Specific Features Of Distribution Research Articles

Identification of specific features in distribution of the stress-and-strain state of a rock mass with variation in the contact stiffness of fault

Identification of specific features in distribution of the stress-and-strain state of a rock mass with variation in the contact stiffness of fault

ВИДОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ОРГАНАХ И ТКАНЯХ НЕКОТОРЫХ ВИДОВ СЕЛЬДЕВЫХ (CLUPEIDAE) КАСПИЙСКОГО МОРЯ

Research objective was to identify the specific features of distribution of microelements (zink, manganese, lead, cadmium) in organs and tissues of black-backed shad Alosa kessleri kessleri (Grimm, 1887) and Dolginsky herring Alosa braschnikowii braschnikowii (Borodin, 1904) caught in the Caspian Sea. Accumulated in the tissues and organs of fish in concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible limits, heavy metals pose a danger to human health. Sampling was carried out by the standard techniques, definition of minerals was made by method of atomic and absorbing spectroscopy using an atomic and absorbing spectrometer with electrothermal atomization of MGA-915 MD. The analysis of the obtained data showed that distribution of minerals in the organs and tissues of the studied herring species had a similar pattern: the highest concentrations of minerals were registered in the gills and liver, the smallest - in muscle tissue. In comparison with black-backed shad the organs and tissues of Dolginsky herring had higher concentrations of chemical elements. Zinc has been found to accumulate mainly in the liver; manganese, lead and cadmium - in the gills. Accumulation of zinc, cadmium and lead in the studied bodies and tissues of fishes exceeded acceptable level.

Advanced Statistical Analysis of Grain Structure in Single-Phase Materials Nanostructured by High-Pressure Torsion

Elaboration of statistical analysis of grain structure in bulk single-phase metal materials, subjected to high-pressure torsion, is proposed. The method includes a combination of logarithmic standard distribution and Gauss distribution, in order to improve fitting of histograms of grain size distribution by the statistical model. The possibility of division of grain structure into different groups, taking into account specific features of distributions in every group, is demonstrated. The use of calculated parameters of grain size distributions is proposed to identify groups of grains by their origin. The grain structure analysis is given by an example of tin bronze nanostructured by high-pressure torsion. The agreement of the analysis results with the experimental data is demonstrated.

Approaches to Evaluating Climate and Ecological Resources of Siberia

Specific features of distribution of climate-forming factors in Siberia are discussed. The study area includes three regions: the West Siberian Plain, Central Siberia, and mountain systems of Southern Siberia. Climate and ecological resources (air and soil temperature, atmospheric precipitations, and snow cover) in each region are evaluated. A detailed analysis of the temperature in the soil profile to a depth of 0.8 m is performed. Vertical soil profiles are grouped according to the rate of summer heating and winter cooling. The area of Siberia is differentiated on the basis of soil temperatures. A new approach to assessing integrated climate–ecological resources of a large area is proposed. The regularities are generalized for all of Siberia.

THE EVALUATION OF RISK OF DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA ON THE BASIS OF POLYMORPHISM OF GENE TNFA

The bronchial asthma is one of the most widespread multi-factorial diseases developing in interaction of environmental and genetic factors. The purpose of this study was to analyze association of polymorphism of gene TNFA with risk of development of bronchial asthma considering clinical form of disease. The polymerase chain reaction technique was applied to analyze polymorphic locus rs1800629 of gene TNFA in patients with bronchial asthma (n=133) and control group (n=195). The analysis of rate of polymorphism of gene TNFA established reliable increasing of rate of allele A in group of patients with bronchial asthma as compared with control sample. According the coefficient of chances ratio, the risk of development of bronchial asthma if there is allele A of polymorphic locus rs1800629 of gene TNFA increases more than twice (OR=2,53; 95% CI 1,45-4,43). At that, various firms of bronchial asthma have specific features in distribution of rates of genotypes of polymorphic locus rs1800629 of gene TNFA. It is demonstrated that among agents of genotypes GA of polymorphic modification of rs1800629 of gene TNFA patients with mixed form of bronchial asthma were found more frequently than among agents of genotypes GG. The obtained results provide ground to suppose that polymorphic modification of rs1800629 of gene TNFA shows certain damaging effect under various clinical forms of bronchial asthma.

