting and knowledge distillation to circumvent the conflict’s root causes. In F2L, dual-encoders are trained, where the first encoder – the ‘Specialist’ – is designed to actively forget, thereby boosting adaptability (i.e., plasticity) and generating high-accuracy pseudo labels on the new domains. Such pseudo labels are then used to transfer/accumulate the specialist knowledge to the second encoder—the ‘Generalist’ through conflict-free knowledge distillation. Empirical and ablation studies confirmed F2L’s superiority on different datasets and against different SOTAs. Furthermore, F2L minimizes the need for hyperparameter tuning, enhances computational and sample efficiency, and excels in problems with long domain sequences—key advantages for practical systems constrained by hardware limitations.

Enhancing domain-specific text generation for power grid maintenance with P2FT.

The digitization of operation and maintenance in the intelligent power grid equipment relies on a diverse array of information for smart decision-making. In the domain of intelligent decision generation, proficiency is contingent upon extensive learning from copious amounts of text. This necessitates not only robust processing capabilities but also a high level of specialization. In addressing situations where authorization is lacking, pre-trained language models (PLMs) have already provided ideas when confronted with specialized domains or tasks. In consideration of the complexity of textual content in the field of the power grid, which encompasses a multitude of specialized knowledge and involves an abundance of proprietary terminology, we have undertaken an exploration of pre-trained model specialization using the power grid domain as an example, specifically for the task of generating maintenance strategies. A two-stage fine-tuning approach (P2FT) is employed, utilizing a large-scale pre-training model specifically designed for natural language processing. The efficacy and practical value of this method were evaluated through multiple metrics, juxtaposed with other advanced approaches involving low-parameter or parameter-free fine-tuning methods. Through a meticulous analysis and validation of experimental outcomes, we have corroborated the feasibility and practical application value of employing this approach for pre-trained model specialization. Additionally, it has furnished valuable guidance for text generation within both the Chinese language domain and the power grid domain.

Resolution of IP disputes in Turkey: emerging trends of mandatory mediation and specialized courts for IP disputes

Abstract Resolving IP disputes is a critical challenge within the intricate framework of global business and innovation. Turkey, amidst its evolving legal landscape, has shown considerable attention towards efficiently managing disputes linked to IP rights. Notably, Turkey has significantly transformed its approach to handling these issues by introducing specialized IP courts and embracing mandatory mediation as a resolution method. The adoption of mandatory mediation in Turkey marks a notable departure from traditional litigation approaches, aiming to expedite disputes and resolve them in a cost-effective manner. Additionally, the establishment of dedicated IP courts signals a deliberate shift towards adjudication grounded in specialized knowledge tailored to address the intricate nuances of IP conflicts. This article seeks to delve into the burgeoning trends and evolving practices surrounding IP courts and mandatory mediation to resolve IP disputes within the Turkish jurisdiction. By examining the historical foundations, legislative developments and practical applications of mandatory mediation in the context of IP disputes, this study aims to provide an insightful evaluation of the efficacy and feasibility of these mechanisms while exploring their implications for stakeholders.

Identifying physicians' needs in community-based palliative care consultation for cancer patients in palliative care specialist-deficient settings: a qualitative study.

Consultation with palliative care specialists can be beneficial in addressing the numerous demands of patients with cancers and their families within communities. In settings lacking palliative care specialists, establishing a new community-based palliative care consultation system necessitates gathering evidence to support its development. This study aimed to identify the specific palliative care consultation needs and the consultation methods requested by Japanese physicians in settings without palliative care specialists. A qualitative descriptive study utilizing semi-structured virtual interviews. From August 2023 to October 2023, we conducted interviews with 11 physicians providing cancer treatment in hospitals or clinics in a prefecture within the Kanto region of Japan without palliative care specialists. Participants were asked about the specific palliative care consultation needs they have and the need for consultation methods. Of the 11 physicians, nine had completed the nationwide basic primary palliative care education program. The survey revealed three themes regarding their consultation needs: 'receiving specialized insight', 'inspiring confidence', and 'improving care capacity', Two themes emerged regarding the need for consultation methods: 'enhancing care collaboration' and 'improving accessibility'. Physicians require consultation systems to empower them and enhance the community care capacity, in addition to providing specialized knowledge. These systems would include collaboration with specialists through outreach consultations, utilization of information and communications technology, and the establishment of nurse-led consultation teams to improve access to palliative care teams.

Mitigating gradient conflicts via expert squads in multi-task learning

The foundation of multi-task learning lies in the collaboration and interaction among tasks. However, in numerous real-world scenarios, certain tasks usually necessitate distinct, specialized knowledge. The mixing of these different task-specific knowledge often results in gradient conflicts during the optimization process, posing a significant challenge in the design of effective multi-task learning systems. This study proposes a straightforward yet effective multi-task learning framework that employs groups of expert networks to decouple the learning of task-specific knowledge and mitigate such gradient conflicts. Specifically, this approach partitions the feature channels into task-specific and shared components. The task-specific subsets are processed by dedicated experts to distill specialized knowledge. The shared features are captured by a point-wise aggregation layer from the whole outputs of all experts, demonstrating superior performance in capturing inter-task interactions. By considering both task-specific knowledge and shared features, the proposed approach exhibits superior performance in multi-task learning. Extensive experiments conducted on the PASCAL-Context and NYUD-v2 datasets have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed approach compared to other state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, a benchmark dataset for multi-task learning in underwater scenarios has been developed, encompassing object detection and underwater image enhancement tasks. Comprehensive experiments on this dataset consistently validate the effectiveness of the proposed multi-task learning strategy. The source code is available at https://github.com/chenjie04/Multi-Task-Learning-PyTorch.