Specific Features of Distribution and Relaxation of Elastic Stresses in Homoepitaxial CVD Films of Germanium and Diamond

The real structures of epitaxial CVD films of germanium and diamond have been comparatively analyzed. The influence of the specific features of elastic-stress distribution in two-layer structures on the relaxation processes and dislocation distribution are considered. The influence of inhomogeneous (over thickness) plastic deformation, caused by the motion of dislocations under alternating elastic-stress field, on the formation of residual bending of substrates and films is shown by the example of epitaxial germanium structures. A significant difference in the relaxation processes in CVD films of diamond and germanium (crystallographic analog of diamond) is revealed.

Comparative mitogenomic analysis of Aposthonia borneensis and Aposthonia japonica (Embioptera: Oligotomidae) reveals divergent evolution of webspinners

In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome, mtDNA) of Aposthonia borneensis and compare it with another sequenced webspinner, Aposthonia japonica. The A. borneensis mitogenome is smaller than A. japonica, but the size of each gene and the A + T content of protein-coding genes (PCGs) are almost identical in the two mitogenomes. Among the PCGs, atp6 shows the highest evolutionary rate and cox1 the lowest. The mtDNA map in A. borneensis is similar to Drosophila yakuba, but distinctly different from A. japonica, which has extensive rearrangement. Phylogenetic analyses dated the divergence time of the two webspinners at ca. 103 Ma. We speculate that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of A. borneensis and A. japonica was divided into several geographic groups during the Pangea breakup. Geographic isolation between the Japanese islands and the continental southeastern Asia resulted in the divergent evolution of A. borneensis and A. japonica, thus generating mtDNA structural variations between the two species. Based on the phylogenetic analyses and specific distributional features, the genus Aposthonia was supported as non-monophyly, and we speculate that both highly rearranged and relatively conserved mitogenomes exist in other webspinners.

Spatial distribution and some features of biology of the two-line eelpout Bothrocara brunneum (Zoarcidae) in the Sea of Okhotsk

According to data of integrated trawl surveys, specific features of distribution and some traits of biology of the two-line eelpout Bothrocara brunneum in the Sea of Okhotsk are shown. The species under investigation is spread over the entire sea, and the average density of its distribution averages 0.29 ind./km2 or 0.11 kg/km2. It is found at depths of 200–1995 m, mainly in the range of 300–900 m. Juveniles inhabit large depths, while large individuals are distributed over the entire slope. Optimal temperature of habitation is 1.5–2.3°C. The main center of reproduction is the slope of the northern part of the sea. In catches, individuals with a length of 6–71 (on average, 41) cm and a weight of 20–2600 (757) g occur. Sexual maturation takes place on reaching a length of 45–50 cm; at the same time, gravimetric increments begin to be ahead of linear ones. Sex ratio is 1 : 1. Sexual dimorphism with respect to sizes was not revealed. Spawning is extended: individuals with mature gonads are found in the summer-autumn period. In net catches, fish aged 4–8 years dominate, while fish aged 2–7 years dominate in trawl catches.

Specific features of distribution, ecology, and dynamics of catches of blotched snailfish Crystallichthys mirabilis (Liparidae) in Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka

Based on materials of 1992–2002, data on the spatial-bathymetric distribution and size-age composition of blotched snailfish Crystallichthys mirabilis and species accompanying it in catches in Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka are presented. This relatively large representative of the family Liparidae (maximum length in catches 50 cm, body weight 2150 g) is found throughout the examined area in the depth interval of 76–755 m at near-bottom temperature of −1.2 to +4.2°C. Maximum catches (over 200–500 individuals or 180–280 kg per hour trawling) year round are recorded off the southeastern extremity of Kamchatka, from the oceanic side of the Shumshu and Paramushir islands and on the beam of the Fourth Kuril Strait in the bathymetric range of 151–350 m. The magnitude of its catches in the examined area is subjected to interannual, seasonal, and diurnal dynamics.

Specific features of distribution and ecology of two species of sea poachers of genus Podothecus (Agonidae) in pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka

According to materials of studies in 1992–2002, data on occurrence, spatial-bathymetric distribution, and size-weight composition of two species of sea poachers of the genus Podothecus (P. accipenserinus and P. sturioides) and species accompanying them in catches in Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka are provided. The distribution of these relatively large representatives of the family Agonidae (maximum length of the first species is 38 and that of the second species is 33 cm, body weight of both 200 g) noticeably differ. In the period of observations, P. accipenserinus was found in catches only to the north of the Fourth Kuril Strait at depths of 80–570 m at near-bottom temperature of −0.70 to +4.25°C, while P. sturioides was found over the entire studied area in a wider bathymetric range (85–786 m) exclusively at positive values of near-bottom water temperature (0.10–3.55°C). However, more frequently and in greater amounts, both species of sea poachers were recorded in catches off the southeastern extremity of Kamchatka and from the oceanic side of the Shumshu and Paramushir islands. The relationship between the depth of catch and sizes of P. accipenserinus and P. sturioides was analyzed. It is shown that their occurrence and the magnitude of catches in Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka are subjected to some interannual, seasonal, and diurnal dynamics.

Specific features of distribution and size indices of four poorly studied species of sculpins (Cottidae) in the Okhotsk Sea Waters off Kamchatka

Evidence on occurrence in catches and characteristic of the spatial-bathymetric distribution and size indices of four species of Cottidae—frog sculpin Myoxocephalus stelleri, brightbelly sculpin Microcottus sellaris, antlered sculpin Enophrys diceraus, and furseal sculpin Stelgistrum stejnegeri—in summer-autumn months in the Okhotsk Sea waters off Kamchatka (site from 51°15′ to 57°20′ N, depths of 11–100 m) are provided. The first three species occur mainly in the northern part of the shelf above 54° N at depths smaller than 30–40 m within a comparatively well warmed surface water mass of seasonal modification at near-bottom temperature values above 6°C at various solid grounds. Maximum catches of S. stejnegeri were recorded only at a site of the western Kamchatka shelf from 54°00′ to 54°20′ N on pebbly-stony ground in a narrow bathy-metric range of 41–60 m on the boundary between the well warmed surface water mass of autumn modification and the cold intermediate water mass at a water temperature below 2°C. Evidence on the size-weight indices of the studied species of Cottidae in trawl catches in the Okhotsk Sea waters off Kamchatka in the study period is provided.

Specific features of distribution and ecology of sawback poacher Sarritor frenatus (Agonidae) in Pacific Waters of the Northern Kuril Islands and Southeast Kamchatka

According to materials of 1992–2002, data on the occurrence, spatial-bathymetric distribution, and size-weight composition of sawback poacher Sarritor frenatus and species accompanying it in catches in Pacific waters of the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka are provided. This comparatively numerous and relatively small representative of the family Agonidae (maximum length 31 cm, body weight 103 g) in the period of studies was found uniformly at depths of 78-790 m at near-bottom temperature of −1.2 to −4.2°C. In spring, summer, and winter months, maximum catches (over 500–1000 ind./h of trawling) were recorded in the southernmost and northernmost sites of the study area in a bathymetric range of 101–500 m; increased concentrations of this poacher were recorded also on the beam of the Fourth Kuril Strait near the southeastern extremity of Paramushir Island only in the autumn period. The ratio between the depth of catch and the sizes of sawback poacher is analyzed, and the data on the composition of its food in waters of the northern Kuril Islands is given. It is shown that the occurrence and amount of catches of this poacher in Pacific waters of the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka are subjected to some interannual, seasonal, and diurnal dynamics.

Specific features of distribution and ecology of two species of armorhead sculpins of the genus Gymnocanthus (Cottidae) in Pacific waters of the northern Kuril Islands and Southeastern Kamchatka

Based on materials of 1992–2012, data on the occurrence, spatial-bathymetric distribution, and size-weight composition of armorhead sculpin Gymnocanthus galeatus and purplegray sculpin G. detrisus and species accompanying them in catches in Pacific waters of the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka are provided. These comparatively numerous, medium-sized representatives of the family Cottidae (maximal length of the former species 49 cm, weight 1400 g and that of the latter, 48 cm and 1140 g) in the period of study occurred uniformly at depths of 76 to 596 m at a near-bottom temperatures of −1.2 to + 4.5°C. Their maximum by density concentrations were constantly recorded at the beam of the Fourth Kuril Strait, from the oceanic side of the Paramushir and Shumshu Islands, and off the southeastern extremity of Kamchatka mainly in the lower part of the shelf (depths of 80–200 m) at temperatures of −1.0 to +2.5°C. Regularities of spatial-bathymetric distribution of different size groups of these species were analyzed. It was shown that the occurrence and the size of catches of both armorhead sculpins in Pacific waters of the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka are subjected to some inrterannual, seasonal, and diurnal dynamics.

베리오그램을 이용한 중력과 자력 자료의 선형성 및 상관거리 비교 분석

자료가 부족한 지역에서의 타당성 높은 공간 자료 해석을 위해서는 추정의 기본 자료인 공간 분포 특성에 대한 올바른 분석이 선행되어야 한다. 공간 추정과 관련해서 자료에 내재된 공간적 특성 척도로 이용 가능한 베리오그램은 자료의 공백을 보완하는 여러 추정 기법의 기초 자료로 그 이용 영역이 제한되어 있는 경향이 있었다. 이에 보다 신뢰성 있는 자료 추정을 위해서는 베리오그램 값이 갖는 의미에 대한 보다 심도 있는 분석이 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 베리오그램 값이 공간 분포 상에서 갖는 의미에 대하여 고찰하고, 베리오그램 분석을 통해 얻을 수 있는 자료의 공간 분포 특성에 대해 연구하였다. 베리오그램은 방향과 분리거리에 따른 자료간의 상관관계 정보를 제공하며, 거리에 따른 상관관계의 변화 정도에 대한 특성을 알려줄 수 있다. 이를 이용하여 베리오그램의 문턱값과 상관거리를 분석하고, 자기상관 값을 이용한 유사거리 개념을 도입하여 선형성 분석의 가능성을 검증하였으며, 화산칼데라 지역에서 획득된 중력 자료 및 자력 자료의 공간 분포 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 자료의 분포 폭과 변동 폭에 따라 나타나는 중력 자료와 자력 자료의 상이한 특성 패턴을 확인할 수 있었으며, 화산칼데라 지역에서 중력 및 자력의 선형성 방향이 지형의 선형성 방향과 유사하게 나타나고 있어 중력 및 자력 이상체의 지표 연장성이 좋은 것으로 나타났다. To make reliable interpretations on the sparse spatial data, the spatial distribution characteristics that are inevitable for spatial estimation should be properly analyzed. Variograms have been widely used for obtaining the spatial characteristics inherent to data in spatial estimation problems. But their applications were limited as the basic information for further data estimation. Therefore, the additional analysis of the meaning of variograms is required for more reliable data processing and interpretations. In this paper, we investigated the proper meaning of variogram values and the specific features of distributions which can be obtained through variogram analysis. Variograms can provide the information on both linearity and the strength changes of interrelationships between the data sets according to the direction and lag distance. First, sill and range values, which are main parameters of variograms, were analyzed. Then a similarity range using spatial auto-correlation values was introduced to verify the applicability of linearity analysis through the comparative study of spatial distribution features of gravity and magnetic data collected in Hwasan caldera. Through these analyses, we were able to identify the dissimilar patterns of gravity and magnetic data that became apparent according to the distribution and variation ranges of the data sets. It is inferred that the gravity and magnetic anomalous bodies are extended to the ground because linearity direction of gravity and magnetic data appear similarly with linearity derection of topography in Hwasan caldera.

Species composition and specific features of distribution of bivalves from the superfamily Pisidioidea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in the coastal zone of the Lower Tuloma Reservoir and in the Tuloma River Estuary (Kola Peninsula, Russia)

The fauna of bivalves of superfamily Pisidioidea from the coastal zone of the Lower Tuloma Reservoir and the estuary of the Tuloma River was studied in 2004–2005. Seventeen species mollusks were found. The influence of some ecological factors on the mollusks is analyzed. The most important factor in the Lower Tuloma Reservoir is the tidal rise; in the estuary of the Tuloma River, it is the time of coast exposure and water salinity.

Specific features in distribution of natural radioactivity in rocks of the Bazhenovo Formation on the western slope of the Surgut Dome, West Siberia

This paper presents an analysis of the radioactivity distribution in the Bazhenovo Formation rocks on the western slope of the Surgut Dome. The maximum uranium concentrations are confined to accumulations of organic matter and are proportional to its concentration in the rocks. The lowermost part of the section has lower radioactivity values than the upper one. The value of radioactivity varies throughout the area of the Surgut Dome. Coeval analogs of the Bazhenovo Formation show lower radioactivity values.

Specific features of distribution and ecology of Lycenchelys fedorovi (Zoarcidae) in Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands

On the basis of material for 1993-2002, data are provided on occurrence, spatial-bathymetric dis- tribution, and size composition of Lycenchelys fedorovi , as well as on species that occur simultaneously with it in catches in Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands. This relatively scarce, medium-sized representative of the family Zoarcidae (maximum length of 42 cm, body weight 200 g) during the period of studies occurred only at the site to the south of the Fourth Kuril Strait in the range of depths 220-775 m at the near-bottom tem- perature of 1.6-4.2 ° C. The dependence between the depth of catch and sizes of L. fedorovi was analyzed. It was shown that the size of its catches in Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands is subjected to some interan- nual, seasonal, and diurnal dynamics. DOI: 10.1134/S0032945208090087

Specific features of distribution and some features of biology of Korean flounder Glyptocephalus stelleri (Pleuronectidae) in waters off Kamchatka in the Sea of Okhotsk

According to materials of 1997–2002, the characteristic of the spatial-bathymetric distribution, size and age composition, size and sex structure, and feeding of the Korean flounder Glyptocephalus stelleri in the summer period in waters off Kamchatka in the Sea of Okhotsk (the site from 51°15′ to 57°20′ N, depths of 10–300 m) is given. It is shown that throughout the observation period, maximum catches of this flatfish were constantly observed at two sites of the western Kamchatka shelf (51°20′–53°00′ N and 55°00′–56°00′ N) in the zone exposed to the effect of anticyclonic gyres in the range of depths 101–200 m at the near-bottom temperature below 2°C. Unlike other habitat areas, off the coast of western Kamchatka, G. stelleri in the summer time is quite frequently found at negative temperature values, which is obviously determined by the specifics of thermal conditions of the eastern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. It was established that, in this species of flatfish, sex dimorphism is distinctly pronounced in sizes—males are considerably smaller than females whose relative number among individuals with a length larger than 50 cm reaches 100%. The main items of feeding of G. stelleri at the western Kamchatka shelf in the summer period are oligochaetes.

On morphological diversity of southern Dolly Varden trout Salvelinus malma krascheninnikovi from water bodies of Sakhalin

Morphological and some biological specific features of nine samples of the southern form of Dolly Varden trout Salvelinus malma krascheninnikovi from water bodies of Sakhalin were studied. Comparative analysis was performed of our own estimates and estimates made by other authors of meristic characters of Sakhalin populations of Dolly Varden trout, as well as of samples from water bodies of the Kuril Islands and Western Kamchatka. Sakhalin populations of S. malma krascheninnikovi are characterized by a low level of morphological differentiation and the absence of geographic structure. No clinal latitudinal variation in sample averages was revealed in either of the nine studied meristic characters, including the number of vertebrae for populations of S. malma krascheninnikovi in the range from Bol’shoi Shantar Island to the south of Sakhalin. The cline in vertebral number from Kamchatka, along the Kuril Islands to Hokkaido, is most likely explained by specific features of distribution and introgressive hybridization at the secondary contact of populations of the northern and southern forms of Dolly Varden trout that originated from different glacial refugia and had a different vertebral number rather than by the temperature gradient.

Specific features of distribution and ecology of the Japanese dog poacher Percis japonica (Agonidae) in Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka

According to materials of 1992–2002, data on the spatial-bathymetric distribution and size composition of the Japanese dog poacher Percis japonica in Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka are provided. This comparatively scarce, medium-sized representative of the family Agonidae (maximum length of 46 cm) in the observation period was found in the lower part of the shelf and the upper bathyal over the entire study area from 47°50′ to 52°00′ N at depths of 76–770 m; however, its maximum catches (more than 200 individuals per hour of trawling) were constantly recorded in the spring and autumn months at the traverse of the Fourth Kuril Strait and at the eastern slope of the seamount of the northern link of the external Kuril Ridge, mainly in the range of 251–350 m at a temperature of 1.6–3.0°C. The relationship between the depth of catch and the average weight of P. japonica was analyzed. It was shown that the value of its catches in Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka is subjected to some interannual, seasonal, and diurnal dynamics.